Jump to content

Dokar Kariyar Sirri Kan Kan Yara

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Dokar Kare Sirriyar Yara ta Intanet
Great Seal of the United States
Sunayen lokaci (Taron tattaunawa) COPPA
An kafa ta hanyar  Majalisar Dattijai ta 105 ta AmurkaMajalisa ta 105 ta Amurka
Mai tasiri Afrilu 21, 2000; Shekaru 25 da suka gabata  (2000-04-21)   
Bayani
Dokar jama'a 105-277
Tarihin majalisa

  Dokar Kariyar Sirri ta Kan layi ta Yara ta 1998 (COPPA) dokar tarayya ce ta Amurka, wacce take a 15 U.S.C. §§ 6501–6506 (Pub. L. 105–277 (rubutu) (PDF), 112 Stat. 2681-728, wanda aka kafa ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1998).

Dokar, wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2000, ta shafi tattara bayanan sirri ta kan layi ta mutane ko ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin Ikon Amurka game da yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 13, gami da yara a waje da Amurka idan shafin yanar gizon ko sabis ɗin Amurka ne.[1] Yana ba da cikakken bayani game da abin da ma'aikacin gidan yanar gizon dole ne ya haɗa a cikin manufofin keɓantawa, lokacin da yadda za a nemi izini mai tabbaci daga iyaye ko mai kulawa, da waɗanne nauyin da ma'aikaci ke da shi don kare sirrin yara da amincin kan layi, gami da ƙuntatawa kan tallan waɗanda ke ƙasa da 13.[2]

Ko da yake yara 'yan ƙasa da 13 na iya ba da bayanan sirri bisa doka tare da izinin iyayensu, yawancin gidajen yanar gizo-musamman shafukan sada zumunta, amma har da sauran rukunin yanar gizon da ke tattara yawancin bayanan sirri-hana yara 'yan ƙasa da 13 yin amfani da ayyukansu gaba ɗaya saboda tsada da aikin da ke tattare da bin doka. [3] [4]

Tushe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1990s, kasuwancin lantarki yana daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗawa, amma an bayyana damuwa daban-daban game da ayyukan tattara bayanai da tasirin kasuwancin Intanet akan sirrin masu amfani—musamman ga yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 13, saboda ƙananan gidajen yanar gizo suna da manufofin sirrin kansu.[5] Cibiyar Ilimin Watsa Labarai ta roki Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya (FTC) don bincika tattara bayanai da ayyukan amfani da gidan yanar gizon KidsCom, da kuma ɗaukar matakin shari'a tunda ayyukan bayanan sun keta Sashe na 5 na Dokar FTC game da "ayyukan rashin adalci / yaudara." Tare da zartar da Dokar Kariyar Sirri na Direbobi a cikin 1997, an kafa sabbin sharuɗɗa dangane da ikon majalisa don tsara bayanan da hukumomin jihohi ke riƙe.[6] Bayan FTC ta kammala bincikenta, ta ba da "Littafin KidsCom" rahoton ya bayyana cewa tattara bayanai da ayyukan amfani da gaske suna ƙarƙashin matakin shari'a.[7][8] Wannan ya haifar da buƙatar sanar da iyaye game da haɗarin sirrin yara na kan layi, da kuma buƙatar izinin iyaye. Wannan ya haifar da rubuce-rubucen COPPA.

Sabuwar karnin ya haifar da zamanin ƙa'ida wanda mutane da yawa ba su sani ba. Shekarun farko na juyin mulkin sun kasance cike da rudani da yawan gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damun lokacin shine samun damar shiga yanar gizo na tushen yara a cikin tsoro da yawa ba su son canza ayyukansu na kasuwanci[9] Mutane da yawa sun bar tare da jerin jagororin da ba su da kyau waɗanda suka ƙayyade abin da ya dace.[10] Sauƙaƙewar COPPA da FTC ta bayar ya sadu da bin bin buƙatun ga jami'an tsaro cewa: "... Ya kamata hukumar ta ci gaba da ƙoƙarin tabbatar da doka ta hanyar yin niyya ga manyan laifuffuka da kuma neman ƙarin manyan hukunce-hukuncen jama'a, a lokacin da ya dace, don hana ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba" . An gudanar da wani bita na wajibi na dokokin COPPA a cikin 2005 (sakamakon ba tare da canje-canje ga ƙa'idodin asali ba), ya gano cewa babu wani mummunan tasiri ga yanayin kan layi.

Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya (FTC) tana da ikon fitar da ka'idoji da tilasta COPPA. Hakanan, a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan COPPA, samar da "amintaccen tashar jiragen ruwa" da FTC ta ƙera an tsara shi don ƙarfafa haɓaka ikon sarrafa masana'antu. A ƙarƙashin wannan tanadi, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu da sauransu na iya buƙatar amincewar Hukumar na ƙa'idodin sarrafa kansu don gudanar da yarda da mahalarta, kamar yadda masu gudanar da gidan yanar gizo a cikin shirye-shiryen da Hukumar ta amince da su za su fara bin hanyoyin ladabtarwa na shirin tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci a madadin tilastawa FTC. Tun daga watan Yuni 2016, FTC ta amince da shirye-shiryen tashar jiragen ruwa masu aminci guda bakwai waɗanda TrustArc, ESRB, CARU, PRIVO, Aristotle, Inc., Samet Privacy (kidSAFE) ke gudanarwa, da haɗin gwiwar kiyaye aminci na Intanet (iKeepSafe).[11][12] A watan Agusta 2021, Aristotle, Inc. ya janye daga shirin tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci bayan da ma'aikatan FTC suka nuna damuwa sosai game da aiwatar da tanadin tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci kuma sun sanar da aniyarsu ta ba da shawarar soke amincewar Aristotle don gudanar da amintaccen shirin tashar jiragen ruwa. FTC ta kuma sanar da aniyar ta na kara yin nazari sosai kan ayyukan sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda shida na yanzu. [13]

A cikin watan Satumba na 2011, FTC ta sanar da sake dubawa ga dokokin COPPA, canje-canje na farko a cikin aikin tun lokacin da aka ba da dokoki a cikin 2000. Canje-canjen dokar da aka tsara ya fadada ma'anar abin da ake nufi don "tattara" bayanai daga yara. Sharuɗɗan da aka tsara sun gabatar da buƙatun adana bayanai da sharewa, wanda ya ba da izinin adana bayanan da aka samu daga yara kawai don adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don cimma manufar da aka tattara ta. Har ila yau, ta ƙara da buƙatar cewa masu aiki su tabbatar da cewa kowane ɓangare na uku da aka bayyana bayanan yaro suna da hanyoyin da suka dace don kare bayanan.[14]

Dokar ta shafi gidajen yanar gizo da sabis na kan layi waɗanda aka sarrafa don dalilai na kasuwanci waɗanda ko dai ana kai su zuwa ga yara a ƙarƙashin 13 ko kuma suna da ainihin ilimin cewa yara a ƙarƙashin 13 suna ba da bayanai akan layi. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da aka sani an keɓe su daga yawancin buƙatun COPPA.[2] Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don amfanin ayyukan kasuwanci na membobinsu suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar FTC kuma saboda haka COPPA.[15] Irin "yancin iyaye" wanda ake buƙata kafin tattara da amfani da bayanan da yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 13 suka bayar ya dogara ne akan "sliding scale" wanda aka tsara a cikin ka'idar Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya wanda ke la'akari da yadda ake tattara bayanan da kuma amfani da za a sanya bayanan.[16]

An gabatar da COPPA 2.0 don faɗaɗa yawan shekarun da COPPA ke rufewa ga yara ƙanana a ƙasa da 17. An gabatar da ita a Majalisar Dattawa tare da Dokar Tsaro ta Yara kan layi (KOSA). Dukansu KOSA da COPPA 2.0 sun wuce Majalisar Dattijai akan kuri'a 91-3 a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2024. COPPA 2.0 zai bukaci matasa masu shekaru 13, 14, 15 ko 16 su amince da sarrafa bayanan nasu, amma ba za su bukaci iyayen masu shekaru 13-16 su amince da sarrafa bayanan ba. COPPA 2.0, da KOSA, ba su wuce Majalisar ba lokacin da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 118 ta kare ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2025.

