Doka ta gama gari
 Doka ta gama gari | |
|---|---|
legal system (en)  da type of law (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Doka da Dokar |
| Hannun riga da | Dokar yan kasa |
Doka ta gama gari (kuma aka sani da tsarin shari'a, dokar da aka yi alƙali, ko shari'ar shari'a) ita ce rukunin doka da farko da aka haɓaka ta hanyar yanke hukunci maimakon ƙa'idodi.[1] [2]] Ko da yake dokar gama-gari na iya haɗawa da wasu ƙa'idodi, amma galibi ta dogara ne akan abin da ya faru - hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da aka yi a cikin shari'o'in da suka gabata.[3] alkalanci da ke gudanar da shari’ar yana tantance waɗanne ka’idoji ne da za a yi amfani da su wajen yanke hukunci kan kowane sabon shari’a[4]
Doka ta gama gari tana da tushe sosai a cikin yanke hukunci ("tsaye bisa ga abubuwan da aka yanke"), inda kotuna ke bin ka'idodin da aka kafa ta hanyar yanke hukunci na baya.[5] Lokacin da aka warware irin wannan shari'ar, kotuna sukan daidaita dalilinsu da abin da aka kafa a wannan hukuncin.[6] Koyaya, a cikin "al'amarin farko" ba tare da wani misali ko bayyanannen jagorar doka ba, an ba wa alkalai ikon warware batun da kafa sabon misali[7] [8]
Doka ta gama-gari, wacce ake kiranta da ita saboda ta zama ruwan dare ga dukkan kotunan sarki a fadin Ingila, ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan kotunan sarakunan Ingila a karnonin da suka biyo bayan nasarar Norman a 1066.[[9] ya kafa tsarin doka mai haɗin kai, a hankali ya maye gurbin kotunan jama'a da kotunan jama'a.
Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar Black's Law Dictionary, doka ta gama gari ita ce "ɓangaren shari'a da aka samo daga hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, maimakon daga ƙa'idodi ko tsarin mulki."
Har zuwa farkon karni na 20, an yi imani da dokar gama gari don samun ikonta daga tsohuwar al'adun Anglo-Saxon. To a cikin karni na 19, har yanzu an ayyana shi a matsayin 'dokar da ba a rubuta ba' (lex non scripta) a cikin ƙamus na shari'a kamar Bouvier's Law Dictionary da Black's Law DictionaryBlack's Law Dictionary[10] A cewar ka'idar bayyananniyar ka'idar William Blackstone dokar gama gari ta sake tabbatar da sabuwar doka da ta riga ta kasance. Jeremy Bentham ne ya gabatar da kalmar "dokar da ta yi shari'a" a matsayin sukar wannan riya ta aikin shari'a.[11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage
- ↑ "common law". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 27 November 2024. Common law is law that is derived from judicial decisions instead of from statutes. American courts originally fashioned common law rules based on English common law until the American legal system was sufficiently mature to create common law rules either from direct precedent or by analogy to comparable areas of decided law.
- ↑ Common Law and Civil Law Traditions" (PDF). Berkeley Law. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2024. Common law is generally uncodified. This means that there is no comprehensive compilation of legal rules and statutes. While common law does rely on some scattered statutes, which are legislative decisions, it is largely based on precedent, meaning the judicial decisions that have already been made in similar cases. These precedents are maintained over time through the records of the courts as well as historically documented in collections of case law known as yearbooks and reports. The precedents to be applied in the decision of each new cas
- ↑ . Common Law and Civil Law Traditions" (PDF). Berkeley Law. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2024. Common law is generally uncodified. This means that there is no comprehensive compilation of legal rules and statutes. While common law does rely on some scattered statutes, which are legislative decisions, it is largely based on precedent, meaning the judicial decisions that have already been made in similar cases. These precedents are maintained over time through the records of the courts as well as historically documented in collections of case law known as yearbooks and reports. The precedents to be applied in the decision of each new cas
- ↑ stare decisis". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 24 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024. Stare decisis is the doctrine that courts will adhere to precedent in making their decisions. Stare decisis means "to stand by things decided" in Latin. When a court faces a legal argument, if a previous court has ruled on the same or a closely related issue, then the court will make their decision in alignment with the previous court's decision. The previous deciding-court must have binding authority over the court; otherwise, the previous decision is merely persuasive authority.
- ↑ stare decisis". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 24 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024. Stare decisis is the doctrine that courts will adhere to precedent in making their decisions. Stare decisis means "to stand by things decided" in Latin. When a court faces a legal argument, if a previous court has ruled on the same or a closely related issue, then the court will make their decision in alignment with the previous court's decision. The previous deciding-court must have binding authority over the court; otherwise, the previous decision is merely persuasive authority.
- ↑ "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)". Justia Law. Retrieved 27 November 2024. It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the Courts must decide on the operation of
- ↑ case of first impression". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 27 November 2024. A case of first impression is a case that presents a legal issue that has never been decided by the governing jurisdiction. ... A case of first impression lacks controlling precedent. In other words, a court deciding a case of first impression cannot rely on prior decisions nor is the court bound by stare decisis. To adopt the most persuasive rule of law, courts will look to various sources for guidance,
- ↑ . Langbein, Lerner & Smith (2009)
- ↑ Carpenter, Charles E. (1917). "Court Decisions and the Common Law". Columbia Law Review. 17 (7): 593–607. doi:10.2307/1112172. JSTOR 1112172. (common law court "decisions are themselves law, or rather the rules which the courts lay down in making the decisions constitute law.")
- ↑ Carpenter, Charles E. (1917). "Court Decisions and the Common Law". Columbia Law Review. 17 (7): 593–607. doi:10.2307/1112172. JSTOR 1112172. (common law court "decisions are themselves law, or rather the rules which the courts lay down in making the decisions constitute law.")