Dokar 'Yancin Ilimi da Sirriyar Iyali
 Dokar 'Yancin Ilimi da Sirriyar Iyali | |
|---|---|
| Dokar Majalisa | |
| Bayanai | |
| Bangare na |
Education Amendments of 1974 (en)  |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Applies to jurisdiction (en) | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Legislated by (en) |
93rd United States Congress (en) |
| Signatory (en) |
Gerald Ford (mul) |
Dokar Haƙƙin Ilimin Iyali da Dokar Sirri na 1974 ( FERPA ko Buckley Amendment ) dokar tarayya ce ta Amurka wacce ke gudanar da damar samun bayanan ilimi da bayanan ƙungiyoyin jama'a kamar masu yuwuwar ma'aikata, cibiyoyin ilimi da ke ba da kuɗin jama'a, da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje. Ana kuma kiran wannan aikin a matsayin Buckley Amendment, ga ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa, Sanata James L. Buckley na New York . [1]
FERPA dokar tarayya ce ta Amurka wacce ke tsara samun dama da bayyana bayanan ilimin ɗalibi. Yana ba iyaye damar samun bayanan ɗansu, ba da damar gyare-gyare, da sarrafa bayyanawa. Bayan ɗalibi ya cika shekara 18, ana buƙatar izininsu gabaɗaya don bayyanawa. Dokar ta shafi cibiyoyi da ke karɓar kuɗaɗen Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka kuma tana ba da haƙƙin sirri ga ɗalibai masu shekaru 18 ko sama da haka, ko waɗanda ke makarantun gaba da sakandare. An ba da izinin bayyanawa ga iyayen ɗalibai masu dogara, kuma ana kiyaye bayanan likita a ƙarƙashin FERPA maimakon HIPAA . Dokar ta fuskanci suka kan boye bayanan da ba na ilimi ba.
Dubawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]FERPA tana ba iyaye damar yin amfani da bayanan ilimin ƴaƴan su, damar neman gyara bayanan, da kuma wasu iko akan bayyana bayanai daga bayanan. Tare da keɓancewa da yawa, dole ne makarantu su sami izinin ɗalibi kafin a bayyana bayanan ilimi bayan wannan ɗalibin ya cika shekara 18. Dokar tana aiki ne kawai ga hukumomin ilimi da cibiyoyin da ke karɓar kuɗi ƙarƙashin shirin da Sashen Ilimi na Amurka ke gudanarwa. [2]
Sauran ƙa'idojin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar, masu tasiri daga Janairu 3, 2012, suna ba da damar ƙarin bayyanawa na sirri da ɗalibin adireshi masu gano bayanai da tsara bayyana ID na ɗalibi da adiresoshin imel. Misali, makarantu na iya ba wa kamfanoni na waje bayanan ɗalibi wanda zai iya gane kansa ba tare da izinin ɗalibin ba. [3] Akasin haka, ɗaure bayanan littafin ɗalibi zuwa wasu bayanan na iya haifar da cin zarafi, kamar yadda haɗin ke haifar da rikodin ilimi. [4] [5]
Misalan al'amuran da FERPA ta shafa sun haɗa da ma'aikatan makaranta suna ba da bayanai ga kowa banda ɗalibin game da maki ko halayen ɗalibin, da aikin makaranta da aka buga a kan allo mai daraja. Gabaɗaya, dole ne makarantu su sami rubutacciyar izini daga iyaye ko ɗalibin da suka cancanta don fitar da kowane bayani daga rikodin ilimin ɗalibi.
Wannan tsarin sirri kuma yana sarrafa yadda hukumomin jihohi ke aika bayanan gwaji ga hukumomin tarayya, kamar Cibiyar Musanya Bayanan Ilimi .
Wannan dokar ta tarayya ta Amurka kuma ta ba wa ɗalibai masu shekaru 18 ko sama da haka, ko ɗalibai na kowane shekaru idan sun yi rajista a kowace makarantar gaba da sakandare, haƙƙin keɓancewa game da maki, rajista, har ma da bayanan lissafin kuɗi sai dai idan makarantar tana da takamaiman izini daga ɗalibin don raba takamaiman nau'in bayanin.
FERPA kuma tana ba wa makaranta damar bayyana bayanan da za a iya gane kansu daga bayanan ilimi na "dalibi mai cancanta" (dalibi mai shekaru 18 ko sama da haka ko kuma ya yi rajista a makarantar gaba da sakandare a kowace shekara) ga iyayensa ko ɗalibin "dalibi" mai dogaro kamar yadda aka ayyana wannan kalmar a Sashe na 152 na Code Internal Revenue Code . Gabaɗaya, idan ɗayan iyaye sun yi iƙirarin ɗalibin a matsayin mai dogaro da iyaye na kwanan nan na harajin kuɗin shiga na Tarayyar Amurka, makarantar na iya ba da izini ba tare da yarda da bayanan ilimin ɗalibin ga iyayen biyu ba.