Cin zarafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar FTC, kotuna na iya tarar masu keta COPPA har zuwa $50,120 a cikin hukumcin farar hula na kowane cin zarafi.[17] FTC ta kawo wasu ayyuka da yawa akan ma'aikatan gidan yanar gizo saboda rashin bin ka'idodin COPPA, gami da ayyukan da Google, TikTok, Rayuwar 'Yan mata. Google, TikTok, Girls' Life, [18] American Pop Corn Company, [19] Lisa Frank, Inc., [20] Mrs. Fields Cookies, da The Hershey Company.[21]

A cikin Fabrairu 2004, UMG Recordings, Inc. an ci tarar US $ 400,000 saboda cin zarafin COPPA dangane da gidan yanar gizon da ya tallata rapper mai shekaru 13 a lokacin Lil' Romeo kuma ya dauki nauyin wasanni da ayyukan yara, da kuma Bonzi Software, wanda ya ba da zazzagewa na mutum mai rai "BonziBuddy" wanda ya ba da shawarar $ 0 na COPPA, ya ba da shawarar $75, ya yi kyau. take hakki. [22] Hakazalika, an ci tarar masu gidan yanar gizon Xanga US $ 1,000,000 a shekara ta 2006 saboda keta doka na COPPA na ba da damar yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 13 su yi rajista don sabis ɗin ba tare da samun yardar iyayensu ba.[23]

A cikin 2016, cibiyar sadarwar talla ta wayar hannu a cikinMobi ta sami tarar dalar Amurka 950,000 saboda bin diddigin wurin duk masu amfani (ciki har da waɗanda ke ƙasa da 12) ba tare da saninsu ba. Software na talla yana ci gaba da bin diddigin wurin mai amfani duk da abubuwan da ake so na keɓantawa akan na'urar hannu. Sauran shafukan yanar gizo da aka tsara wa yara kuma aka ci tarar saboda COPPA sun hada da Imbee (2008), [24] Kidswirl (2011) [25] da Skid-e-Kids (2011). [26]

A cikin Fabrairu 2019, FTC ta ba da tarar dala miliyan 5.7 ga ByteDance saboda rashin bin COPPA tare da TikTok app (wanda ake kira Musical.ly). ByteDance ya amince ya biya tarar COPPA mafi girma tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da lissafin kuma don ƙara yanayin yara-kawai a cikin TikTok app.[27]

Apple da Google ne suka ciro apps na soyayya guda uku na Wildec daga shagunan app nasu, bayan da FTC ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin sun ba masu amfani da ƙasa da 13 damar yin rajista, cewa Wildec ya san cewa akwai adadi mai yawa na ƙananan masu amfani, kuma hakan yana ba da damar hulɗar da ba ta dace da yara ba.[28]

A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2019, FTC ta ba da tarar dala miliyan 170 ga YouTube don keta dokokin COPPA, gami da bin diddigin tarihin kallon yara don sauƙaƙe tallace-tallace da aka yi niyya.[29] Yawancin sanannun dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta sun kasance ƙarƙashin bincike daga FTC, musamman kungiyoyi kamar Facebook inda dandalin ke da masu amfani da ke watsi da jagororin COPPA tun farkon.[30] Sakamakon haka, YouTube ya ba da sanarwar cewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sasantawa, a cikin 2020 zai buƙaci masu gudanar da tashoshi su yi alama ga bidiyon da ke “ƙaunar yara” kamar haka, kuma za su yi amfani da koyo na na'ura don yiwa waɗanda ke alamta kai tsaye a matsayin "mai son yara" idan ba a riga an yi alama ba. A cikin sharuɗɗan sasantawa, ma'aikatan tashar da suka kasa yiwa bidiyo alama a matsayin "mai son yara" za a iya cin tarar FTC akan $42,530 akan kowane bidiyo, wanda ya haifar da zargi game da sharuddan sasantawa. [31][32] Shawarwarin ya zo ne a cikin sharuddan cewa, duk da kyakkyawar bangaskiya, ya haifar da batutuwa da yawa tsakanin masu kirkirar abun ciki a shafin. Masu amfani kamar Ryan's World, Philip DeFranco da TheOdd1sOut tare da abubuwa daban-daban sun sami kansu cikin rikici saboda abubuwan da suke da kyau ga yara.[33] An aiwatar da jagororin da ke biyowa bisa ga ka'idoji masu zuwa: {{Blockquote|Dokar ta tsara ƙarin abubuwan da FTC za ta yi la'akari da su wajen tantance ko abun cikin ku na jagorancin yara ne:

