Djamila Boupacha
 Djamila Boupacha | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Bologhine (en)  da Casbah na Algiers, 9 ga Faburairu, 1938 (88 shekaru) |
| ƙasa | Aljeriya |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Larabci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | gwagwarmaya |
| Sunan mahaifi | Khalida |
| Aikin soja | |
| Ya faɗaci | Yaƙin Aljeriya |
| Imani | |
| Jam'iyar siyasa |
Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto National Liberation Front (Algeria) |
Djamila Boupacha (Arabic, an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1938) tsohuwar 'yar gwagwarmaya ce daga jam'iyyar Aljeriya National Liberation Front. An kama ta a shekara ta 1960 saboda yunkurin jefa bam a wani cafe a Algiers. [1]
Furcin da ta yi, wanda aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa da fyade, da kuma shari'ar da ta biyo baya ta shafi ra'ayin jama'ar Faransa game da hanyoyin da sojojin Faransa suka yi amfani da su a Aljeriya bayan tallace-tallace da Simone de Beauvoir da Gisèle Halimi. An yanke wa Boupacha hukuncin kisa a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1961, amma an ba shi afuwa a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Evian kuma daga baya aka sake shi a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1962.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Djamila Boupacha a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1938 a Saint-Eugène (yanzu Bologhine), wani yanki na Algiers, sannan wani ɓangare na Aljeriya ta Faransa. Mahaifinta, Abdelaziz Boupacha, bai yi karatu ba amma yana magana da Faransanci, yayin da mahaifiyarta, Zoubida Amarouche, ba ta iya karatu da rubutu kuma ba ta magana da Farisanci.
A lokacin da take matashiya, Boupacha ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasa na Algeria. Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA), wacce Ferhat Abbas ya kafa, a 1953 tana da shekaru 15. Daga baya, ta zama memba na National Liberation Front (FLN), babbar kungiyar 'yan kasa a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya. A lokacin rikici, ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan de guerre Khelida . [2]
Ayyukan FLN, kamawa, da azabtarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farko a cikin Yaƙin Aljeriya, Boupacha ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horo a asibitin Béni Messous amma an hana ta karɓar takardar shaidar horo saboda tseren da addininta. Wannan koma baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kin amincewa da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Aljeriya.[3]
A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1960, sojojin Faransa sun mamaye gidan Boupacha kuma sun kama ta, mahaifinta da surukinta. An zarge ta da dasa bam - wanda sojoji suka kashe - a Brasserie des facultés a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1959 a Algiers.
An kai wadanda aka kama zuwa barikin soja a El Biar inda aka doke su kuma aka yi musu tambayoyi. Daga baya aka sauya Boupacha kuma an ruwaito cewa an azabtar da shi a kurkukun Hussein Dey. An yi zargin cewa azabtarwar ta haɗa da cin zarafin jima'i, ƙone ƙirjinta da ƙafafunta da sigari, da kuma fyade na farji tare da kwalban giya mara amfani, kamar yadda Simone de Beauvoir ta ruwaito.[4] Boupacha ya furta cewa ya dasa bam a gidan cin abinci na Jami'ar a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1959. Torture wani lamari ne na yau da kullun ga matan da aka kama a cikin wannan rikici, kuma an yi amfani da fyade don tsoratar da kunya ga al'ummar Aljeriya.
Muhimmancin shari'ar Boupacha ta kasance a cikin shawarar da ta yanke na kawo karar a kan masu azabtar da ita. Kodayake ba ta musanta cewa tana da alaƙa da FLN ba ko kuma jajircewarta ga 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, ta yi jayayya cewa ikirarin da aka samu a karkashin azabtarwa bai kamata a yarda da shi ba a gaban Kotun soja da za ta gwada ta.[5]
Shari'a da wallafe-wallafen littafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Buga da kuma tasirin siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yin aiki tare da lauyan Tunisiya na Faransa Gisèle Halimi, Boupacha ta kawo shari'ar azabtarwa a gaban shari'a, ta haifar da abin kunya a Faransa da Aljeriya kuma ta sami hankalin jama'a. Halimi da Simone de Beauvoir sun rubuta wani littafi mai taken Djamila Boupacha, tare da taken 'The Story of the Torture of a Young Algerian Girl which Shocked Liberal French Opinion' a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani shiri mai zurfi don "tattara ra'ayin jama'a da kuma gabatar da gwamnati a gaban shari'a don keta Mataki na 344 na Dokar Shari'a ta Faransa".
