Dokar Dyer Anti-Lynching
| Dokar Dyer Anti-Lynching | |
|---|---|
| Asali | |
| Lokacin bugawa | 1918 |
| Characteristics | |
| Harshe | Turanci |
An fara gabatar da Dokar Dyer Anti-Lynching (1918) a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta 65 ta wakilin Leonidas C. Dyer, dan Jamhuriyar Republican daga St. Louis, Missouri, a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a matsayin HR 11279 don "don kare 'yan ƙasar Amurka daga kariya ba tare da kariya ba. [1] An yi niyyar kafa kisan kai a matsayin laifin tarayya.
An sake gabatar da Dokar Dyer Anti-Lynching a cikin zaman da ya biyo baya na Majalisa ta Amurka kuma ta wuce, 230 zuwa 119, ta Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1922, amma an dakatar da shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta hanyar filibuster daga Southern Democrats, wanda ya kafa wani bangare mai karfi. 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kudu sun tabbatar da adawarsu ga dokar ta hanyar jayayya cewa kisan gilla shine martani ga fyade da kuma shelar cewa kisan kai lamari ne da ya kamata a bar wa jihohi su magance shi.[2]
Kokarin zartar da irin wannan dokar ya tsaya har sai dokar Costigan-Wagner ta 1934. [3] Takardun kudi na gaba sun biyo baya amma sun kasa saboda adawa mai karfi daga sanatocin Kudancin; har zuwa 2022 ne duka majalisun biyu suka zartar da Dokar da za ta sanya kisan kai laifin tarayya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A farkon karni na 20, yawancin fararen fata ne suka yi wa 'yan Afirka na Afirka a jihohin Kudancin. Dangane da kididdigar da Cibiyar Tuskegee ta tattara, tsakanin shekarun 1882 da 1951 an kashe wasu mutane 4,730 a Amurka, daga cikinsu 3,437 baƙi ne kuma 1,293 fari ne. Rashin farko na kisan gilla ya faru ne a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Yaƙin basasa, amma ya fadi sosai tare da rushewar Ku Klux Klan na farko game da 1870. An sami farfadowa a cikin shekarun 1890; mafi yawan shekara-shekara na lynchings ya faru a cikin 1892 (an kashe mutane 230 a wannan shekarar: 'yan Afirka 161 da fararen fata 69). [5] kuma ya ci gaba da shekaru ashirin masu zuwa a matakai masu girma, a cikin abin da ake kira nadir na dangantakar launin fata ta Amurka, lokacin da aka nuna ta hanyar cire 'yan Afirka na Amurka da Jim Crow a Kudu, da nuna bambanci ga' yan Afirka na Amurka a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Sakamakon haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga 1882 zuwa 1968, "...an gabatar da takardun kudi na adawa da kisa kusan 200 a Majalisa, kuma uku sun wuce Majalisar. Shugabannin bakwai tsakanin 1890 da 1952 sun nemi Majalisa ta zartar da dokar tarayya. " Majalisar Dattijai ta amince da su a wannan lokacin saboda adawa mai karfi na ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Kudancin Democrat.
Koyaya, tallace-tallace da lissafin ya haifar, tare da rahoton NAACP da Taron Kasa kan Lynching, ya motsa gwamnatocin gida da jihohi don ɗaukar lynching da muhimmanci. Lynchings ya ragu sosai bayan 1919.