Dokar ta ba wa ɗaliban da suka nemi makarantar ilimi kamar izinin makarantar digiri don duba shawarwarin da wasu suka gabatar a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikace-aikacen. A daidaitattun fom ɗin aikace-aikacen, ana ba ɗalibai zaɓi don yafe wannan haƙƙin.
FERPA ta keɓe ma'aikatan cibiyar ilimi musamman idan ba ɗalibai ba ne.
FERPA yanzu jagora ce don sadarwa da lamuran ilimi mafi girma da batutuwan keɓantawa waɗanda suka haɗa da cin zarafi da amincin ɗakin karatu. [6] Yana ba da tsari kan magance buƙatun wasu jama'a a manyan makarantu. [6]
Samun damar bayanan jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Maganar FERPA don ɓoye bayanan jama'a waɗanda ba "ilimi" ba a yanayi sun sha suka sosai, gami da suka daga mai ɗaukar nauyin Majalisar Dattawa na farko. Misali, a cikin Owasso Independent School District v. Falvo case, wani muhimmin bangare na muhawarar shine kayyade alakar da ke tsakanin takwarorinsu da "littafin ilimi" kamar yadda aka bayyana a FERPA. Masu gabatar da kara sun yi jayayya "cewa ba da damar dalibai su ci jarrabawar juna [...] kamar yadda malaman suka bayyana amsoshin daidai ga dukan aji [...] kunya [...] yara", amma sun rasa a cikin wani taƙaitaccen hukunci da kotun gundumar . Kotun daukaka kara, ta yanke hukuncin cewa daliban da ke sanya maki a kan aikin sauran dalibai sun sanya irin wannan aikin a cikin "rikodin ilimi." Don haka, an ƙudiri ƙididdige darajar takwarorinsu a matsayin cin zarafin manufofin FERPA saboda ɗalibai sun sami damar yin aikin sauran ɗalibai ba tare da cikakken izini ba. [7] Duk da haka, a kan daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli, an yanke hukunci gaba daya cewa ba za a yi la'akari da darajar takwarorina ba cin zarafin FERPA. Wannan kuwa saboda darajar da aka rubuta akan aikin ɗalibi baya zama “littafin ilimi” har sai malami ya rubuta matakin ƙarshe a cikin littafin aji.
Bayanan likita na dalibi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masana shari'a sun yi muhawara kan batun ko za a iya fitar da bayanan likita na ɗalibai (misali bayanan zaman jiyya tare da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali a cibiyar ba da shawara a harabar) ga hukumar makarantar a ƙarƙashin wasu abubuwa masu tada hankali, kamar lokacin da ɗalibi ya kai ƙarar koleji ko jami'a. [8] [9]
Yawancin lokaci, bayanan jiyya na ɗalibi za su kasance ƙarƙashin kariyar FERPA, ba Dokar Kula da Inshorar Lafiya da Lamuni (HIPAA). Wannan ya faru ne saboda "Exception FERPA" da aka rubuta a cikin HIPAA. [10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Legislative History of Major FERPA Provisions". U.S. Department of Education.
- ↑ "FERPA for Students". www2.ed.gov (in Turanci). 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMendelsohnnatlaw2012 - ↑ "FERPA Tutorial - Directory Information|When is Directory Information Not Really Directory Information?". Office of The University Registrar - Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
It is important to also understand the concept of "implicit disclosure." An implicit disclosure may occur when a list consists only of directory information but the list itself by definition reveals non-directory information. For example, a list of names and email addresses of all students who have a particular grade-point average reveals the students' GPAs. Likewise, a class list containing names and email addresses of the students reveals class enrollments. Since neither grade-point average nor class enrollment are directory items, releasing these lists without prior consent of the students constitutes a FERPA violation.
- ↑ "What is an education record? | Protecting Student Privacy". studentprivacy.ed.gov. US Department of Education. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2020 – via studentprivacy.ed.gov/frequently-asked-questions.
[...]records include but are not limited to grades, transcripts, class lists, student course schedules, health records (at the K-12 level), student financial information (at the post secondary level), and student discipline files. [...]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fuller, Matthew (June 2017). "An Update on the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act". New Directions for Institutional Research. 2016 (172): 25–36. doi:10.1002/ir.20201. ISSN 0271-0579.
- ↑ Dinger, Daniel. "Johnny saw my test score, so I'm suing my teacher: Falvo v. Owasso Independent School District, peer grading, and a student's right to privacy under the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act". Journal of Law & Education. 30: 575–626.
- ↑ Mangan, Katherine (March 5, 2015). "Just How Private Are College Students' Campus Counseling Records?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ↑ Pryal, Katie Rose Guest (March 2, 2015). "Raped on Campus? Don't Trust Your College to Do the Right Thing". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
- ↑ Rowe, Linda (2005). "What Judicial Officers Need to Know about the HIPAA Privacy Rule". NASPA Journal. 42 (4): 498–512. doi:10.2202/0027-6014.1537. ProQuest 62084860.