Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968
 Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968 | |
|---|---|
| Dokar Majalisa | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Applies to jurisdiction (en)  | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Legislated by (en) |
90th United States Congress (en) |
| Signatory (en) |
Lyndon B. Johnson (mul) |
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968 ( Pub. L. 90-284 ) wata doka ce mai ban mamaki a Amurka wacce shugaban Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya wa hannu a lokacin tarzomar kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sarki .
Laƙabi na II ta hanyar VII sun ƙunshi Dokar 'Yancin Bil Adama ta Indiya, wacce ta shafi ƙabilun Amirkawa na Amirka da ke sa da yawa amma ba duk garantin Dokar Haƙƙin Amurka ba a cikin ƙabilun. [1] (Wannan Dokar ta bayyana a yau a cikin Title 25, sassan 1301 zuwa 1303 na Amurka Code).
Laƙabi na VIII da IX an fi sani da Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya, wanda ake nufi a matsayin bin Dokar Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta 1964 . (Wannan shi ne daban-daban doka fiye da Housing da Urban Development Act na 1968, wanda fadada gidaje kudade shirye-shirye.) Yayin da Civil Rights Act na 1866 ya haramta nuna bambanci a cikin gidaje, babu wani tarayya tilasta doka tanadi. [2] Dokar 1968 ta faɗaɗa akan ayyukan da suka gabata kuma ta haramta wariya game da siyarwa, haya, da ba da kuɗin gidaje dangane da launin fata, addini, asalin ƙasa, kuma tun 1974, jima'i. Tun daga 1988, dokar ta kare mutanen da ke da nakasa da iyalai masu yara. Mata masu juna biyu kuma ana kare su daga nuna wariya ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda an ba su matsayin dangi tare da yaron da ke cikin su shi ne ɗayan dangin. Wadanda aka zalunta na iya amfani da duka dokar 1968 da sashe na 1866 na 1983 [3] don neman gyara. Dokar 1968 ta ba da mafita na tarayya yayin da dokar ta 1866 ta ba da mafita na sirri (watau, farar hula). Har ila yau, dokar ta sa ya zama laifi na tarayya don "ta karfi ko barazanar karfi, raunata, tsoratarwa, ko tsoma baki ga kowa ... saboda launin fata, launin fata, addini, ko asalin ƙasa, nakasa ko matsayin iyali."
Title X, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Anti-Riot, ya sa ya zama babban laifi don "tafiya a cikin kasuwancin tsakanin jihohi ... tare da niyya don tayar da hankali, ingantawa, ƙarfafawa, shiga da kuma gudanar da tarzoma." An soki wannan tanadi don "daidaita shirya zanga-zangar siyasa da tashin hankali."
Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yunkurin farko ga daidaito ga Baƙin Amurkawa ya faru ne lokacin da Shugaba Ibrahim Lincoln ya zartar da shelar 'yantar da jama'a a 1863, wanda ya bayyana cewa "dukkan mutanen da aka rike a matsayin bayi ... za su kasance a lokacin, daga nan gaba, kuma har abada 'yantattu...". [4] Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 ta bayyana duk mutanen da aka haifa a Amurka 'yan ƙasa ne na doka. Wannan yana nufin za su iya haya, riƙe, siyarwa da siyan kadara. An yi nufin a taimaki tsofaffin bayi, kuma waɗanda suka ƙi ba da sabon haƙƙin ga tsoffin bayi suna da laifi kuma ana hukunta su a ƙarƙashin doka. Hukuncin ya kasance tarar $1000 ko iyakar shekara guda a gidan yari. Dokar 1866 ba ta ba da wata hanya ta tilasta tanadin ba.
Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama (1954-1968), ta fara bayan shari'ar Hukumar Ilimi ta Brown v. , ta ba da hanya don ƙaddamar da wasu takardun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957 ta kirkiro Hukumar Amurka akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Sashen Shari'a na Amurka . Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1960 ta kafa dokar tarayya na rajistar rajista na gida kuma idan wani ya hana wani damar yin zabe, akwai hukunci mai tsanani. Haka kuma ta kara wa Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama, ta yadda za ta rika kula da yadda ake yin rajista da zabe. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, launi, addini, jima'i, da asalin ƙasa. An kuma haramta yin daidaitattun aikace-aikacen buƙatun rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a, wariyar launin fata, da wariyar aiki. Dokar 'Yancin Zabe na 1965, mai kama da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, ta haramta wariyar launin fata a cikin zabe. Daga baya an fadada dokar don taimakawa wajen kare yancin kada kuri'a ga tsirarun kabilu a duk fadin kasar (musamman Kudu).
