Dokar Inganta Ingancin Muhalli
Dokar Inganta Ingancin Muhalli ta 1970 dokar muhalli ce ta Amurka wacce aka zartar don yin aiki tare da Dokar Muhalli ta ƙasa ta 1969 (NEPA). Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilai guda biyu na Dokar ita ce ba da izini ga samar da Ofishin Inganta Muhalli don samar da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gudanarwa da ake buƙata ga Majalisar kan Ingantattun Muhalli..[1] Babban manufar ta biyu ita ce "tabbatar da cewa kowane sashen Tarayya da hukumar da ke gudanarwa ko tallafawa ayyukan ayyukan jama'a waɗanda ke shafar muhalli za su aiwatar da manufofi a ƙarƙashin dokar da ke akwai".[2] Don cimma waɗannan dalilai, dokar ta ba da ƙarin nauyi ga shugaban Majalisar kan Ingancin Muhalli a sabon matsayinsa na darektan Ofishin Ingancin Muhallin.[3]
Tarihin majalisa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Inganta Ingancin Muhalli ta 1970 ta fara ne a matsayin HR 4148 a cikin Kwamitin Ayyukan Jama'a na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a watan Afrilu 1970. Kwamitin Ayyukan Jama'a na Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ne ya karbe shi a watan Oktoba 1969 kuma ya tafi taron hadin gwiwa tsakanin gidaje a watan Maris na shekara ta 1969.[4] Kudin ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai da kuri'un 80 zuwa 0 a ranar 24 ga Maris da kuma Majalisar a ranar 25 ga Maris tare da kuri'u 358 zuwa 0.[5] Rashin kuri'un a'a ya nuna cewa akwai goyon baya mai yawa ga wucewar wannan lissafin.
Har ila yau, lissafin yana da gyare-gyare shida daga shekarun 1973 zuwa 1984 amma gyare- gyare-garen galibi sun shafi samar da ƙarin kudade a cikin shekaru daban-daban akan adadin da NEPA ta ƙayyade. Adadin ya kasance daga ƙarancin ƙarin $ 44,000.00 / shekara don 1982-1984 zuwa babban $ 3,000,000 / shekara ƙarin kuɗi don 1980 da 1981.[6] baya ga samar da ƙarin kudade, Pub. L. 98-581 (10-30-1984) ya gyara dokar inganta ingancin muhalli don ƙirƙirar asusun da ake kira Ofishin Asusun Kula da Ingancin Muhalli (42 US Code 4375(a)). An kafa asusun ne don ba da kuɗin kwangilar nazarin da OEQ da aƙalla wata hukuma ta Tarayya ke ɗaukar nauyi. Asusun zai kuma iya ba da gudummawar ayyukan muhalli na Tarayya Interagency kamar ƙungiyar aiki da OEQ ke shiga. An ba da izinin asusun don karɓar kuɗin gaba daga wasu hukumomi don ba da gudummawar binciken, aiki ko aiki da aka tsara..[7]
Babban tanadi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Sashe na 4372 (a), (b), da (c) na aikin, an kafa Ofishin Ingancin Muhalli (OEQ) a matsayin ofis a cikin Ofishin zartarwa na Shugaban Amurka tare da shugaban Majalisar kan Ingancin Muhalli (CEQ) a matsayinsa na darektan OEQ. Bugu da kari, shugaban Amurka ya kuma zaɓi mataimakin darakta na OEQ wanda kuma Majalisar Dattijai za ta amince da shi. Duk da yake an ba darektan damar daukar ma'aikata da yawan mutanen da yake bukata don aiwatar da aikin OEQ, an iyakance shi ga hayar kwararru goma kawai. Wadannan kwararru ko masana kuma ba za a iya biyan su fiye da ma'auni na GS-18 ba. Ayyukan OEQ shine samar da tallafi ga CEQ da kuma taimaka wa darektan aiwatar da sabbin ayyukansa kamar yadda aka bayar a Sashe na 4372 (d). [3] OEQ da CEQ an san su ne kawai a matsayin Majalisar kan Ingancin Muhalli kuma babu jerin sunayen daban don OEQ a cikin Ofishin Shugaban kasa ko kuma shafin yanar gizon daban daga CEQ.[8]
Wani babban yanki a cikin Dokar Inganta Ingancin Muhalli shine ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka shida ko ayyuka da aka ba darektan OEQ. Baya ga darektan da ke cika ayyukan ga Shugaban Amurka da CEQ a karkashin NEPA, darektan dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da tanadi masu zuwa na Dokar Amurka 4372 (d) 2-7:[3]
4372 (d) 2: taimakawa hukumomin Tarayya da sassan wajen tantance tasirin wuraren da ke akwai da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara, shirye-shirye, manufofi, da ayyukan Gwamnatin Tarayya, da waɗancan takamaiman manyan ayyukan da shugaban kasa ya zaba waɗanda ba sa buƙatar izinin aikin mutum daga Majalisa, wanda ke shafar ingancin muhalli;
4372 (d) 3: sake nazarin isasshen tsarin da ke akwai don saka idanu da hasashen canje-canjen muhalli don cimma matsakaicin ɗaukar hoto da ingantaccen amfani da wuraren bincike da sauran albarkatu;
4372 (d) 4: inganta ci gaban ilimin kimiyya game da tasirin ayyuka da fasaha a kan muhalli da kuma karfafa ci gaban hanyoyin hanawa ko rage mummunan tasirin da ke barazana ga lafiyar mutum.