A cikin 1922 da 1923, Sanata William Borah ya yi magana game da wucewar Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, wanda ya wuce majalisar. Mai goyon bayan ikon mallakar jihar, ya yi imanin cewa azabtar da jami'an jihar saboda rashin hana kisan gilla ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma idan jihohi ba za su iya hana irin wannan kisan gishiri ba, dokokin tarayya ba za su yi kyau ba. An kayar da lissafin ta hanyar filibuster a Majalisar Dattijai ta Kudancin Democrat. Lokacin da aka gabatar da wani lissafi (Costigan-Wagner Bill) a cikin 1935 da 1938, Borah ya ci gaba da yin magana game da shi, a wannan lokacin yana cewa ba a buƙatar shi ba, saboda yawan lynchings ya ragu sosai.[6]
A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2005, a cikin wani ƙuduri da sanatoci Mary Landrieu na Louisiana da George Allen na Virginia suka tallafawa, tare da wasu 78, Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta nemi gafara a hukumance saboda gazawarta ta aiwatar da wannan da sauran takardun yaki da kisan gilla "lokacin da ake buƙatar mataki". A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2018, sanatoci uku (Kamala Harris, Cory Booker, da Tim Scott) sun gabatar da Shari'ar Shari'ar da Wadanda ke fama da Kisan gilla don yin kisan gashin kai laifin Kisan gashin Kisan gemu na Tarayya. Majalisar Dattijai ta kada kuri'a tare da amincewa da shi a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2018, amma lissafin ya mutu saboda majalisar ba ta wuce shi ba kafin Majalisa ta 115 ta ƙare a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2019. [7][8][9]
A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Dokar Emmett Till Antilynching, wani juzu'i na Justice for Victims of Lynching Act, ya wuce Majalisar Wakilai, ta kuri'ar 410-4. [10] Sanata Rand Paul na Kentucky ya rike kudirin daga zartarwa ta hanyar amincewa gaba daya a Majalisar Dattawa, saboda damuwa cewa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci zai iya fuskantar "sabon hukuncin shekaru 10 na ... kananan raunuka". [11] Bulus ya bukaci gaggawar zartar da wani fasalin da aka gyara na lissafin, wanda zai buƙaci "yunƙurin cutar da jiki" don wani aiki da za a yi la'akari da lynching, yana mai cewa lynching ya riga ya sabawa doka a karkashin Dokar tarayya. [12] Shugaban masu rinjaye na Majalisar Steny Hoyer ya soki matsayin Paul, yana mai cewa a kan Twitter cewa "abin kunya ne cewa wani Sanata na GOP ya tsaya kan hanyar ganin wannan doka ta zama doka". Sai kuma Sanata Kamala Harris ya kara da cewa "Yanzu Sanata Paul na kokarin raunana wani kudirin doka da aka riga aka amince da shi - babu wani dalili a kan haka" yayin da yake magana domin ganin an yi nasara a kan gyaran.
An gabatar da wani fasalin da aka sake fasalin Dokar Emmett Till Antilynching, tare da kara da mummunan raunin jiki, a cikin Majalisa ta 117. Ya wuce Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2022, da kuma Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 7 ga Maris, 2022. Shugaba Joe Biden ne ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2022.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Anti-Lynching Legislation Renewed". US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:02 - ↑ "NAACP History: Anti-Lynching Bill". www.naacp.org. Archived from the original on 2015-05-16. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ↑ "New York Times". 1922-11-22. Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ↑ Gibson, Robert A. "The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880–1950". Yale. Archived from the original on 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ↑ "Proceedings of the U.S. Senate on June 13, 2005 regarding the "Senate Apology" as Reported in the 'Congressional Record'", Part 3, Mr. Craig". African American Studies, University of Buffalo. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
- ↑ Egwuonwu, Nnamdi (20 December 2018). "Senate Unanimously Passes Anti-Lynching Bill". Newsy (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ↑ Lockhart, P. R. (2018-12-21). "Why the Senate's unanimous passage of an anti-lynching bill matters". Vox. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
- ↑ "Justice for Victims of Lynching Act of 2018 (2018 – S. 3178)". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
- ↑ Ella Torres (February 26, 2022). "Emmett Till bill making lynching a federal crime passes House". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ↑ "Sen. Paul acknowledges holding up anti-lynching bill, says he fears it would be wrongly applied". washingtonpost.com. 2020-06-03. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
- ↑ "Senate Session". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2021-07-10.