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Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi

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Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi
Act of the Parliament of England (en) Fassara da Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin muhalli
Bayanai
Laƙabi An Act, declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and settling the Succession of the Crown
Ƙasa Birtaniya
Applies to jurisdiction (en) Fassara Kingdom of England (en) Fassara
Ranar wallafa 1689
Kwanan wata 1689
Legislated by (en) Fassara Parliament of England (en) Fassara
Copyright status (en) Fassara public domain (en) Fassara da public domain (en) Fassara

Bill of Rights 1689 (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bill of Rights 1688) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Ingila wanda ya tsara wasu haƙƙoƙi na asali kuma ya canza maye gurbin zuwa kambin Ingila. Ya kasance muhimmiyar doka a cikin dokar tsarin mulki ta Ingila.

Ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin masanin siyasar siyasa John Locke, [1] Bill ya tsara abin da tsarin mulki ke buƙata don Crown ta nemi yardar mutane kamar yadda aka wakilta a Majalisar. [2][3] Haka zalika da sanya iyakoki a kan ikon sarki, ya kafa Hakkin majalisa, gami da majalisun majalisa na yau da kullun, zaɓen kyauta, da kuma damar majalisa. Har ila yau, ya lissafa haƙƙin mutum, gami da haramtacciyar azabtarwa da ba a saba gani ba da kuma haƙƙin kada a biya haraji da aka karɓa ba tare da amincewar majalisar ba. A ƙarshe, ya bayyana kuma ya hukunta laifuffuka da yawa na James II na Ingila.[1] Dokar 'Yancin ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1689. An sake maimaita shi a cikin tsari na Sanarwar Hakki da Majalisar Dokoki ta gabatar ga William III da Mary II a watan Fabrairun 1689, ta gayyace su su zama sarakuna na hadin gwiwa na Ingila, suna kawar da James II, wanda aka bayyana ya yi murabus kuma ya bar kursiyin babu kowa.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, ana ɗaukar Dokar a matsayin takarda na asali na kundin tsarin mulkin Burtaniya wanda ba a tsara shi ba, tare da Magna Carta, Petition of Right, Dokar Habeas Corpus 1679 da Ayyukan Majalisar 1911 da 1949. Wani takarda daban amma irin wannan, Dokar Da'awar Hakki ta 1689, ta shafi Scotland. Dokar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da aka yi amfani da su don tsara Dokar 'Yancin Amurka, Sanarwar' Yancin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Mutum. Tare da Dokar Sadarwa ta 1701, ya kasance yana aiki a cikin dukkan Yankunan Commonwealth, kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Perth ta yi gyare-gyare.

Tarihi

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A cikin karni na 17, an sabunta sha'awar Magna Carta . [4][5]  Majalisar dokokin Ingila ta zartar da Petition of Right a cikin 1628 wanda ya kafa wasu 'yanci ga batutuwa. An yi Yaƙin basasar Ingila (1642-1651) tsakanin Sarki da majalisa mai zaman kanta amma an zabe shi, a lokacin da ra'ayin jam'iyyun siyasa na dogon lokaci ya samo asali ne tare da Sabon Model Army Grandees da masu tawali'u, masu tasiri suna muhawara game da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a cikin Putney Debates na 1647. [6][7][8] Majalisar ta fi tsoratar da zartarwa a lokacin Protectorate (1653-1659) da kuma mafi yawan shekaru ashirin da biyar na Maido da Ingilishi na Charles II daga 1660. Koyaya, tare da fa'idar ci gaban litattafan da aka buga da goyon bayan Birnin London, ya sami damar sauƙaƙe wasu daga cikin wuce gona da iri na zartarwa, rikice-rikice da karimci na gwamnati, musamman ma Ma'aikatar Cabal wacce ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Asirin Dover wacce ta haɗa Ingila da Faransa a cikin yakin da ake tsammani da Jamhuriyar Dutch. Ya riga ya zartar da Dokar Habeas Corpus ta 1679, wanda ya karfafa yarjejeniyar da ta hana tsare-tsare ba tare da isasshen dalili ko shaida ba.