  • Maudu'in,
  • abun ciki na gani,
  • amfani da haruffa masu rai ko ayyukan da suka dace da yara da abubuwan ƙarfafawa,
  • nau'in kiɗan ko sauran abubuwan sauti,
  • shekarun model,
  • kasancewar manyan mashahuran yara ko mashahuran masu sha'awar yara,
  • harshe ko wasu halaye na shafin,
  • ko tallan tallan da ke tallatawa ko bayyana akan rukunin yanar gizon ana kaiwa ga yara, kuma
  • ƙwararrun sheda masu ƙwaƙƙwara kuma tabbatacce game da shekarun masu sauraro.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

Biyayya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Disamba 2012, Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya ta ba da bita mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2013, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin sanarwa na iyaye da buƙatun yarda, da aka gyara ma'anar, da kuma ƙara wasu wajibai ga ƙungiyoyi waɗanda (1) ke aiki da gidan yanar gizo ko sabis na kan layi wanda "an kai ga yara" a ƙarƙashin 12 kuma yana karɓar "bayanan sirri" daga masu amfani ko (2) da gangan suna tattara bayanan sirri daga gidan yanar gizon mutane 13 daga gidan yanar gizo.[34] Bayan Yuli 1, 2013, masu aiki dole ne: [35]

  • Buga ingantaccen tsarin sirri na kan layi wanda ke bayyana ayyukan bayanansu don bayanan sirri da aka tattara akan layi daga mutane ƙasa da shekara 13;
  • Yi ƙoƙari mai ma'ana (la'akari da fasahar da ake da ita) don ba da sanarwa kai tsaye ga iyayen ayyukan ma'aikaci game da tarawa, amfani, ko bayyana bayanan sirri daga mutanen da ke ƙasa da 13, gami da sanarwar duk wani canji na kayan aiki zuwa irin waɗannan ayyukan waɗanda iyayen suka yarda a baya
  • Sami tabbataccen izinin iyaye, tare da keɓantacce, kafin kowane tarin, amfani, da/ko bayyana bayanan sirri daga mutanen ƙasa da shekara 13;
  • Samar da ma'ana mai ma'ana don iyaye su duba keɓaɓɓen bayanin da aka tattara daga ɗansu kuma su ƙi ba da izinin ƙarin amfani ko kiyaye shi;
  • Ƙirƙiri da kiyaye hanyoyin da suka dace don kare sirri, tsaro, da amincin bayanan sirri da aka tattara daga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 13, gami da ɗaukar matakai masu ma'ana don bayyana/saki irin waɗannan bayanan sirri kawai ga ɓangarorin da ke da ikon kiyaye sirrinta da tsaro; kuma
  • Riƙe keɓaɓɓen bayanin da aka tattara akan layi daga yaro kawai muddin ya zama dole don cika manufar da aka tattara shi da share bayanan ta amfani da matakan da suka dace don karewa daga shiga ko amfani da shi mara izini.
  • An hana masu aiki daga sanya yanayin shigar yaro a cikin ayyukan kan layi akan yaron yana ba da ƙarin bayani fiye da yadda ya dace don shiga wannan aikin.[36]

Dangane da sanarwa da Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya ta bayar, mai aiki yana da ainihin ilimin shekarun mai amfani idan shafin ko sabis ɗin ya nemi - kuma ya karɓi - bayanai daga mai amfani wanda ke ba shi damar ƙayyade shekarun mutumin.[37] Misali, wanda FTC ya ambata, ya haɗa da ma'aikacin da ya nemi ranar haihuwa a kan shafin rajista na yanar gizo yana da ainihin ilimin kamar yadda COPPA ta ayyana idan mai amfani ya amsa tare da shekara guda da ke nuna cewa suna ƙasa da 13. Wani misalin da FTC ya kawo shi ne cewa ma'aikaci na iya samun ainihin ilimin dangane da amsoshin tambayoyin "ganewar shekaru" kamar "Wane aji kake?" ko "Wace irin makaranta kuke zuwa? (a) firamare; (b) tsakiya; (c) makarantar sakandare; (d) kwaleji."

