Dokar 'Yancin yin Zaɓe ta 1965

Dokar 'Yancin yin Zaɓe ta 1965
election act (en) da Dokar Majalisa
Bayanai
Fuskar	'Yancin baki a Amurka
Gajeren suna	Voting Rights Act of 1965
Laƙabi	An Act to enforce the fifteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes.
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Applies to jurisdiction (en)	Tarayyar Amurka
Ranar wallafa	1965
Ƙasa da aka fara	Tarayyar Amurka
Harshen aiki ko suna	Turanci
Described at URL (en)	senate.gov…
Work available at URL (en)	catalog.archives.gov… da archives.gov…
Legislated by (en)	89th United States Congress (en)
Signatory (en)	Lyndon B. Johnson (mul)
Amended by (en)	amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (en)
Mandates (en)	maximization (en) da enforcement (en)

Dokar 'yancin kada kuri'a ta 1965 wani muhimmin yanki ne na dokokin tarayya a Amurka wanda ya haramta wariyar launin fata a cikin zaɓe. Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ne ya rattaba hannu kan dokar a lokacin da ake ci gaba da fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 1965, kuma daga baya Majalisa ta yi wa dokar kwaskwarima sau biyar don faɗaɗa kariyar ta. An tsara shi don aiwatar da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da gyare-gyare na goma sha huɗu da na goma sha biyar suka yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, Dokar ta nemi ta tabbatar da 'yancin zaɓe ga tsirarun ƙabilu a duk faɗin ƙasar, musamman a Kudu. A cewar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka, ana ɗaukar dokar a matsayin yanki mafi inganci na dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na tarayya da aka taɓa aiwatarwa a cikin ƙasar. Hukumar da ke kula da adana kayan tarihi da adana bayanai ta ƙasa ta bayyana cewa: “Dokar ‘yancin kaɗa kuri’a ta shekarar 1965 ita ce mafi girman canjin doka a alakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi a fannin zaɓe tun lokacin sake ginawa bayan yakin basasa”.

Dokar ta ƙunshi tanadi da yawa waɗanda suka tsara zaɓe. “Gaba ɗaya tanade-tanade” dokar ta ba da kariya ga haƙƙin jefa ƙuri’a a duk faɗin ƙasar. Sashi na 2 babban tanadi ne da ya haramta wa jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi aiwatar da duk wata doka ta zaɓe da "sakamakon hana ko tauye 'yancin kowane ɗan ƙasa na zaɓe saboda launin fata ko launin fata" ko kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar tsirarun harshe. Sauran tanadi na gabaɗaya musamman sun haramta gwajin karatu da makamantan na'urori waɗanda a tarihi aka yi amfani da su don ba wa tsirarun ƙabilu suna. Dokar kuma ta ƙunshi “tanade-tanade na musamman” waɗanda suka shafi wasu hukunce-hukuncen kawai. Babban tanadi na musamman shi ne buƙatun share fage na Sashe na 5, wanda ya haramta wasu hukunce-hukuncen aiwatar da duk wani canji da ya shafi zaɓe ba tare da an fara samun tabbaci daga babban lauyan Amurka ko Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta DC cewa canjin baya nuna wariya ga tsiraru masu kariya. Wani tanadi na musamman yana buƙatar hukunce-hukuncen da ke ƙunshe da ƴan tsirarun harsuna masu mahimmanci don samar da katin zaɓe na yaruka biyu da sauran kayan zaɓe.

Sashi na 5 da galibin wasu tanadi na musamman da ake amfani da su ga hukunce-hukuncen da ke tattare da “ka’idar ɗaukar hoto” da aka tsara a sashe na 4(b). An tsara tsarin ɗaukar hoto na asali ne don haɗawa da hukunce-hukuncen da suka tsunduma cikin tsananin nuna bambanci a zaɓe a shekarar 1965, kuma Majalisa ta sabunta tsarin a shekarun 1970 da 1975. A cikin Shelby County v. Holder (2013), Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi watsi da tsarin ɗaukar hoto a matsayin wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, yana tunanin cewa ya ƙare. Kotu ba ta rushe Sashe na 5 ba, amma ba tare da tsarin ɗaukar hoto ba, Sashe na 5 ba shi da amfani. Hukunce-hukuncen da a baya tsarin ɗaukar hoto ya rufe su sun ƙaru da yawa na share rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a bayan shawarar Shelby.

A cikin shekarar 2021, Brnovich v. Kotun Koli ta Kwamitin Dimokuraɗiyya ta ƙasa ta sake fassara Sashe na 2 na Dokar 'Yancin Zaɓe na shekarar 1965, yana raunana shi sosai. Hukuncin ya fassara harshen "jimlar yanayi" na Sashe na 2 da nufin cewa ba gaba ɗaya ya haramta dokokin jefa ƙuri'a da ke da tasiri daban-daban ga ƙungiyoyin da ta nemi karewa, gami da dokar da aka toshe a ƙarƙashin sashe na 5 kafin Kotun ta kunna wannan sashe a cikin Shelby County v. Holder. Musamman ma, hukuncin ya ce tsoron maguɗin zaɓe na iya tabbatar da irin waɗannan dokoki ba tare da wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an tabka maguɗi a baya ba ko kuma sabuwar dokar za ta sa a yi zaɓe lafiya.

Bincike ya nuna cewa dokar ta yi nasara kuma ta kara yawan fitowar masu kaɗa kuri'a da rajistar masu kaɗa kuri'a, musamman a tsakanin baƙaƙen fata. Har ila yau, an danganta dokar da sakamako mai ma'ana, irin su samar da kayayyakin jama'a mafi girma (kamar ilimin jama'a) ga yankunan da ke da yawan hannun jarin baki, ƙarin membobin Majalisar da ke zaɓen dokokin da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam, da kuma wakilcin baƙi a cikin ofisoshin gida.