Juyin Juya Halin Mai Girma

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Da yake ƙin manufofin Sarki James na biyu na Ingila (James VII na Scotland da James na biyu ya Ireland), wani rukuni na 'yan majalisa na Ingila sun gayyaci ɗan ƙasar Holland (William na Orange) don hambarar da Sarki.   Nasarar da William ya samu tare da rundunar jiragen ruwa da sojojin Holland ya haifar da James ya gudu zuwa Faransa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1688, takwarorinsu na mulkin sun nada William a matsayin gwamna na wucin gadi.  An yarda da cewa irin wannan matakin ya kasance na tsarin mulki idan masarautar ba ta da iko. Abokan sun kira taron mambobi da yawa na majalisa. Wannan taron ya yi kira da a zabi Majalisar Dokokin Ingila, wanda ya taru a ranar 22 ga Janairun 1689. [9] [1][10] 

Bayyana Hakki

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Wani zane na ƙarni na 18, wanda ya samo asali ne daga zane na Samuel Wale, na Dokar 'Yancin da aka gabatar wa William III da Mary IIMaryamu ta Biyu<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwpw"> </span>

Shirin da za a gabatar da wata sanarwa game da haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci da kuma keta su na James an fara yi shi ne a ranar 29 ga Janairun 1689 a cikin House of Commons, tare da membobin da ke jayayya cewa House "ba zai iya amsawa ga al'umma ko Yarima na Orange ba har sai mun bayyana abin da haƙƙoƙin da aka mamaye" kuma William "ba zai yiwu ba idan muka sanya yanayi don tabbatar da kanmu don nan gaba" don "yi adalci ga waɗanda suka aiko mu nan".  A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu kwamitin da aka shirya musamman ya ba da rahoton ga Commons 23 Heads of Grievances, wanda Commons ya amince da shi kuma ya kara wasu daga cikin nasu.   Koyaya, a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, Commons ta yanke shawarar umarci kwamitin da ya bambanta tsakanin "irin waɗannan shugabannin janar, kamar yadda gabatarwa na sabbin dokoki, daga waɗanda ke bayyana haƙƙin dā".  A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, Commons ta amince da wannan sanarwar da aka sake sabuntawa, kuma a ranar 8 ga Fabrairun ta umarci kwamitin da ya sanya a cikin rubutu guda sanarwar (tare da shugabannin da suka kasance "gabatarwa ga sabbin dokoki"), ƙudurin 29 ga Janairu da kuma shawarar Ubangiji don sake fasalin rantsuwar aminci.    Ya wuce Commons ba tare da rarrabuwa ba.[11]

A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu magatakarda na House of Lords ya karanta Declaration of Right, kuma Marquis na Halifax, a cikin sunan duk dukiyar masarautar, ya nemi William da Maryamu su karɓi kursiyin. William ya amsa wa matarsa da kansa: "Muna karɓar abin da kuka ba mu". Daga nan sai suka tafi cikin procession zuwa Babban Ƙofar a Whitehall. A wani bikin a cikin Banqueting House, Garter King of Arms ya ayyana su Sarki da Sarauniya na Ingila, Faransa, da Ireland, inda suka koma Chapel Royal, tare da Bishop na London yana wa'azi.[12] An naɗa su a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, suna rantsuwa da su tabbatar da dokokin da majalisar ta yi. Dokar Alkawarin Karramawa ta 1688 ta samar da sabon rantsuwa na karramawa, inda sarakuna za su "yi alkawari da rantsuwa da mulkin mutanen wannan masarautar Ingila, da kuma yankunan da ke ciki, bisa ga ka'idojin majalisa da aka amince da su, da dokoki da al'adun su". Sun kuma kula da dokokin Allah, ikirarin gaskiya na Linjila, da kuma addinin Protestant Reformed da doka ta kafa.[13] Wannan ya maye gurbin rantsuwar da ta jinkirta ga sarki. Alkawarin da ya gabata ya buƙaci sarki ya yi mulki bisa ga "dokoki da al'adu ... da Sarakunan Ingila suka bayar".[14]  

Dokar

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An gabatar da sanarwar haƙƙin a cikin Dokar Majalisar, Bill of Rights 1689, wanda ya sami amincewar sarauta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1689.[15] 

Dokar ta tabbatar da "wasu hakkoki da 'yanci na dā" ta hanyar bayyana cewa:[13]

