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Dokar CROWN ta 2022

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Dokar CROWN ta 2022
Asali
Characteristics

Ƙirƙirar mutuntawa da buɗe Duniya don Dokar Gashi na 2022 (wanda kuma aka sani da Dokar CROWN na 2022 ) wani kudiri ne a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka da aka yi niyya don hana nuna bambanci dangane da yanayin gashin mutum ko salon gashi ta hanyar rarraba irin wannan wariyar ba bisa ka'ida ba a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya. [1] Ya shafi shirye-shiryen taimakon tarayya, shirye-shiryen gidaje, wuraren kwana, da aikin yi. [1] An gabatar da dokar a Majalisar Wakilai ta Majalisa Bonnie Watson Coleman (D-NJ) a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2021. [2] Sanata Cory Booker (D-NJ) ya gabatar da dokar abokin tarayya a majalisar dattijai a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2021. [3] Dokar CROWN ta 2022 ta gabatar da doka a karo na biyu. [4] [5]

A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2022, Majalisar Wakilai ta zartar da lissafin tare da kuri'u 235-189. [6][7] A cikin Majalisar Dattijai, an tura lissafin ga Kwamitin Shari'a, amma ba a taɓa jefa kuri'a a hukumance ba saboda ya kasa samun isasshen goyon baya don karkatar da filibuster daga Sanata Rand Paul (R-KY). [8][9][10]

Babu wani sabon fasalin lissafin da aka gabatar tun lokacin da aka gabatar a ko dai a Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattijai. Koyaya, Wakilin Troy Carter (D-LA) ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya sake gabatar da dokar da aka gabatar a cikin 2024. [11]

Asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2019, Dove ya gudanar da Nazarin Bincike na CROWN don "bayyana girman nuna bambancin launin fata da mata ke fuskanta a wurin aiki bisa ga salon gashin kansu na halitta". [12] Binciken ya dogara ne akan "bincike na mata 1,017 baƙi da mata 1,050 wadanda ba ba baƙi ba ne masu shekaru 25-64. " [12] Bincike ya gano cewa "Mata baƙi suna da 30% da yiwuwar a sanar da manufofin bayyanar wurin aiki na yau da kullun" "Wasanni 83% mafi kuskuren su ba da za a yi rahoto a kan kamannin su da kyau a kan kamanninsu na CRO & Dokar Yammacin su, "Sashe gashi"[13]

Dangane da bayanan da aka tattara, CROWN Coalition ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Sanata na Jihar California Holly J. Mitchell don gabatar da lissafin hana nuna bambanci bisa ga salon gashi da gashi.[14][15] Dokar CROWN ta wuce tare a cikin majalisun biyu na Majalisar Dokokin California kuma an sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2019. Dokar ta ba da kariya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ayyuka da Gidaje ta Jiha (FEHA) da Dokar Ilimi ta California, ta bayyana cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke sanye da kayan gashi na halitta ko kariya, gami da, amma ba a iyakance su ba, sutura, locs, da karkatarwa.[15] Ya yi aiki a matsayin doka ta farko da aka zartar a matakin jiha a Amurka don hana irin wannan nuna bambanci, kuma ya fi yin wahayi zuwa ga lissafin tarayya da aka gabatar. [16][17][18]

A matakin tarayya, an gabatar da Dokar "Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair" ("CROWN Act") ga Majalisa ta Amurka sau biyu: na farko a Majalisa na 116 (2019-2020), [4] kuma na biyu a Majalista ta 117 (2021-2022). [1]

Matakin zartar da dokar jiha da kananan hukumomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar jihohin Amurka da suka zartar da dokokin da suka haramta wariyar gashi har zuwa 2024.

Dokar CROWN, ko kuma irin wannan dokar da ta hana nuna bambanci dangane da nau'in gashin mutum ko salon gashi, an zartar a cikin jihohi 25, [19] ciki har da: Alaska, [20] Arizona, [21] Arkansas, [15] [22] [23] [24] Connecticut, [25] Delaware, [26], [27] Louisiana, [28] Maryland, [29] Massachusetts, [30] Michigan, [31] Minnesota, [ [32] Nebraska, [33] Nevada, [ [34] New Jersey, [35] New Mexico, [36] New York, [37] [38] [39] Tennessee, [40] Texas, [41] Virginia, [42] [43]

Matsakaicin kariyar da dokokin jihar suka samar ya dogara da hurumi. [44] Misali, wasu jihohin sun kara da ''na halitta ko kariyar salon gyara gashi'' ga ma'anar kabilanci a cikin dokokinta na jihar, kuma an jera takamaiman salon gyara gashi, kamar su gwanjo, tsumma, tsumma, murɗa, da kullin Bantu, kamar yadda aka kiyaye su. [44] Wasu jihohi kuma sun yi niyya don dokar ta yi amfani da shi sosai, ta ba da kariya a cikin shirye-shiryen gidaje da jihohi ke taimakon, wuraren kwana, da aikin yi, yayin da wasu jihohin suka kafa wasu dokoki masu takurawa waɗanda suka shafi aiki ko tsarin ilimi kawai. [44]