A duk lokacin shari'ar, Boupacha ya kuma sami goyon baya daga fitattun masu fasaha da masu ilimi kamar Henri Alleg, André Philip, da Pablo Picasso. Bayyana amfani da azabtarwa na Faransa ya kasance mai banƙyama musamman saboda "Faransa ta sanya hannu kan takardu uku na kasa da kasa da ke Allah wadai da azabtarwar" kuma, saboda haka, "De Gaulle ya musanta cewa har yanzu ana amfani da azabta a Aljeriya. " Boupacha's suit, tare da wani labarin 1960 na Beauvoir a cikin Le Monde, ya nemi yada ikirarin azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya .
Budurwa ta Boupacha da kuma tsarkakarta ta jiki da kwatanci sun kasance ƙarƙashin bincike mai zurfi a cikin shari'ar kotu da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ayyukan sojoji na wulakanci na jima'i sun riga sun san jama'a, amma shari'arta ta haskaka yadda sojoji za su je don kare masu azabtar da ita daga gurfanar da ita.[6]
Duk da cewa Le Monde ta nemi ta cire sanarwa cewa Boupacha budurwa ce kafin a kama ta, Beauvoir ta ajiye shi a cikin labarinta, wanda ya sa Judith Surkish ta bayyana cewa kodayake "Beauvoir ta yi tir da lalata da budurwa a matsayin samfurin ka'idojin iyaye, a nan duk da haka ta tattara wannan adadi saboda gardamar siyasa".
Sakamakon haka, Natalya Vince ta yi iƙirarin Boupacha da sauran mayakan mata na FLN suna da "jikin su da jima'i... a nunawa don amfani da jama'a". Julien Murphy ta bayyana cewa "a cikin tarihinta, Beauvoir ta rage abubuwan siyasa da tasirin" na rubuce-rubucenta na 1960, tana nuna shi kawai a matsayin labarin Djamila, yayin da "a zahiri zargi ne na Sojoji".
Baya ga gaskiyar shari'ar, Beauvoir ya yi tambaya game da ra'ayin "Aljeriya ta Faransa" - yana tambayar abin da kalmar za ta nufi idan sojojin suka ware dokokin Faransa. Labarin ya kuma yi tambaya game le ikon gwamnati na sojoji, yana cewa " Irin wannan abdication na alhakin zai zama cin amanar Faransa gaba ɗaya, na ku, na kowane ɗayanmu. Beauvoir ya ci gaba da shigar da dukkan 'yan ƙasa a cikin azabtar da Aljeriya kamar Boupacha, ta haka ya zama memba na jama'a.[7] Jami'an Faransa a Aljeriya sun kuma hana Boupacha samun damar wakilci na shari'a, sun musanta biza ta Halimi zuwa Aljeriya don kwanakin kotu na Boupacha.[8] Ta hanyar littafin, Boupacha da magoya bayanta sun yi ƙoƙari su yada waɗannan ayyukan kuma su sami goyon baya don jinkirta shari'ar don ba ta ƙarin lokaci don shirye-shirye da biza.[9]
Gwamnati "ta kwace kuma ta lalata" kwafin fitowar Le Monde wanda ke dauke da labarin Beauvoir a Algiers. Littafin da kansa, wanda aka buga a 1962, ba wai kawai ya bayyana labarin Boupacha ba har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin "rikodin tarihi" da kuma Beauvoir "mafi bayyane na goyon baya ga mulkin mallaka na Algeria". Littafin ya nace "cewa ƙyamar azabtarwar Boupacha dole ne ta haifar da aikin siyasa".[10]
Gabaɗaya, malamai kamar Maria Vendetti suna jayayya cewa rubutun Djamila Boupacha "ya kawo aikin azabtarwa cikin jawabin jama'a... duk da ƙa'idar ƙin yarda da rashin kulawa. " [11] Koyaya, yarjejeniyar da ta kawo ƙarshen Yakin Independence kuma ta 'yantar da Boupacha ta kuma ba Sojoji rigakafi.
Kwamitin Boupacha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwamitin Djamila Boupacha ya ci gaba da kokarin Beauvoir da Halimi kuma ya taimaka wajen tayar da fushin jama'a. Kwamitin ya yi kamfen don cire shari'ar daga ikon Aljeriya; wannan kamfen ɗin ya ci nasara, kuma an canja shari'ar zuwa Faransa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1960. [12] Gabaɗaya, Kwamitin ya yi aiki don 'yantar da Boupacha da matsa lamba "gwamnati don azabtar da masu azabtar da Boupacha a fili, burin da ya fi dacewa tun lokacin da cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafi game da ayyukan azabtar da fursunoni da Faransanci suka yi a mafi girman matakan".
