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Didier Ratsiraka

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Didier Ratsiraka
8. President of Madagascar (en) Fassara

9 ga Faburairu, 1997 - 5 ga Yuli, 2002
← Norbert Ratsirahonana (en) Fassara - Marc Ravalomanana (mul) Fassara →
5. President of Madagascar (en) Fassara

15 ga Yuni, 1975 - 27 ga Maris, 1993
← Gilles Andriamahazo (mul) Fassara - Albert Zafy (mul) Fassara →
Minister of Foreign Affairs (en) Fassara

1972 - 1975
← Jacques Rabemananjara (en) Fassara - Albert Zakariasy (en) Fassara →
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Vatomandry (en) Fassara, 4 Nuwamba, 1936
ƙasa Faransa
Madagaskar
Ƙabila Betsimisaraka people (en) Fassara
Harshen uwa Malagasy (en) Fassara
Mutuwa Antananarivo, 28 ga Maris, 2021
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (Influenza)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Céline Ratsiraka (mul) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Lycée Henri-IV (en) Fassara
École Navale (mul) Fassara
Kwalejin Saint Michael, Amparibe
Harsuna Malagasy (en) Fassara
Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa da Mai wanzar da zaman lafiya
Digiri admiral (en) Fassara
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa Malagasy Revolutionary Party (en) Fassara

Didier Ignace Ratsiraka (Malagasy: [raˈtsirəkə̥]; 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1936 - 28 Maris 2021)[1] ya kasance ɗan siyasan Malagasy ne kuma jami'in sojan ruwa wanda shine shugaban Madagascar na uku daga 1975 zuwa 1993 kuma na biyar daga 1997 zuwa 2002 kamin mutuwarsa.[2] shi ne shugaban kasar Madagascar da ya fi dadewa kan karagar mulki.[3]

A shekarar 1975 ne shugabannin sojoji suka nada shi shugaban kasa, sannan aka sake zabe shi har sau biyu a 1982 da 1989.[4] Yayin da ya sha kaye a hannun Albert Zafy a 1992,[5] Ratsiraka ya koma ofis bayan ya ci zaben 1997. Bayan zaben 2001, shi da abokin hamayyarsa Marc Ravalomanana sun shiga tsaka mai wuya bayan da ya ki shiga zaben fidda gwani; Daga karshe Ratsiraka ya sauka.[6]

An haifi Didier Ratsiraka a Vatomandry, yankin Atsinana, Madagascar na Faransa, a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1936.[7] Mahaifinsa, Albert Ratsiraka, ya kasance memba na Parti des désérités de Madagascar a gundumar Moramanga kuma jami'in Malagasy a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.[8]

Jamhuriya ta biyu

Da farko Ratsiraka ya yi aiki a matsayin hadimin soja a ofishin jakadancin Madagascar da ke Paris, kafin a nada shi a matsayin ministan harkokin waje tare da gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Shugaba Gabriel Ramanantsoa daga 1972 har zuwa 1975.[9][10]. A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin waje, Ratsiraka ya sake tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyoyin hadin gwiwa na Franco-Malagasy, wanda aka sanya hannu tun a shekarar 1960.[11] Ya kuma lura da ficewar Madagascar daga yankin CFA franc a 1972.[2] An san shi da "Red Admiral", ya kasance.[12][13]

Zabe na 1990 da shugaban kasa na biyu

Ratsiraka ya tsaya takara a zaben shugaban kasa na jam’iyyu da yawa a watan Nuwamba 1992, inda ya zo na biyu bayan Zafy a zagayen farko. A zagaye na biyu, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairun 1993,[14] Ratsiraka ya sha kaye a hannun Zafy, inda ya samu kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kuri’un,[15] ya bar ofis a ranar 27 ga Maris[16]. Majalisar Madagaska ta kasa ta tsige Zafy a cikin 1996,[17] da Ratsiraka, wanda ya kasance gudun hijira a Faransa,[18] ya sami koma baya ta siyasa a ƙarshen 1996 lokacin da ya ci zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar. takara a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar AREMA. Ya zo a matsayi na farko a zagaye na farko da kashi 36.6% na kuri'un,[19] a gaban manyan abokan hamayyarsa uku: Zafy, Herizo Razafimahaleo, da Firayim Minista / Mukaddashin Shugaban kasa Norbert Ratsirahonana.[20] Da kyar ya doke Zafy a zagaye na biyu da kashi 50.7%[21] sannan ya sake karbar ragamar mulki a ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1997.[22]

