Dokar 'yan ƙasa ta Jamus
 Dokar 'yan ƙasa ta Jamus | |
|---|---|
Federal Act (Germany) (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Gajeren suna | StAG |
| Laƙabi | Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz |
| Applies to jurisdiction (en) | Jamus |
| Muhimmin darasi |
German nationality (en) da Certificate of Citizenship (en) |
| Shafin yanar gizo | gesetze-im-internet.de… |
Dokar 'yan ƙasa ta Jamus ta ba da cikakken bayani game da yanayin da mutum ya zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Dokar farko da ke kula da waɗannan buƙatu ita ce Dokar Kasa, wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1914. Jamus memba ce ta Tarayyar Turai (EU) kuma duk 'yan ƙasar Jamus' 'yan ƙasa ne na EU. Suna da izini na atomatik da na dindindin don rayuwa da aiki a kowace ƙasa ta EU ko Kungiyar Ciniki ta Turai (EFTA) kuma suna iya jefa kuri'a a Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai.
Duk mutumin da aka haifa ga iyayen Jamus da suka yi aure yawanci ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne a lokacin haihuwa, ba tare da la'akari da wurin haihuwar ba. Yaran ma'aurata marasa aure wanda kawai mahaifinsa ɗan Jamus ne dole ne a ba su izini don su sami 'yancin ƙasar Jamus. Mutanen da aka haifa a Jamus ga iyaye biyu na kasashen waje na iya samun 'yancin Jamus a lokacin haihuwa idan aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin iyayensu ya zauna a ƙasar na tsawon shekaru takwas kuma yana da damar zama a ƙasar har abada (ma'ana duk wani mutum da izinin daidaitawa, ko zama ɗan ƙasa na wata ƙasa ta EU ko Switzerland). 'Yan kasashen waje na iya zama' yan ƙasa bayan sun zauna a Jamus aƙalla shekaru biyar kuma suna nuna ilimi a cikin Harshen Jamusanci.
Jamus ta ƙunshi yankin da ya kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki da Tarayyar Jamus wanda aka raba shi zuwa ƙananan jihohin Jamus da yawa waɗanda mazaunansu ke da 'yan ƙasa na yankin su. A cikin karni na 19, jihohin Jamus daban-daban sun koma ga hadewa cikin ƙungiya ɗaya wanda ya ƙare tare da haɗa kan Jamus a cikin 1871. An gudanar da zama ɗan ƙasa na Jamus gabaɗaya ta hanyar kasancewa ɗan ƙasa na ƙasar Jamus, kuma zama ɗan ƙasa ya kasance muhimmiyar ra'ayi a cikin dokar Jamus har zuwa canjin ƙasar zuwa Mulkin Nazi.
Tsakanin 1933 da 1945, duk wani mutum da jihar ta dauka "maras kyau" (musamman Yahudawa da masu adawa da siyasa) an kwace shi daga hakkinsu na farar hula da siyasa kuma an yi niyya don lalata shi. Duk wani mutum da aka hana shi zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus a wannan lokacin bisa ga siyasa, launin fata, ko addini, da kuma zuriyarsu kai tsaye, sun cancanci dawo da zama ɗan ƙasar Jamusanci a kowane lokaci. Bayan karshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an raba Jamus zuwa Jamus ta Yamma da Gabashin Jamus. Duk da yake Jamus ta Yamma ta ci gaba da aiwatar da dokokin da ke akwai kafin yakin kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa duk 'yan Jamus ta Gabas a matsayin' yan ƙasa, Jamus ta Gabashin ta karɓi dokar ƙasa ta daban a 1967 wacce ta ci gaba har zuwa sake hadewar Jamus a 1990.