  • ikon da ake kira na dakatar da dokoki da kuma rarraba (watau yin watsi da) dokoki ta hanyar ikon sarauta ba tare da yardar majalisar ba bisa ka'ida ba;
  • kwamiti don dalilai na coci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne;
  • Karbar haraji ba tare da tallafin majalisa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne;
  • Hakki ne na talakawa su nemi sarki, kuma gurfanar da irin wannan karar ba bisa ka'ida ba ne;
  • kiyaye sojoji a lokacin zaman lafiya, sai dai idan ya kasance tare da yardar majalisar, ya saba wa doka;
  • Furotesta na iya samun makamai don kare su wanda ya dace da yanayinsu kuma kamar yadda doka ta ba da izini.
  • Zaɓin 'yan majalisa ya kamata ya kasance kyauta;
  • 'yancin magana da muhawara ko shari'a a majalisa bai kamata a tsige shi ba ko kuma a yi masa tambayoyi a kowane kotu ko wuri a waje da majalisa;
  • Bai kamata a buƙaci beli mai yawa ba, ko kuma a ci tarar da yawa, ko kuma azabtarwa mai tsanani da ba a saba gani ba;
  • masu juriya a cikin fitina don babban cin amana ya kamata su zama masu 'yanci;
  • alkawuran tarar da rashi kafin a yanke musu hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ba su da amfani.
  • don gyara duk korafe-korafe, da kuma gyarawa, ƙarfafawa da adana dokoki, ya kamata a gudanar da majalisun akai-akai.

Dokar ta ayyana guduwar James daga Ingila bayan juyin juya halin ɗaukaka ya zama abdication na kursiyin. Ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin manufofin James wanda James ya tsara don "yi ƙoƙari ya rushe da kuma kawar da addinin Furotesta, da dokoki da 'yanci na wannan masarautar".[13] Wadannan sune: [13]

  • ta hanyar ɗaukarwa da yin amfani da ikon rarraba da dakatar da dokoki da aiwatar da dokoki ba tare da yardar majalisar ba;
  • ta hanyar gurfanar da Bishops bakwai;
  • ta hanyar kafa kotun kwamishinoni don dalilai na coci;
  • ta hanyar karbar haraji don amfani da kambin ta hanyar nuna cewa majalisa ta ba da dama kamar dai majalisa ta bayar da ita;
  • ta hanyar tadawa da kiyaye sojoji a cikin wannan masarautar a lokacin zaman lafiya ba tare da yardar majalisar ba;
  • ta hanyar sa Furotesta su rasa makamai a lokaci guda lokacin da 'yan papist suka kasance da makamai kuma suka yi aiki ba bisa doka ba;
  • ta hanyar keta 'yancin zaɓe na membobin yin aiki a majalisa;
  • ta hanyar gurfanar da kara a Kotun Bench na Sarki don al'amuran da abubuwan da za a iya sani kawai a cikin Majalisar, da kuma masu nutsewa (bambance) wasu darussan da ba bisa ka'ida ba;
  • ta hanyar daukar ma'aikata marasa cancanta a kan juriya a cikin fitina, da kuma juriya a fitina don babban cin amana wanda ba 'yanci ba ne;
  • ta hanyar sanya belin da ya wuce gona da iri ga mutanen da aka aikata a cikin laifuka masu laifi game da dokokin da aka yi don 'yancin batutuwa;
  • ta hanyar sanya tarar da yawa da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma mummunan hukunci;
  • ta hanyar ba da tallafi da alkawura da yawa da aka yi na tarar da rashi kafin duk wani hukunci ko hukunci a kan mutanen da za a karɓi irin wannan hukunci.

dukansu an ayyana su gaba daya kuma kai tsaye sun saba wa sanannun dokoki da ka'idoji da 'yancin masarautar.

A cikin gabatarwa ga Dokar Sadarwa da za ta zo shekaru goma sha biyu bayan haka, Dokar Hakki ta hana Roman Katolika daga kursiyin Ingila kamar yadda "an gano ta hanyar gogewa cewa ba daidai ba ne da aminci da jin daɗin wannan mulkin Protestant da za a yi wa sarki na papist"; don haka William III da Mary II an ambaci su a matsayin magajin James II kuma cewa kursiyin zai wuce daga gare su da farko ga magada Maryamu, sannan ga 'yar'uwarta, Princess Anne na Denmark da magada (kuma, daga baya, ga duk wani auren William daga baya).