zaben 2001

Ratsiraka ya sanar a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2001 cewa zai zama dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa da za a gudanar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.[23] A zaben, ya zo na biyu; A cewar gwamnati, Marc Ravalomanana ne ya lashe matsayi na daya da kashi 46% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da Ratsiraka ya samu kashi 40%. Domin a cewar sakamakon zaben, babu wani dan takara da ya samu rinjaye,[24] za a yi zaben fidda gwani, amma saboda takaddamar zaben ba a taba yi ba.[25] Ravalomanana ya yi ikirarin lashe sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada, wanda ya isa ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a zagaye guda.[26] Magoya bayansa ne suka rantsar da Ravalomanana a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 22 ga Fabrairun 2002, kuma gwamnatocin biyu sun yi yakin neman mulkin kasar.[27] A karshen watan Fabrairun 2002, Ravalomanana yana da iko a babban birnin kasar, wanda ya kasance tushensa a koyaushe, amma Ratsiraka ya kasance mai kula da lardunan kuma ya kafa kansa a Toamasina,[28] tushen tallafinsa na farko. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan watanni Ravalomanana ya sami rinjaye a gwagwarmaya. A tsakiyar watan Yuni Ratsiraka ya tafi Faransa, lamarin da ya sa mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira tare da rage kwarin gwiwar magoya bayansa, ko da yake Ratsiraka ya ce zai dawo.[29] Ya koma Madagascar bayan fiye da mako guda,[30] amma matsayinsa yana ci gaba da raunana karfin soja[31]. A ranar 5 ga Yuli, Ratsiraka ya gudu daga Toamasina, ya ɗauki jirgi zuwa Seychelles na kusa.[32] Bayan kwana biyu ya isa kasar Faransa.[33]

A cikin gudun hijira

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2003, Ratsiraka — wanda aka zarge shi da satar kusan dala miliyan takwas na kudaden jama’a daga hannun babban bankin kasa a Toamasina a cikin watan Yunin 2002,[34] kafin ya tafi gudun hijira—an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma na aiki tukuru a Madagascar. 20] Saboda yana zaune a Faransa, an gwada shi ba ya nan.[35][36] Lauyan da kotu ta nada wa Ratsiraka ya amince da hukuncin da aka yanke a matsayin “adalci” kuma ya ce ba zai daukaka kara ba.[37]

