Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964
 Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 | |
|---|---|
Act of Congress in the United States (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Laƙabi | Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Applies to jurisdiction (en) | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Ranar wallafa | 2 ga Yuli, 1964 |
| Harshen aiki ko suna | Turanci |
| Kwanan wata | 2 ga Yuli, 1964 |
| Work available at URL (en) | jfklibrary.org…, govinfo.gov…, catalog.archives.gov… da archives.gov… |
| Legislated by (en) |
88th United States Congress (en) |
| Signatory (en) |
Lyndon B. Johnson (mul) |
| Legal citation of this text (en) | Pub. L. 88-352 da 78 Stat. 241 |
| Legislative committee (en) |
United States House Committee on the Judiciary (en) |
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ( Pub. L. 88-352) wata doka ce ta ɗan adam da kuma dokar aiki a Amurka wacce ta haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, launi, addini, jima'i, [lower-alpha 1] da asalin ƙasa.[1] Ya haramta rashin daidaito aikace-aikacen buƙatun rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a, wariyar launin fata a makarantu da wuraren kwana na jama'a, da nuna wariyar aiki. Dokar "ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu na majalisa a tarihin Amurka". [2]
Da farko, ikon da aka bayar don aiwatar da aikin ba su da ƙarfi, amma an ƙara su a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Majalisa ta tabbatar da ikonta na yin doka a ƙarƙashin sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, musamman ikonta na ƙididdigewa don daidaita kasuwancin tsakanin jihohi a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Mataki na 1, Sashe na 8, aikinta na ba da tabbacin duk 'yan ƙasa daidai da kariyar dokokin da ke ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar 14th, da kuma aikinta na ƙare haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a a ƙarƙashin gyare-gyare na 15.
Shugaba John F. Kennedy ne ya gabatar da dokar a watan Yunin 1963, amma filibuster a Majalisar Dattawa ya yi adawa da ita. Bayan da aka kashe Kennedy a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, 1963, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya tura kudirin gaba. Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da kudirin a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, 1964, kuma bayan kwana 72 na filibuster, ta wuce Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, 1964. Kuri'a na ƙarshe shine 290-130 a cikin Majalisar Wakilai da 73-27 a Majalisar Dattawa. [3] Bayan da majalisar ta amince da gyaran majalisar dattijai na gaba, Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta zama doka ta Shugaba Johnson a Fadar White House a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, 1964.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sake ginawa da Sabuwar Yarjejeniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shari'o'in 'Yancin Bil'adama na shekarar 1883, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisa ba ta da ikon hana wariya a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, don haka ta cire Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 da yawa daga ikonta na ƙare hakkin jama'a. [4]
A ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20, hujjar shari'a don ɓata Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 wani ɓangare ne na babban yanayin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi don rushe yawancin dokokin gwamnati na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sai dai lokacin da ake magana da dokokin da aka tsara don kare mutuncin jama'a na gargajiya.
A cikin shekarar 1930s, a lokacin New Deal, yawancin alkalan Kotun Koli a hankali sun canza ka'idar shari'a don ba da izini ga tsarin gwamnati na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kasuwanci, don haka ya ba da hanya ga gwamnatin tarayya don kafa dokokin 'yancin ɗan adam da ke haramta wariyar jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a kan tushen kasuwancin kasuwanci.
Masu ba da shawara na "Black Cabinet" da kuma masu bada shawarwari na March on Washington Movement, sun rinjayi a wani ɓangare, kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu, Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 8802, oda na farko na yaki da wariyar launin fata na tarayya, kuma ya kafa Kwamitin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Gaskiya. [5] Magajin Roosevelt, Shugaba Harry Truman, ya naɗa Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama, ya ba da shawarar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta farko ta ƙarni na 20, kuma ya ba da Dokar Hukuma ta 9980 da Dokar Zartarwa 9981, tana ba da aikin yi na gaskiya da raguwa a cikin gwamnatin tarayya da sojojin. [6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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- ↑ "U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ↑ "U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ↑ "HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States (1883). "U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)". U.S. Reports. Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
1. The 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act passed March 1st, 1875, are unconstitutional enactments as applied to the several States, not being authorized either by the XIllth or XTVth Amendments of the Constitution. 2. The XIVth Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and .redressing tho effect of such laws or acts. 3. The XIIIth Amendment relates only to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes) ; and although, by its reflex action, it establishes universal freedom in the United States, and Congress may probably pass laws directly enforcing its provisions; yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the XIVth Amendment. 4. Whether the accommodations and privileges sought to be protected by the 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act, are, or are not, rights constitutionally demandable; and if they are, in what form they are to be protected, is not now decided. 5. Nor is it decided whether the law as it stands is operative in the Territories and District of Columbia : the decision only relating to its validity as applied to the States. 6. Nor is it decided whether Congress, under the commercial power, may or may not pass a law securing to all persons equal accommodations on lines of public conveyance between two or more States.
- ↑ "FDR on racial discrimination, 1942". www.gilderlehrman.org. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
- ↑ Johnson, Jennifer; Hussey, Michael (May 19, 2014). "Executive Orders 9980 and 9981: Ending segregation in the Armed Forces and the Federal workforce – Pieces of History". National Archives (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-11.