Gyara da gado

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Dokar 'Yancin daga baya ta kara da Dokar Sadarwa ta 1701, wanda Majalisar Scotland ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar. Dokar Sadarwa ta canza layin maye gurbin kursiyin da aka tsara a cikin Dokar Hakki.[16] Koyaya, duka Bill of Rights da Claim of Right sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga kafa manufar ikon mallakar majalisa da rage ikon masarautar.[17] Wadannan an gudanar da su don kafa mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki, kuma, tare da dokokin hukunci, sun daidaita yawancin rikice-rikicen siyasa da na addini wanda ya girgiza Scotland, Ingila da Ireland a karni na 17.[18] 

Dokar ta karfafa Petition of Right da Habeas Corpus Act 1679 ta hanyar tsara wasu hakkoki da 'yanci. William Blackstone ya bayyana shi a matsayin Dokokin Tushen Ingila, haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan Ayyukan sun haɗu da ra'ayin haƙƙin 'yan Ingila. Dokar 'Yancin kai tsaye ta rinjayi Sanarwar' yancin Virginia ta 1776, wanda hakan ya rinjayi Sanarwa ta' Yancin Kai.

Kodayake ba cikakkiyar sanarwa ba ce game da 'yanci na farar hula da na siyasa, Dokar 'Yancin kai tana tsaye a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin takardu masu mahimmanci a ci gaban' yancin farar hula a Ƙasar Ingila da kuma abin koyi ga daga baya, mafi yawan maganganun' yancin kai; [14] waɗannan sun haɗa da Dokar' Yancin Amurka, Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa, Sanarutar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' yancin Dan Adam.[19][20] Misali, kamar yadda yake tare da Bill of Rights 1689, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya haramta biyan kuɗi da yawa da kuma "mummunan hukunci"; a zahiri, Kwaskwarima ta takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka wanda ya sanya wannan haramcin kusan maimaitawa ne na labarin da ya dace a cikin Bill of Rights na 1689. Hakazalika, an haramta "mummunan, rashin mutunci ko rashin kulawa ko hukunci" a karkashin Mataki na 5 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights da Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. 

Matsayin shari'a na yanzu

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Dokar 'Yancin ta kasance a cikin doka kuma tana ci gaba da ambaton ta a cikin shari'a a cikin Ƙasar Ingila da sauran Yankunan Commonwealth, musamman Mataki na 9 game da' 'Yancin magana na majalisa.[21][22] Bayan Yarjejeniyar Perth a cikin 2011, dokar da ta sauya Dokar 'Yancin da Dokar Sadarwa ta 1701 ta fara aiki a duk faɗin Commonwealth a ranar 26 ga Maris 2015 wanda ya canza dokokin maye gurbin kursiyin Burtaniya.  

Ostiraliya

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Bill of Rights 1689 ya kasance wani ɓangare na dokar Australiya, duk da haka a wasu jihohin an sake aiwatar da Bill a cikin dokokin gida.[23]

Dokar Gidajen Oireachtas (Bincike, Hakki da Hanyoyi) ta 2013 ta soke Mataki na 9 kan "yancin magana da muhawara ko aiki a Majalisar" a matsayin wani ɓangare na karfafa dokar kan damar majalisa.[24]

New Zealand

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Dokar 'Yancin wani bangare ne na dokokin New Zealand . An yi amfani da Dokar a cikin shari'ar 1976 na Fitzgerald v Muldoon da Sauran, wanda ya ta'allaka ne akan manufar sabon Firayim Minista Robert Muldoon wucewa zai shawarci Gwamna-Janar da ya soke shirin ritaya da Dokar New Zealand Superannuation Act 1974 ta kafa ba tare da sabon doka ba.[25] Muldoon ya ji cewa rushewar za ta kasance nan take kuma daga baya zai gabatar da lissafi a majalisa don sake fasalin kawar da doka. An kalubalanci wannan da'awar a kotu kuma Babban Alkalin ya bayyana cewa ayyukan Muldoon ba bisa ka'ida ba ne saboda sun keta Mataki na 1 na Dokar 'Yancin, wanda ya ba da "cewa ikon da ake tsammani na kawar da dokoki ko aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar ikon sarauta ... ba bisa ka-ida ba ne".[26] 