Dawo daga gudun Hijira da Mutuwa

Ratsiraka ya dawo daga gudun hijira a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2011[38], matakin da gwamnatin Rajoelina da kuma tsoffin shugabannin kasa (da tsoffin 'yan adawa) Ravalomanana da Zafy suka yi maraba da shi.[39] Ratsiraka ya yi kira da a warware rikicin siyasa ta hanyar tattaunawa kai tsaye tsakanin dukkan shugabannin siyasa hudu, tattaunawar da ya kamata kuma ta hada da sauran jam’iyyu da kungiyoyin fararen hula a cewarsa.[40][41][42]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Ramambazafy, Jeannot (28 March 2021). "Didier Ratsiraka. Décès, ce matin du 28 mars 2021, d'un patriote à sa manière". Madagate.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  2. ↑ Rasoloarison, Jeannot (31 March 2021). "Didier Ratsiraka, héraut de la souveraineté malgache, est décédé". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  3. ↑ Madagascar First ladies : De Justine à Voahangy, en passant par les deux Thérèse". Madagate.com. 14 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  4. ↑ Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960–75", U.S. Country Studies, Madagascar
  5. ↑ Richard R. Marcus, "POLITICAL CHANGE IN MADAGASCAR: POPULIST DEMOCRACY OR NEOPATRIMONIALISM BY ANOTHER NAME?" Archived 8 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper 89, August 2004.
  6. ↑ Iloniaina, Alain (27 April 2013). "Former Madagascar president Ratsiraka to contest July election". Reuters News. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  7. ↑ "The Second Republic, 1975–92", U.S. Country Studies, Madagascar.
  8. ↑ Deaths in Madagascar Unrest Put at 51", The New York Times, 13 August 1991.
  9. ↑ Rasoloarison, Jeannot (31 March 2021). "Didier Ratsiraka, héraut de la souveraineté malgache, est décédé". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  10. ↑ Ramambazafy, Jeannot (28 March 2021). "Didier Ratsiraka. Décès, ce matin du 28 mars 2021, d'un patriote à sa manière". Madagate.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  11. ↑ Madagascar's Leader Agrees To Work for New Elections", The New York Times, 3 November 1991.
  12. ↑ Elections in Madagascar, African Elections Database.
  13. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3". Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1978. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  14. ↑ Gemma Pitcher and Patricia C. Wright, Madagascar and Comoros (2004), Lonely Planet, page 27.
  15. ↑ Philip M. Allen, "Impeachment as Parliamentary Coup d'Etat", in Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective (2003), ed. Jody C. Baumgartner, Naoko Kada, pages 91–92.
  16. ↑ Philip M. Allen, "Impeachment as Parliamentary Coup d'Etat", in Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective (2003), ed. Jody C. Baumgartner, Naoko Kada, pages 91–92.
  17. ↑ Feb 1998 – Refusal of National Assembly to impeach President", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 44, February 1998 Madagascar, Page 42051.
  18. ↑ Ratsiraka sworn in as Madagascar's new president", Television Malagasy (Antananarivo), 9 February 1997.
  19. ↑ "Madagascar: Stumbling at the first hurdle?" Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Institute for Security Studies, ISS Paper 68, April 2003.
  20. ↑ Madagascar rival leader returns", BBC News, 23 June 2002
  21. ↑ Embattled Ratsiraka arrives in France", BBC News, 14 June 2002.
  22. ↑ Madagascar's former leader quits", BBC News, 5 July 2002
  23. ↑ Ratsiraka moots Madagascar return", BBC News, 8 July 2002
  24. ↑ Madagascar: Didier Ratsiraka wabaye Perezida yapfuye". BBC News Gahuza (in Kinyarwanda). Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  25. ↑ "L'ex-président Ratsiraka condamné par contumace" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, UPF (presse-francophone.org), 7 August 2003 (in French).
  26. ↑ L'ex-président Ratsiraka condamné par contumace" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, UPF (presse-francophone.org), 7 August 2003 (in French
  27. ↑ MADAGASCAR: France says no extradition request received for Ratsiraka", IRIN, 7 August 2003.
  28. ↑ MADAGASCAR: France says no extradition request received for Ratsiraka", IRIN, 7 August 2003.
  29. ↑ Madagascar: 10 Years' Hard Labor For Ex-President", The New York Times, 7 August 2003.
  30. ↑ Lesieur, Alexandra (7 August 2009), "No deal on ousted Madagascar leader's return home: Rajoelina", AFP, archived from the original on 22 August 2009
  31. ↑ Madagascar crisis talks to break deadlock", Independent Online, 6 August 2009
  32. ↑ Madagascar Crisis Talks Focus on Amnesty", VOA News, 7 August 2009, archived from the original on 9 December 2012
  33. ↑ "Crisis talks resume between feuding leaders", AFP, France 24, 6 August 2009, archived from the original on 11 November 2009
  34. ↑ Icy atmosphere permeates Madagascar meeting", Independent Online, 6 August 2009a
  35. ↑ Rencontre entre Andry Rajoelina et Marc Ravalomanana au Mozambique", Témoignages, 6 August 2009
  36. ↑ "So far, so good in presidential election", IRIN, 4 December 2006
  37. ↑ Didier Ratsiraka, the 'Red Admiral', back in Madagascar", Expatica.com, 24 November 2011, archived from the original on 28 November 2011, retrieved 25 November 2011
  38. ↑ Former Madagascar president Ratsiraka ends exile", Mail & Guardian Online, 24 November 2011
  39. ↑ Didier Ratsiraka. Transition démocratique et pauvreté à Madagascar – Karthala". www.karthala.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  40. ↑ Madagascar: Atteint d'une "petite grippe"? Didier Ratsiraka hospitalisé au CENHOSOA". Midi Madagasikara. AllAfrica.com. 24 March 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  41. ↑ Asala, Kizzi (28 March 2021). "Madagascar's ex-president Didier Ratsiraka dies at 84". Africanews. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  42. ↑ Ramambazafy, Jeannot (28 March 2021). "Didier Ratsiraka. Inhumé au Mausolée d'Ambohitsaina, le 29 mars 2021". Madagate.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
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