Diana Baumrind
 Diana Baumrind | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | New York, 23 ga Augusta, 1927 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa | Oakland (mul)  , 13 Satumba 2018 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta | Hunter College (mul) University of California, Berkeley (mul) |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | psychologist (en) |
| Employers | University of California, Berkeley (mul) |
| Muhimman ayyuka | Authoritative Parenting Style (en) authoritarian parenting (en) Permissive Parenting Style (en) Parenting Styles and Children’s Academic Performance (en) |
| Kyaututtuka | |
| Wanda ya ja hankalinsa | Theodor W. Adorno (mul) |
Diana Blumberg Baumrind (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1927 - 13 ga Satumba, 2018) ta kasance likitan asibiti da kuma ci gaban halayyar dan adam da aka sani da bincikenta kan salon iyaye da kuma sukar da ta yi game da amfani da yaudara a cikin binciken halayyar mutum.
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Baumrind a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa a Birnin New York, ta farko daga cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu na Hyman da Mollie Blumberg. Ta kammala B.A. a cikin Psychology da Falsafa a Kwalejin Hunter a 1948, kuma ta MA da Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Rubutun digirin ta na digiri ya kasance mai taken "Wasu halaye da abubuwan da ke tattare da halin da ake ciki a cikin ƙungiyar tattaunawa".[1]
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan an ba ta digirinta ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ilimin halayyar dan adam a asibitin Cowell Memorial da ke Berkeley . Ta kuma kasance darakta na ayyukan kula da lafiyar jama'a na Amurka guda biyu da kuma mai ba da shawara kan aikin jihar California. Daga 1958-1960 ta kuma sami aiki mai zaman kanta a Berkeley .
Ta kasance masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Ci gaban Dan Adam, Jami'ar California, Berkeley . An san ta da bincike kan salon iyaye da kuma sukar da ta yi game da yaudara a cikin binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam, musamman Gwajin Stanley Milgram mai rikitarwa. [2][3][4]
Baumrind ya bayyana nau'ikan iyaye guda uku:
- Mai iko: salon iyaye mai iko yana da halayyar tsananin buƙata tare da ƙarancin amsawa. Iyaye masu mulkin mallaka suna da tsauri, masu tsauri, kuma suna da bukata. Iyaye masu cin zarafi yawanci suna fada cikin wannan rukuni (ko da yake Baumrind yana mai da hankali don jaddada cewa ba duk iyaye masu cin zarafin ba ne).
- Mai ba da izini: wannan salon iyaye yana da ƙarancin buƙata tare da amsawa mai girma. Iyaye masu izini suna amsawa sosai ga bukatun yaron, ba sa tilasta bin ka'idoji masu daidaituwa. Yaron da aka "rashin" sau da yawa yana da iyaye masu yarda.
- Mai iko: wannan salon iyaye yana da halayyar buƙata mai yawa tare da amsawa mai yawa. Iyaye masu iko suna da ƙarfi amma ba masu tsayi ba, suna shirye su yi banbanci lokacin da yanayin ya dace. Iyaye masu iko suna amsawa ga bukatun yaron amma ba su gamsu ba. Baumrind ya bayyana a fili cewa tana son salon iko.
Baumrind ya yi nazarin tasirin azabtarwa ta jiki a kan yara, kuma ya kammala cewa bugun jini mai sauƙi, a cikin mahallin salon iyaye mai iko (ba mai iko ba), ba zai yiwu ya sami mummunar tasiri ba, idan mutum yana da hankali don sarrafa wasu masu canji kamar matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta lura cewa binciken da ya gabata ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin azabtar da jiki da mummunar sakamako sun kasa sarrafawa ga masu canji kamar matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Iyalai masu karamin karfi suna iya amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki idan aka kwatanta da iyalai masu arziki. Yara daga unguwanni masu karamin karfi suna iya aikata laifuka masu tashin hankali idan aka kwatanta da yara daga unguwannis masu arziki. Amma Baumrind ya yi imanin cewa lokacin da aka yi kulawar da ta dace don samun kudin shiga na iyali da sauran masu zaman kansu, azabtar da jiki mai sauƙi da kansa ba ya ƙara yiwuwar mummunar sakamako.[5] Wannan da'awar ta kuma jawo hankalin zargi da takaddama daga wasu masu bincike a cikin wannan littafin, misali: Ko yana da lahani ko a'a, har yanzu babu wata shaida mai mahimmanci game da sakamako mai fa'ida.[6]
Theodor Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Egon Brunswik, da David Krech ne suka rinjayi ta a cikin karatunta
Baumrind ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2018 bayan hadarin mota.[7]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Hanyar Iyaye - Maccoby da Martin sun fadada salon iyaye guda uku na Baumrind zuwa huɗu: mai iko, mai iko, rashin kulawa da sakaci.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Diana Baumrind (1955). "Some personality and situational determinants of behavior in a discussion group". Doctoral Dissertations Accepted by American Universities. New York City: H. W. Wilson Company. 22: 133. ISSN 1046-9222. OCLC 1771396.
- ↑ Baumrind D (1964). "Some Thoughts on Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram's "Behavioral Study of Obedience"". American Psychologist. 19 (6): 421–423. doi:10.1037/h0040128.
- ↑ Baumrind D (1971). "Principles of Ethical Conduct in the Treatment of Subjects: Reaction to the Draft Report of the Committee on Ethical Standards in Psychological Research". American Psychologist. 26 (10): 887–896. doi:10.1037/h0032145.
- ↑ Baumrind D (February 1985). "Research using intentional deception. Ethical issues revisited". Am Psychol. 40 (2): 165–74. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.40.2.165. PMID 3985477.
- ↑ Baumrind D, Larzelere RE, Cowan PA (July 2002). "Ordinary physical punishment: is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002)" (PDF). Psychol Bull. 128 (4): 580–9. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.580. PMID 12081082.
- ↑ Gershoff, Elizabeth (2002). "Corporal Punishment, Physical Abuse, and the Burden of Proof: Reply to Baumrind, Larzelere, and Cowan (2002), Holden (2002), and Parke (2002)" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 128 (4): 602–611. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.602.
- ↑ Raguso, Emilie (24 February 2020). "Elderly driver who killed renowned psychologist in crash to appear in court". Berkeleyside. Retrieved 25 February 2020.