Ana samun jagora ga ayyukan shari'a da ba bisa ka'ida ba wajen siyar da gida a ƙarƙashin Dokar a nan: [5]
Lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da Dokar Gidaje ta Gaskiya, ta haramta wariya kawai bisa launin fata, launi, addini, da asalin ƙasa. [6] An ƙara jima'i azaman sifa mai karewa a cikin 1974. A cikin 1988, nakasassu da matsayin iyali (kasancewar ko tsammanin kasancewar yara a ƙarƙashin 18 a cikin gida) an ƙara (ƙarin ƙididdigewa a cikin Dokar nakasa ta Amurkawa na 1990). [6] A wasu yanayi, doka ta ba da izinin keɓance iyaka don nuna bambanci dangane da jima'i, addini, ko matsayin iyali. [7]
A cikin 2017, wani alkali na tarayya ya yanke hukunci cewa yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya. Tun daga watan Mayu 2018, akwai ƙarin ƙoƙarin da ake jira don gyara Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya don yin wannan a sarari (HR 1447). [8] A cikin taron da aka yi a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2018, tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (NAR), Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.), wanda ke yakin neman zabensa na 16th, ya ce ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a bar masu gida su ƙi sayar da gidansu ga 'yan luwadi da madigo. NAR dai ba ta amince da hakan ba kuma ta janye amincewarta da dan majalisar kan lamarin.
Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka ita ce sashin zartarwa na tarayya mai ikon gudanarwa da aiwatar da Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya . Sakatariyar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta ba da aikin tabbatar da gidaje na gaskiya da ayyukan bin ka'ida ga Ofishin Hulɗar Gidaje da Daidaita Dama (FHEO) da Ofishin Babban Shawara na HUD. FHEO ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan hukumomin kare hakkin jama'a na tarayya na Amurka. Tana da ma'aikata sama da mutane 600 dake cikin ofisoshi 54 a fadin Amurka. Tun daga watan Agusta 2017, shugaban FHEO shine Mataimakin Sakatare na Gidajen Gaskiya da Dama Dama Anna Maria Farias, wanda aka tabbatar da nadinsa a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2017. [9]
tilastawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ƙarfafa Dokar Gidaje ta Gaskiya tun lokacin da aka amince da ita a cikin 1968, amma tilastawa ya ci gaba da zama damuwa a tsakanin masu ba da shawara na gidaje. Dangane da kimantawa na 2010 na Analysis of Impediments (AI) rahotannin da Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Gwamnati ya yi, aiwatar da aiwatarwa ya saba wa hukunce-hukuncen gida. [10]
Ka'idar shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A farkon 1990s, a cikin Trouillon v. Birnin Hawthorne, Hukumar Tsaro da Ilimi ta NAACP ta yi nasarar kalubalanci shirin sabunta birane bisa ga nuna wariyar launin fata ta hanyar kawo kara a karkashin Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya. Shari'ar da ta gabata a ƙarƙashin Dokar ta kasance ta iyakance ga nuna bambanci wajen siye ko hayar gidaje.
Ko da yake ya yanke hukunci kan wadanda suka shigar da kara, amma alkalin kotun Davis ya musanta zargin nuna wariya. Ya ce ya kafa hujja da hukuncin nasa a wani bangare na gazawar birnin wajen tabbatar da cewa yankin na da yawan laifuffuka da kuma rashin kimar dukiya fiye da sauran sassan birnin. Birnin "bai yi aiki da mugun imani ko yaudara ba," Davis ya rubuta. "Ba ta nuna wariya ga wasu 'yan tsiraru ko masu karamin karfi ko matsakaicin kudin shiga ba kuma ba ta keta ka'idojin kowane mutum ba, Kariya daidai ko wasu 'Yancin Bil'adama."
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ ""Civil Rights Act of 1968" full text" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 14, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ↑ "Civil Rights Act of 1866 & Civil Rights Act of 1871 – CRA – 42 U.S. Code 21 §§1981, 1981A, 1983, & 1988". findUSlaw. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ↑ "42 USC § 1983 – Civil action for deprivation of rights". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ↑ "Image 1 of The first edition of Abraham Lincoln's final emancipation proclamation". Library of Congress. January 1863. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ↑ "HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". www.hud.gov. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- 1 2 "Title VIII: Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity - HUD". Portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
- ↑ "Exemptions to the Fair Housing Act? Not Many -- But Here Are Some". Fox Rothschild LLP. January 4, 2011. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
- ↑ "H.R.1447 - Fair and Equal Housing Act of 2017". Congress.gov. March 21, 2017. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ↑ "PN1349 — Gustavo Velasquez Aguilar — Department of Housing and Urban Development". Congress.gov, Library of Congress. 19 June 2014.
- ↑ "Housing and Community Grants: HUD Needs to Enhance Its Requirements and Oversight of Jurisdictions' Fair Housing Plans". U.S. GAO.