Despina Khatun

Theodora Megale Komnene (Girkanci: Θεοδώρα Μεγάλη Κομνηνή), wanda aka fi sani da Despina khatun (Persian: دسپینا خاتون; daga taken Girkanci despoina da Turco-Mongol taken khatun, dukansu suna nufin "mace"), 'yar John IV na Trebizond ce da matarsa Bagrationi, 'yar Sarki Alexander I na Georgia. Ta auri mai mulkin Aq Qoyunlu Uzun Hasan a shekara ta 1458. Ta zama mahaifiyar Halima Alamshah Hatun wacce ta zama mahaifiyar Sarkin Safavid na farko, Shah Ismail I.

Wasu tsofaffin marubuta suna kiranta "Catherine". Charles Diehl ya nuna cewa ya dogara ne akan rashin fahimtar Du Cange game da taken Mongol "Khatun" a matsayin "Catherine".

John IV ya amince da auren ne kawai idan aka yarda da 'yarsa ta ci gaba da addinin Orthodox na Kirista, yanayin da Uzun Hasan ya amince da shi. Despina ta shahara saboda kyakkyawa mai yawa tsakanin matan Girka. Ta kasance tare da ƙungiyar firistocin Orthodox kuma an ba ta izinin gina majami'un Orthodox a Iran. Uzun Hasan ya karfafa kawancensa na adawa da Ottoman ta hanyar wannan auren kuma ya sami goyon bayan Helenawa da yawa, Armeniyawa, da Georgians.

Aure tsakanin Kiristoci da sarakunan Musulmi, ko da yake ba a saba gani ba, ba a taɓa gani ba. Speros Vryonis ya ba da misalai da yawa daga Sultanate na Seljuk Turks, farawa da Kilij Arslan II. Misali daga baya shine Michael VIII Palaiologos ya auri 'ya'yansa mata Euphrosyne da Maria ga Nogai Khan da Abaqa Khan bi da bi. Sarakunan Trebizond na baya sun auri danginsu mata, musamman Alexios III, a lokacin mulkinsa 'yan uwansa mata biyu da' ya'yansa mata biyu sun auri sarakunan jihohin musulmai makwabta.

A Yammacin Turai, Theodora ta yi wahayi zuwa ga almara na "Princess of Trebizond", wani labari na mata da ke cikin wahala da kuma yiwuwar babban Crusade a kan Ottoman Turks. Labarin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga masu zane-zane da yawa, ciki har da Pisanello da Jacques Offenbach .

Rayuwa ta farko

Uzun Hasan, Aq Qoyunlu mijin Despina Khatun, 1460s-1470s.

Theodora 'yar John IV na Trebizond ce da matarsa ta farko Dauda-linkid="122" href="./Bagrationi,_wife_of_John_IV_of_Trebizond" id="mwWQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond">Bagrationi, 'yar Sarki Alexander I na Georgia A shekara ta 1458 ta auri Uzun Hasan, Khan na kabilar Turkoman na Aq Qoyunlu; kawunta David ya ba ta a bikin auren.

Aure na siyasa

A lokacin aure, Daular mahaifinta John ta fuskanci mummunar barazana. Constantinople ya fada hannun sultan Ottoman, Mehmet II a cikin 1453. A shekara ta 1456, Mehmet ya umarci gwamnansa Chetir, ya kama Trebizond; harin ya gaza, amma an tilasta wa John ya biya haraji ga Mehmet don hana ci gaba da kai hare-hare. Mehmet a hankali ya haɗa dukiyar Palaiologian ta ƙarshe a cikin Morea, ya kammala aikin tare da cin nasarar Mistra a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1460. Haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙabilar Aq Qoyunlu mai ƙarfi, waɗanda suka kasance abokin hamayyar Ottomans mafi ƙarfi, sun bayyana fiye da fa'ida.

Trebizond da Aq Qoyunlu suna da tarihin hadin gwiwa, domin sun kammala auren siyasa a baya: Babbar kawun Theodora ta auri Qara Osman, sarkin Aq Qoyunalu . [undefined] Theodora ta shahara da kyakkyawa. Wani matafiyi na Venetian da ba a san shi ba ya rubuta, "ra'ayi ne na kowa cewa a wannan lokacin babu wata mace mai kyau; kuma a duk faɗin Farisa da shahararren kyakkyawa mai girma da kyakkyawa ya bazu. " Uzun Hassan da gaggawa ya yarda ya zama mai kare Trebizond, tare da yin wasu izini, don dawo da hannun Theodora.[1] Labarin Theodora a matsayin Gimbiya ta Trebizond wacce ta auri mai iko Uzun Hassan ya bazu zuwa Yamma, kuma ya taimaka wajen inganta labarun Gimbiya na Trebizond.

Duk da haka wannan haɗin gwiwar ya kasa taimaka wa magajin Yahaya, ɗan'uwansa David. Mehmed II, mai mulkin Ottoman, ya yi tafiya a kan birnin Trebizond a cikin shekara ta 1461. Uzun Hassan da farko ya goyi bayan Trapuzentines, amma Ottomans sun rinjaye shi ya bar Trebizond bayan da mahaifiyarsa, Sara Khatun ta gaza. Bayan tabbatar da iyakar gabashin, Mehmed ya kai hari kan Trebizond, wanda ya mika wuya a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1461, ya kawo karshen mulkin.

Rayuwa ta baya

Bayan faduwar Trebizond, an tsare David a gidansa. A shekara ta 1463, an gano Dauda yana ƙoƙarin aika wasika ta sirri ga Theodora, wanda ya ba Mehmed II uzuri da ake buƙata don kawar da Dauda sau ɗaya. Ya ɗauki wannan wasika a matsayin makirci don sake dawo da ƙasar Trebizond tare da taimakon Aq Qoyunlu kuma ya kashe Dauda, 'ya'yansa maza da ɗan'uwansa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1463.

Duk da mutuwar kawunta, Theodora ta ci gaba da rinjayar mijinta a harkokin kasashen waje. A cewar Anthony Bryer, ita ce karfi mai motsawa a bayan gabatarwar diflomasiyya zuwa Venice a cikin 1465-1466, da kuma Stephen III na Moldavia a cikin 1474. Lokacin da jami'in diflomasiyyar Venetian Caterino Zeno ya zo kotun Uzun Hassan a cikin 1473, daya daga cikin mutanen farko da ya sadu da su shine Theodora . Ya bayyana wa matar cewa suna da alaƙa, kuma bisa ga wannan ta ba shi damar da ba a taɓa gani ba tare da ita da Uzun Hassan yayin zamansa. Franz Babinger ta bayyana cewa ta kasance a Yaƙin Otlukbeli (1473), inda ta bukaci mijinta ya bi sojojin da aka ci nasara na Mehmed II don ya hallaka shi gaba daya. [An buƙaci ƙarin bayani] 

Bayan mutuwar Uzun Hassan a cikin 1478, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da ita ba. An binne ta a Cocin St. Georges a Diyarbakr, inda aka nuna kabarinta ga baƙon Italiya a cikin 1507. Koyaya tsarin ya lalace a 1883 kuma ba za a iya gani ba.

Dubi kuma

• Itacen dangin daular Safavid
• Jerin uwaye na Safavid Shahs
• Helenawa na Pontic
• Saint George da Gimbiya ta Trebizond ta Pisanello .