Ƙasar Ingila

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Allegory of the Bill of Rights, tare da Britannia gabatar da Bill ga William da Maryamu

Dokar 'Yancin ta shafi Ingila da Wales; an kafa ta [29] Masarautar Ingila wacce a lokacin ta haɗa da Wales. Scotland tana da nata doka, Dokar Da'awar Hakki ta 1689, ta wuce kafin Dokar Tarayya tsakanin Ingila da Scotland. Akwai shakku game da ko, ko kuma har zuwa wane irin, Dokar 'Yancin ta shafi Arewacin Ireland, tana nuna shakku da aka yi a baya game da Ireland.[21] [Nob 4]

Bukatar cewa masu juriya su kasance masu 'yanci a lokuta na cin amana an soke su a Ingila da Wales ta hanyar Dokar Juri ta 1825, kuma a Arewacin Ireland (har zuwa yadda ya shafi) ta hanyar Dokar Dokar Dokar Dokar 1950.

Adalci na halitta, haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau, yana cikin dokar tsarin mulki da aka gudanar don rage cin zarafin Hakkin majalisa. A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1995 wani shari'ar tsegumi, Neil Hamilton, MP v The Guardian">The Guardian, ya rushe yayin da Babban Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Dokar 'Yancin da ke gabatar da duk abin da aka fada ko aka yi a cikin House ya hana The Guardian samun sauraron adalci. Hamilton na iya samun carte blanche don ya yi zargin kowane asali ko ma'ana ga kalmominsa, kuma babu wata hujja ta kai tsaye, ƙaddara, ƙarin biyayya ko jarrabawar kalmominsa da za su iya faruwa saboda tsananin tsauraran Dokar Hakki. Hakazalika, Majalisar Lords ta yanke shawarar cewa, ba tare da tanadin doka na 1996 ba, Dokar 'Yancin' da ta fi dacewa da shari'a mai kyau ga Hamilton a cikin aikin cin mutunci na 2001 na Hamilton v Al-Fayed wanda ya wuce ta matakai biyu na roko don jin daɗi sakamako. Wannan tanadin shine sashi na 13 na Dokar Cin zarafi ta 1996, wanda ke ba 'Yan majalisa damar yin watsi da hakkinsu na majalisa kuma ta haka ne suka ambaci kuma suka bincika nasu jawabai idan ya dace da shari'a. 

Bayan raba gardama na membobin Tarayyar Turai ta Burtaniya a cikin 2016, Kotun Koli ta ambaci Dokar 'Yancin a cikin Shari'ar <i id="mwAgg">Miller</i>, inda kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa haifar da fita daga EU dole ne a fara ba da izini ta hanyar dokar Majalisar, saboda yin hakan zai soke haƙƙoƙin da Dokar Majalisar ta tabbatar (watau, haƙƙoƙoƙin' yan EU da suka fito daga yarjejeniyar EU da aka ba da Dokar Al'ummomin Turai ta 1972, kamar yadda aka gyara). Kotun Koli ta sake ambaton shi a cikin hukuncin da ta yanke na 2019 cewa jinkirta majalisa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Kotun ba ta yarda da ikirarin Gwamnati cewa ba za a iya yin tambaya game da tsawaitawa ba a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin 1689 a matsayin "aikin majalisa"; ta yanke hukunci game da akasin haka, cewa tsawaitawar "ba za a iya bayyana ta da hankali a matsayin 'aikin maj majalisa' ba", kamar yadda majalisa ta tilasta shi kuma ba za a yi muhawara ba, kuma zai iya kawo "babban ko muhimmin harkokin majalisa" zuwa ƙarshe ba tare da muhawara.[30]

Sanarwa

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An bayar da kayayyaki na musamman guda biyu na tsabar kudi na fam biyu a Burtaniya a shekarar 1989 don bikin cika shekaru uku na juyin juya halin Glorious . Ɗaya ya yi magana game da Dokar 'Yancin da ɗayan kuma ga Da'awar Hakki. Dukansu suna nuna Royal cipher na William da Maryamu da mace na House of Commons, ɗayan kuma yana nuna wakilcin St Edward's Crown ɗayan kuma Crown of Scotland.[31]