Abubuwan da ke cikin littafin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Djamila Boupacha ta haɗa da gabatarwa ta Beauvoir sannan kuma wani sashi na Halimi yana mai da hankali kan tarihin Boupacha da shari'ar shari'a, kuma a ƙarshe maganganun "masu ilimi masu shiga" kamar Henri Alleg, Jules Roy, da Françoise Sagan. [13]
A shekara ta 1958, Henri Alleg ya rubuta wani rubutu mai taken La Question, ta haka ne ya haɗa Boupacha da maza da aka azabtar da su a Aljeriya kuma ya Tambayar da kuma halatta sanarwa.[13]
Halin Boupacha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Boupacha da farko ta ce "ba ta taɓa iya karantawa" littafin da ake kira da sunanta ba. Koyaya, a cikin wata hira ta 2005 ta bayyana cewa ta yanke shawarar karanta shi kafin wata hira game da shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata don tunatar da kanta game da kwanakin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban don haka "'ba za ta ce komai ba". Duk da haka a yin hakan, ta 'ji kamar an maƙure ni".[14]
Rayuwa da gado na baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayyukan bayan yaƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan Yarjejeniyar Evian, ƙarshen Yaƙin, da kuma samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya daga Faransa, Boupacha ta yi aiki a Ofishin Ayyukan Mata. A tattauna aikinta a wannan lokacin, ta ambaci cewa ta yi ƙoƙari ta jagoranci mata marasa ilimi zuwa ayyukan kasuwanci kamar zama mai sutura maimakon komawa ga "tsohuwar rawar mulkin mallaka ga 'mata 'yan asalin ƙasar' na zama masu tsabtace gida. [15] Amma ga mata masu ilimi, ta bayyana cewa ta taimaka musu "a cikin lissafi, a cikin matsayin sakatare".[15]
Kasancewa cikin siyasa, matsayi a matsayin alama ta kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Aljeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai, Boupacha ya kasance gunkin. FLN ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin alama don tallafawa da'awar su na halattacciyar jam'iyya ɗaya. Boupacha ta haka ya zama "manzon hukuma" ga gwamnatin Aljeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai, yana aiki tare da wasu mata a cikin FLN a matsayin "alamu masu rai na haɗuwa tsakanin ƙarfin hali na matasa da amincin tarihi, haɗuwa mai jituwa na pan-Arabism da zamantakewa".
Misali, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1963, Boupacha na ɗaya daga cikin mutane huɗu kawai a cikin " tawagar hukuma ta farko zuwa Burtaniya tun bayan samun 'yancin Aljeriya, baƙi na Sarauniya Elizabeth".
A lokacin, Algiers républicain ya rubuta cewa Boupacha tana da "musamman sha'awar kungiyoyin mata, yayin da maza da ke shiga cikin wannan tawagar sun nuna sha'awar ziyartar bangarorin masana'antu daban-daban a Burtaniya. " A shekara ta 2005, Boupacha ta gaya wa wani mai tambayoyin cewa an zaba ta don wannan tawagar ne kawai saboda "suna bukatar mace," don inganta siffar jama'a ta Algeria kuma "cikakke da rawar jinsi" fiye da shiga siyasa mai tsanani. Ta shiga saboda "ta ji cewa tana da alhakin yin hidima", wannan dalili ne da ta yarda da kasancewa "alama ce ta Aljeriya a matsayin wani ɓangare na gudummawarta ga gwagwarmayar kasa".
Ta ambaci wasu mata da yawa da suka yi aiki don samun 'yancin kai amma ba a san su da kokarin da suka yi ba, tana cewa "akwai wasu mata da suka sha wahala fiye da yadda muka yi kuma ba mu san su ba". Ta yi aiki a matsayin alama fiye da mutum na ainihi ga Simone de Beauvoir, a cewar Halimi, wanda "ya yi korafin cewa Beauvoir ya fi damuwa game da dalilin fiye da yadda ta kasance game da Boupacha kanta".[16]
A Algiers a cikin 1963, Boupacha ta ziyarci sabuwar Cibiyar Fatma N"Soumer don 'ya'yan mata na Shuhada tare da Nasser, suna ba da gudummawa ga hoton da ya sanya matan da suka yi yaƙi da' yan tawaye na FLN a lokacin yakin a matsayin "ya'yan kai tsaye na adawa da mulkin mallaka wanda ya fara a ƙarni na sha tara" kuma suna nuna "yan mata a cikin marayu kamar yadda suke wakiltar makomar gwagwarmayar 'yanci, daidaito da haɗin kai na pan-Arab" Boucicicici yana magana akai-aiki da yawa tare da yarinya.