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bambanci tsakanin ma'anar kalmomin kasa-linkid="97" href="./Citizenship" id="mwOg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Citizenship">zama ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa ba koyaushe yake bayyane a cikin harshen Ingilishi ba kuma ya bambanta da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa tana nufin mallakar mutum ta doka a cikin ƙasa kuma ita ce kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa yayin da ake magana game da membobin ƙasa; zama ɗan ƙasa yana nufin saitin haƙƙoƙi da ayyukan da mutum yake da su a cikin wannan ƙasa.[1] Zai yiwu ga wanda ba na ƙasa ba ya samun digiri na 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa wanda ke da alaƙa da zama ɗan ƙasa (misali zama ko haƙƙin aiki) yayin da kuma yana yiwuwa a hana ɗan ƙasa yin amfani da wasu haƙƙoƙi (misali yara da aka hana su jefa kuri'a). A cikin Jamusanci, kalmar "ƙasa" (Staatsangehörigkeit) tana nufin zama memba na jihar yayin da "yan ƙasa" (Staatsbürgerschaft / Bürgerschaft) ke bayyana sa hannun mutum a cikin al'ummar ƙasa.[2]
Ci gaban rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Har zuwa farkon karni na 19, ƙasashen Jamus sun kasance babban ɓangare na Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki.[3][3] Kowane ɗayan kusan ƙungiyoyin siyasa 1,800 a cikin Daular suna da ma'anoni daban-daban (ko waɗanda ba su wanzu ba) game da waɗanda suka ɗauka a matsayin membobin mulkin su. "Yan ƙasa" a cikin wannan mahallin an haɗa su da mazaunin mutum a cikin wani gari kuma mutane da aka samu a waje da wuraren zama na yau da kullun za a iya fitar da su zuwa wasu sassan yankin mulkin mallaka.[4]
Tunanin zamani na zama ɗan ƙasa, a matsayin dangantaka ta doka da ta doka tsakanin mutum da jihar da ke ba da dama ga masu riƙewa da matsayi wanda ke ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙasa, ya fito ne a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa.[5] Bayan rushewar Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki a cikin 1806, an shigo da wannan samfurin ɗan ƙasa a cikin yankunan Jamus waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Rhine da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Faransa, kodayake duk wata doka da ta dace daga wannan lokacin an soke ta a cikin 1810s jim kadan bayan cin nasarar Faransa a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon.[3] A waje da wannan Tarayyar, Austria ta kafa ka'idojin farko da aka tsara bisa ka'idar zama ɗan ƙasa ta zamani a cikin 1811.[4]
Tsarin manufofi na tarayya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk wani doka na zamani da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Tarayyar ba ta dace ba tsakanin jihohi kuma gabaɗaya ba ta da tasiri wajen tantance zama ɗan ƙasa na wani mutum. Dokokin jihar galibi suna ɗaukar wanzuwar wani nau'in ɗan ƙasa wanda yaro zai gaji daga mahaifinsu a lokacin haihuwarsa. Koyaya, duk mutumin da aka haifa a ƙarni na 18 wanda zai kasance ɗan ƙasa na wani yanki na Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki wanda ba ya wanzu a matsayin ƙungiya ta siyasa zai sami matsayi mara iyaka a cikin dokar jihar.[4]
Sabanin haka, kowace jiha ta kammala a cikin shekarun 1820 aƙalla yarjejeniya ɗaya tare da wasu ko duk sauran membobin Tarayyar da suka ba da cikakken bayani game da korar mutanen da ba a so ba tare da zama ɗan ƙasa ba da kuma aiwatar da "ƙaddamarwa". Wani Jamusanci wanda ya zauna a wata jiha aƙalla shekaru 10 an dauke shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasa a sabon wurin zama. Wani uba da ya zama ɗan ƙasa zai ba da izini ga dukan iyalinsa.[4] A cikin jihohi bakwai, an ba da wannan tsari ga duk wani baƙo wanda ya cika mafi ƙarancin abin da ake buƙata.[4] Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi na jihohi sun kara bayyana matsayin mutanen da ba su da tabbas, wadanda aka ba su 'yan kasa na zamani na wurin haihuwarsu (idan hakan ba shi da tabbas, to wurin da aka same su).[4] Jamusawa sun rasa 'yancin su na jihar idan sun bar yankin jihar tare da niyyar zama a wani wuri har abada, sun sami izinin yin ƙaura, ko kuma sun ci gaba da zama a waje da jiharsu ta gida aƙalla shekaru 10.[4]
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Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Manufofin Visa na Yankin Schengen
- Bukatar biza ga 'yan ƙasar Jamus