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, an rubuta Dokar 'Yancin a cikin UNESCO ta Burtaniya Memory of the World Register wanda ya amince da cewa: [32] 

All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.[19]

A matsayin wani ɓangare na Majalisar a cikin shirin Yin, an nuna Bill of Rights a Gidan Majalisar a watan Fabrairun 2015 kuma a ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya daga Maris zuwa Satumba 2015 . [33][34]  

  • Dokar kundin tsarin mulki ta Burtaniya
  • Dokar amincewa da kambin da majalisa ta 1689
  • Juyin Juya Halin Kudi
  • Tarihin 'yanci
  • Dokar Toleration ta 1689
  • Rashin Dokar Sarki William 1689

Manazarta

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Bayani

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015. The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown. ... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.
  2. ↑ Schwoerer 1990.
  3. ↑ Adams, Meuwese & Hirsch Ballin 2017.
  4. ↑ "From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century". The British Library. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 2017-10-16
  5. ↑ "Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th century". The Society of Antiquaries of London. Archived from the original on 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  6. ↑ "Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  7. ↑ "Rise of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  8. ↑ "Putney debates". The British Library. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  9. ↑ "Bill of Rights". British Library. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  10. ↑ Anon. 2010.
  11. ↑ Horwitz 1977.
  12. ↑ Carpenter 1956.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Williams 1960.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Convention and Bill of Rights". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  15. ↑ Thatcher 1907.
  16. ↑ "The Act of Settlement". UK Parliament. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  17. ↑ This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself. "The Bill of Rights". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015.[permanent dead link]
  18. ↑ Walker, Gay & Maer 2009.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights." "2011 UK Memory of the World Register". United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  20. ↑ "Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary". History.com. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lock 1989.
  22. ↑ Toporoski, Richard (Summer 1996). "Monarchy Canada: The Invisible Crown". Archived from the original on 17 June 1997.
  23. ↑ McDermott, Peter M. (1990-01-12). "Imperial Statutes in Australia and New Zealand" (PDF). Bond Law Review. 2 (2).
  24. ↑ "Houses of the Oireachtas (Inquiries, Privileges and Procedures) Act 2013". electronic Irish Statute Book (in Turanci). 24 July 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  25. ↑ "The Constitutional Setting". States Services Commission, New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008.
  26. ↑ "The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision-making". New Zealand Law Society. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010.
  27. ↑ "A Guide to the UK Legal System". Hauser Global Law School Program. New York University School of Law. November 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  28. ↑ "The Legal System of the United Kingdom". The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  29. ↑ The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems: England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[27][28] These jurisdictions have particular legal considerations of their own, arising from differences in English law, Scots law and Northern Ireland law.
  30. ↑ "R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent) Cherry and others (Respondents) v Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland)" (PDF). The Supreme Court. 24 September 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 24 September 2019. It must therefore follow, as a concomitant of Parliamentary sovereignty, that the power to prorogue cannot be unlimited. Statutory requirements as to sittings of Parliament have indeed been enacted from time to time, for example by the Statute of 1362 (36 Edward III c 10), the Triennial Acts of 1640 and 1664, the Bill of Rights 1688, the Scottish Claim of Right 1689, the Meeting of Parliament Act 1694, and most recently the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019, section 3. Their existence confirms the necessity of a legal limit on the power to prorogue, but they do not address the situation with which the present appeals are concerned. ... The prorogation itself takes place in the House of Lords and in the presence of Members of both Houses. But it cannot sensibly be described as a 'proceeding in Parliament'. It is not a decision of either House of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it is something which is imposed upon them from outside. It is not something upon which the Members of Parliament can speak or vote. The Commissioners [when performing the prorogation] are not acting in their capacity as members of the House of Lords but in their capacity as Royal Commissioners carrying out the Queen's bidding. They have no freedom of speech. This is not the core or essential business of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it brings that core or essential business of Parliament to an end.
  31. ↑ "Two Pound Coin". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  32. ↑ "Life, death and everything in between". UK Parliament. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  33. ↑ "Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  34. ↑ "Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy". The British Library. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
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