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sojoji a Algiers ya ƙunshi zane-zanen mai na tunawa na Boupacha da sauran mambobin FLN mata, waɗanda aka fentin su daga hotuna kusan daga lokacin yaƙi.
A cikin 2000s, Boupacha ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar da ake kira "Djamila" wanda Bernard Joyet ya kirkiro kuma Francesca Solleville ta rera shi. Har ila yau, gadonta yana rayuwa a cikin al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar zane-zane na Picasso wanda ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta. Mawallafin Luigi Nono ya rubuta "Djamila Boupachà" a cikin 1962, wani ɓangare na Canti di vita e d'amore .
A ranar 8 ga Maris 2023, Faransa ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙwaƙwalwar Gisèle Halimi yayin bikin ƙasa. Shugaba Emmanuel Macron ya tuna da ayyukan wulakanci, azabtarwa, da fyade da sojojin Faransa suka yi wa Boupacha a lokacin yakin Aljeriya.[17]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ name=":1">Kunkle, Ryan (2013). ""We Must Shout the Truth to the Rooftops:" Gisèle Halimi, Djamila Boupacha, and Sexual Politics in the Algerian War of Independence". Iowa Historical Review. 4 (1): 5–24. doi:10.17077/2373-1842.1022.
- ↑ Agee, Philip (1990). Maran, Rita (ed.). "Torture as an Instrument of National Policy: France 1954—1962". Social Justice. 17 (4 (42)): 131–138. ISSN 1043-1578. JSTOR 29766582. Archived from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
- ↑ name=":1">Kunkle, Ryan (2013). ""We Must Shout the Truth to the Rooftops:" Gisèle Halimi, Djamila Boupacha, and Sexual Politics in the Algerian War of Independence". Iowa Historical Review. 4 (1): 5–24. doi:10.17077/2373-1842.1022.
- ↑ name=":1">Kunkle, Ryan (2013). ""We Must Shout the Truth to the Rooftops:" Gisèle Halimi, Djamila Boupacha, and Sexual Politics in the Algerian War of Independence". Iowa Historical Review. 4 (1): 5–24. doi:10.17077/2373-1842.1022.
- ↑ name="Surkis 43">Surkis, Judith (1 January 2010). "Ethics and Violence: Simone de Beauvoir, Djamila Boupacha, and the Algerian War". French Politics, Culture & Society. 28 (2): 43. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2010.280204. ISSN 1537-6370.
- ↑ name=":2">Surkis, Judith (Summer 2010). "ETHICS AND VIOLENCE Simone de Beauvoir, Djamila Boupacha, and the Algerian War". French Politics, Culture & Society. 28 (2). doi:10.3167/fpcs.2010.280204.
- ↑ name="Surkis 43">Surkis, Judith (1 January 2010). "Ethics and Violence: Simone de Beauvoir, Djamila Boupacha, and the Algerian War". French Politics, Culture & Society. 28 (2): 43. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2010.280204. ISSN 1537-6370.
- ↑ name=":2">Surkis, Judith (Summer 2010). "ETHICS AND VIOLENCE Simone de Beauvoir, Djamila Boupacha, and the Algerian War". French Politics, Culture & Society. 28 (2). doi:10.3167/fpcs.2010.280204.
- ↑ Surkis, Judith (1 January 2010). "Ethics and Violence: Simone de Beauvoir, Djamila Boupacha, and the Algerian War". French Politics, Culture & Society. 28 (2): 48. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2010.280204. ISSN 1537-6370.
- ↑ Ptacek, Melissa M. (December 2015). "Simone de Beauvoir's Algerian war: torture and the rejection of ethics". Theory and Society. 44 (6): 527. doi:10.1007/s11186-015-9260-9. ISSN 0304-2421. S2CID 255017208 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ Vendetti, Maria (May 2018). "Testimonial texts of torture during the Algerian War: Paratexts and the obscene". French Cultural Studies. 29 (2): 177–189. doi:10.1177/0957155818755605. ISSN 0957-1558. S2CID 158819277.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ "Qui est Djamila Boupacha, la militante algérienne évoquée par Emmanuel Macron ? – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in Faransanci). 10 March 2023. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.