Daga cikin jihohi 25 da ba su sanya dokar ta CROWN ba, da yawa sun gabatar da irin wannan kudirin. [14] An kuma zartar da irin wannan farillai a matakin gundumomi a garuruwa da kananan hukumomi daban-daban a kokarin samun goyon bayan bangarori biyu ga dokokin jihar da aka tsara. [19] [45]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Text: H.R.2116 - Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair Act of 2022 — 117th Congress (2021-2022)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Cosponsors: H.R.2116 - Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair Act of 2022 — 117th Congress (2021-2022)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  3. ↑ "Text: S.888 - CROWN Act of 2021 — 117th Congress (2021-2022)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Text: H.R.5309 - CROWN Act of 2020 — 116th Congress (2019-2020)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Text: S.3167 - CROWN Act of 2019 — 116th Congress (2019-2020)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Roll Call 82 | Bill Number: H. R. 2116". Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives. 18 March 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  7. ↑ "Watson Coleman Celebrates House Passage of the CROWN Act". Bonnie Watson Colemen. March 18, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  8. ↑ "Actions Overview - S.888 - CROWN Act of 2021 - 117th Congress (2021-2022)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  9. ↑ "All Actions: S.888 - CROWN Act of 2021 — 117th Congress (2021-2022)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  10. ↑ "Sen. Rand Paul blocks measure against hair discrimination". PBS. December 15, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
  11. ↑ Pritchett, Valerie (February 26, 2024). "Advocates push to pass the CROWN Act in Pennsylvania, US Congress". Koin, Nexstar Media Inc. Archived from the original on March 23, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "The 2019 CROWN Research Study for Women" (PDF). The CROWN Act. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  13. ↑ "The Official Campaign of The CROWN Act Led by the CROWN Coalition". The CROWN Act. February 12, 2024.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Official Campaign of The CROWN Act Led by the CROWN Coalition". The CROWN Act. February 12, 2024.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "SB-188 Discrimination: hairstyles (2019-2020)". California Legislative Information. February 16, 2024.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  17. ↑ Chavez, Nicole (July 3, 2019). "California becomes the first state to ban discrimination based on natural hairstyles". CNN. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  18. ↑ "H. Rept. 116-525: Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair Act of 2020 (See pgs. 5-13)". Congress.Gov. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Payne-Patterson, Jasmine (July 26, 2023). "The CROWN Act: a jewel for combating racial discrimination in the workplace and classroom". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  20. ↑ "SB 174 - An Act relating to dress codes and natural hairstyles". The Alaska State Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  21. ↑ "Arizona Governor Signs Executive Order Prohibiting Race-Based Hair Discrimination". Arizona State Law Journal. April 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  22. ↑ "HB1576 - To Establish the Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair (CROWN) Act". Arkansas State Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  23. ↑ "HB 20-1048 - CROWN Act of 2020". Colorado General Assembly. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  24. ↑ "HB No. 6515 - An Act Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair". Connecticut General Assembly. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  25. ↑ "Senate Bill 32 - Act to Amend the Delaware Code Relating to Discrimination". Delaware General Assembly. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  26. ↑ "SB 3616 -CROWN Act". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  27. ↑ "HB 1083 - Act provides relative to hair discrimination in education, employment, public accommodations, and housing options". Louisiana State Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  28. ↑ "LD 598 - An Act To Prohibit Discrimination in Employment and School Based on Hair Texture or Hairstyle". State of Maine Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  29. ↑ "HB 1444 - Discrimination - Definition of Race - Hair Texture and Hairstyles". Maryland General Assembly. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  30. ↑ "Bill H.4554 - Act Prohibiting Discrimination Based on Natural and Protective Hairstyles". The 193rd General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  31. ↑ "Senate Bill 0090 (2023)". Michigan Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  32. ↑ "HF 37 - Race definition modified relating to hair styles and textures within the Minnesota Human Rights Act". Minnesota Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  33. ↑ "LB451 - Define terms and change provisions relating to unlawful employment practices under the Nebraska Fair Employment Practice Act". Nebraska Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  34. ↑ "SB327 - Revises provisions relating to discriminatory practices. (BDR 53-574)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  35. ↑ "NJ S3945 - "Create a Respectful and Open Workspace for Natural Hair Act"- CROWN Act". New Jersey Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  36. ↑ "SB 80 - No School Discrimination for Hair". New Mexico Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  37. ↑ "HB 2935 - Relating to discrimination". Oregon State Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  38. ↑ "SB 6209: Prohibits race discrimination based on natural hair or hairstyles". The New York State Senate. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  39. ↑ "SB0136 - CROWN Act: Create a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair". Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  40. ↑ "HB 567 - Relating to discrimination on the basis of hair texture or protective hairstyle associated with race". Texas Legislature Online. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  41. ↑ "SB 50 - Virginia Human Rights Act; racial discrimination, hair". Virginia's Legislative Information System. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  42. ↑ "Vermont Gov. Phil Scott signs bill preventing hair discrimination into law". 25 April 2024.
  43. ↑ "HB 2602 - 2019-20 - Concerning hair discrimination". Washington State Legislature. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "Hair Discrimination and CROWN Act (Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair) State Law Survey". LexisNexis. September 26, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  45. ↑ Hays, Gabrielle (July 3, 2023). "When CROWN acts stall in states, cities step in to ban hair discrimination". PBS News Hour. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
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