4372 (d) 5: taimakawa wajen daidaita tsakanin sassan Tarayya da hukumomin waɗannan shirye-shirye da ayyukan da ke shafar, karewa, da inganta ingancin muhalli;
4372 (d) 6: taimakawa sassan Tarayya da hukumomi a ci gaba da alaƙa da ƙa'idodin ingancin muhalli da ƙa'idodi da aka kafa ta Gwamnatin Tarayya;
da 4372 (d) 7: tattara, tattara, nazarin, da fassara bayanai da bayanai game da ingancin muhalli, binciken muhalli.
Babban tanadi na ƙarshe shi ne cewa za a aika da Rahoton Ingancin Muhalli na shekara-shekara da NEPA (Dokar Jama'a 91-190) ta buƙata ga kowane kwamiti mai zaman kansa wanda ke da iko akan kowane bangare da zai iya ƙunshe a cikin rahoton.[9] Rahoton Ingancin Muhalli, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin NEPA, ya danganta matsayin da yanayin iska, ruwa, da yanayin ƙasa, abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba da na yanzu dangane da waɗancan mahalli, yadda isasshen waɗancan albarkatun suke don samar da bukatunmu na tattalin arziki, bita na muhimman ayyukan duk matakan gwamnatoci, wasu ƙungiyoyi, da mutane ke yi a yankin kiyayewa, tasiri a kan muhalli, da kuma a cikin haɓaka albarkatun halitta, da kuma yadda shirye-shiryen da ke akwai waɗanda ba za a inganta su tare da shawarwari don doka.[10] Shirye-shiryen wannan rahoton zai zama misali na ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan daga NEPA wanda darektan OEQ zai kasance da alhakin.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan da aka ba darektan ta wannan aikin, ma'aikatan OEQ suna aiki a kan jagororin da yawa da kuma sanarwa waɗanda ke taimakawa hukumomin tarayya da ƙungiyoyi tare da aiwatar da manufofi kan batutuwan muhalli. Wasu misalai na baya-bayan nan sune:
Jagoran Ƙarshe akan Inganta Tsarin don Shirya Nazari dakuma Nazarin Muhalli na Kan lokaci Karkashin Dokar Muhalli ta ƙasa - jagorar ta wuce mahimman dabarun da hukumomi ba su cika yin amfani da su ba wajen shirya bita-da-kullin muhalli. Wadannan sake dubawa na muhalli (kimanin tasirin muhalli da kimar muhalli) suna da mahimmanci wajen fahimtar tasirin muhalli da abin da za a iya yi don rage shi..[11]
Jagora ta ƙarshe, "Federal Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting" - Wannan shine sanarwa ta ƙarshe ga hukumomi don taimaka musu su bi lissafin shekara-shekara na Greenhouse Gases kamar yadda aka buƙaci ta Dokar Zartarwa # 13514. Manufar lissafin shekara-shekara ita ce auna a kan shekaru da yawa idan shirin ragewa na hukumar don iskar gas yana da tasiri. Har ila yau, ya lura cewa za a sake fasalin wannan jagorar yayin da aka kirkiro hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa.[12]
Umurni don aiwatar da wurare masu ɗorewa don Cibiyoyin Tarayya a cikin Yarjejeniya tare da Dokar Zartarwa 13514 - Wannan yana ba hukumomi jagororin yadda za a haɗa ka'idodin wurare masu ɗorawa cikin tsarin yanke shawara don inda ya kamata a gina ko hayar gini. Ginin da ya dace da tsare-tsaren sufuri na yanki na gaba, yana kusa da sufuri na jama'a, kuma yana cikin yankin da ke da kyau ga masu tafiya zai sami wuri mai ɗorewa.[13]
Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Sashe na 4374 (d) 5, daya daga cikin ayyukan darekta da OEQ suna taimakawa tare da wasu hukumomi a cikin ayyukan da zasu taimaka inganta, karewa, da kuma rinjayar ingancin muhalli. Misalin wannan shi ne shugabar majalisar kula da ingancin muhalli, Nancy Sutley (darektar OEQ ita ma), ta jagoranci wata rundunar hadin gwiwa ta harkokin teku wadda a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ta yi nazari kan ingantaccen tsare-tsaren sararin teku da na ruwa. Wani ma'aikaci na OEQ kuma ya yi aiki a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na wannan runduna don taimakawa wajen daidaita ayyukanta.[14]
- Dokar makamashi ta Amurka
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-224,Sec.4371(c) (2), April 3, 1970". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ↑ "Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-224, sec. 4371(c) (1), April 3, 1970". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- 1 2 3 "Environmental Quality Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-224, sec. 4372, April 3, 1970". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ↑ "Guide to Legislative History of Bills Enacted into Public Law". Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ↑ "Congressional Votes Database". Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
- ↑ "United States Statutes Digitized, U.S. Government Printing Office website". Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ↑ "Part 1518-Office of Environmental Quality Management Fund, Federal Register, October 4, 2002" (PDF). Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ↑ "Council on Environmental Quality, Federal Register". Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ↑ "Environmental Quality Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-224, sec. 4373, April 3, 1970". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ↑ "National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Pub. L. 91-190, section 201". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ↑ "Final Guidance on Improving the Process for Preparing Efficient and Timely Environmental Reviews Under the National Environmental Policy Act, Federal Register. March 3rd, 2012". 12 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ↑ "Final guidance, "Federal Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting", Federal Register. October 18th 2010". Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ↑ "Instructions for Implementing Sustainable Locations for Federal Facilities in Accordance With Executive Order 13514, Federal Register, November 3rd, 2011". 3 November 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ↑ "Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force-Interim Framework for Effective Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning, Federal Register.December 18th, 2009". 18 December 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2012.