An caje ƙaramin kuɗi daga Microsoft ƙarƙashin COPPA a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da izinin iyaye. An bayar da gudummawar kuɗin ga Cibiyar Kula da Yara da Batattu na Ƙasa.[38] Google, duk da haka, yana cajin karamin kuɗi a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da ranar haihuwar mutum.

A cikin canje-canjen da suka yi tasiri a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2013, an sabunta ma'anar ma'aikaci don bayyana cewa COPPA ta ƙunshi shafi ko sabis na yara wanda ke haɗa sabis na waje, kamar plug-ins ko cibiyoyin sadarwar talla, waɗanda ke tattara bayanan sirri daga baƙi.[39] An faɗaɗa ma'anar gidan yanar gizo ko sabis na kan layi ga yara don haɗa da plug-ins ko hanyoyin sadarwar talla waɗanda ke da ainihin ilimin cewa suna tattara bayanan sirri ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon da yara ke jagoranta ko sabis na kan layi. Shafukan yanar gizo da ayyukan da ke niyya ga yara a matsayin masu sauraro na biyu na iya bambanta tsakanin masu amfani, kuma ana buƙatar bayar da sanarwa da samun izinin iyaye kawai ga masu amfani waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ƙanana da 13.[34] Ma'anar bayanan sirri da ke buƙatar sanarwa da yardar iyaye kafin tattarawa yanzu sun haɗa da "masu ganowa masu ɗorewa" waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gane masu amfani a tsawon lokaci da kuma shafukan yanar gizo daban-daban ko sabis na kan layi. Koyaya, babu sanarwa da yardar iyaye da ake buƙata lokacin da mai aiki ya tattara mai ganowa mai ɗorewa don manufar tallafawa gidan yanar gizon ko ayyukan ciki na kan layi.[39] Ma'anar bayanan sirri bayan Yuli 1, 2013, ya haɗa da bayanin geolocation, da hotuna, bidiyo, da fayilolin sauti waɗanda ke ƙunshe da hoton ko muryar yaro.[35]

A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2015, FTC ta sanar da cewa ta amince da ƙarin hanya don samun tabbataccen izinin iyaye: "Match match to verified photo identification" (FMVPI). Tsarin matakai biyu yana ba iyaye damar ƙaddamar da ID na gwamnati da aka amince da su don tantancewa, sannan su gabatar da hoton da bai dace ba ta na'urar hannu ko kyamarar gidan yanar gizo, wanda sai a kwatanta shi da hoton da ke kan ID.[40]

Matsayi na kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

FTC ta tabbatar da cewa COPPA ta shafi duk wani sabis na kan layi wanda aka ba da umarni ga masu amfani da Amurka ko kuma da gangan ke karɓar bayanai daga yara a Amurka, ba tare da la’akari da ƙasar sa ba. Dangane da gidan yanar gizon su na hukuma, mai zuwa ya ƙunshi irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi:

Ofishin harkokin kasa da kasa na FTC yana jagorantar ayyukan hukumar na kasa da kasa don gasa da kariyar masu amfani, wadanda suka hada da:

  • ƙarfafa dangantaka tare da gasar kasashen waje da hukumomin kariya na masu amfani
  • haɓaka tsare-tsare na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun da yarjejeniya tare da gasa da hukumomin kariya na mabukaci a duniya
  • shiga cikin tattaunawar haɗin gwiwa da ƙaddamar da rahotanni a taron kasa da kasa don gasa da kariyar mabukaci
  • taimaka wa hukumomi a duk faɗin duniya haɓaka da haɓaka nasu gasar da shirye-shiryen kariya na mabukaci
  • raba bayanai tare da hukumomin tilasta bin doka ta waje ta hanyar Dokar Yanar Gizo mai aminci ta Amurka
  • kula da ƙaƙƙarfan Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na Duniya [41]

Koyaya, FTC ba ta yin ayyukan tilasta aiki a kan kamfanonin kasashen waje, kuma tana fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa wajen yin hakan.[42] Babban zato shine, duk da haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar sabis na intanit, ikon ikon ya shafi aikin cikin gida ne kawai. Koyaya, ta sami nasarar aiwatar da COPPA akan aƙalla kamfani na waje guda ɗaya tare da babban mai amfani da Amurka, tare da kulla yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 5.7 akan kamfanin ByteDance na China akan app ɗin su na TikTok.[43]

Tattaunawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

COPPA tana da rikice-rikice kuma masana shari'a da kafofin watsa labarai sun soki ta a matsayin mara tasiri kuma mai yuwuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba tun lokacin da aka tsara ta.[44][45][46] Korafe-korafen da aka yi kan dokar sun haɗa da masu gidan yanar gizon da ke hana masu amfani da shekaru 12 zuwa ƙasa—wanda kawai “ ke ƙarfafa zamba kuma yana ba da damar gidajen yanar gizo su ketare nauyin samun izinin iyaye." [44] - da kuma hana haƙƙin yara ga 'yancin magana, faɗar kai, da sauran haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko saboda buƙatar yin rajista don yin hakan.[47][48]

Jinkirin samun izinin iyaye yakan haifar da yara su ci gaba zuwa wasu ayyukan da ba su dace da shekarun su ba ko kuma haifar da babban haɗarin sirri.[49]

Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun shekaru da tsarin "yardar iyaye" abu ne mai sauƙi ga yara su bijirewa, kuma iyaye gabaɗaya suna taimaka musu su yi ƙarya game da shekarun su.[50][51]

Wani Kwamitin Fasaha na Tsaro na Intanet wanda ya kunshi masana daga masana kimiyya da kamfanonin kasuwanci sun gano a cikin 2012 cewa tabbatar da shekaru ba kawai mafita ce mara kyau don sirri ba har ma ya zama keta sirri.[52] Dokar kuma tana da kuskuren tsaro da yawa. Misali, ba ya kare yara daga tallace-tallace masu cin zarafi, [53] ba ya hana yara samun damar batsa ko yin ƙarya game da shekarunsu, [2] kuma baya tabbatar da ingantaccen yanayi akan layi. Dan jaridar Tech Larry Magid, wanda ya dade yana adawa da doka, kuma ya lura cewa iyaye, ba gwamnati ba, suna da alhakin kare yara kan layi.[45][47][5] An kuma soki COPPA saboda yiwuwar tasirin da yake da shi a kan aikace-aikacen yara, abun ciki, shafukan yanar gizo da ayyukan kan layi. Misali, Snapchat ya fitar da sigar Snapkidz na aikace-aikacensa a watan Yunin 2013, amma ba kamar Snapchat ba, Snapkidz bai ba da izinin raba hoto ba saboda ka'idojin COPPA.[54] Hakazalika, an nuna cewa Dokar COPPA ba lallai ba ne game da kariya ta sirri amma game da "tilasta dokokin".[49]

Hukuncin COPPA ($ 40,000 a kowace keta doka) na iya zama bala'i ga ƙananan kamfanoni, yana lalata tsarin kasuwancin su.[55][56] Sabanin haka, an soki FTC, ciki har da marubucin COPPA Ed Markey, da kwamishinan FTC Rohit Chopra, saboda rashin cin tarar manyan kamfanoni da manyan kamfanonin fasaha da tsangwama don cin zarafin su na COPPA, musamman idan aka kwatanta da kudaden shiga. Sabanin haka, ana iya ci tarar wadanda suka karya dokar kariyar bayanai ta Tarayyar Turai (GDPR) har zuwa kashi 4% na kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara. [57][58][59]

Tare da haɓaka ilimin kama-da-wane, COPPA na iya rashin isa ya wakilci rawar gudanarwa, malamai, da makaranta wajen kare sirrin ɗalibi ƙarƙashin zato na loco parentis.[60]

Mark Zuckerberg, wanda ya kafa Facebook, kuma shugaban kamfanin, ya nuna adawa da COPPA a 2011 kuma ya ce "Wannan zai zama yakin da za mu yi a wani lokaci. Falsafa na ita ce don ilimi kuna buƙatar farawa tun yana matashi. " [61] A shekara mai zuwa, Jim Steyer, Shugaba na Common Sense Media, ya yi kira ga sabuntawa ga COPPA, yana kiran lokacin da aka kirkirar aikin "tsarin dutse na kafofin watsa labarai na dijital" kuma yana nuna rashin dandamali kamar Google, YouTube, Facebook da Twitter a lokacin.[62]

A cikin 2019, Gwamnatin Jihar New York ta kai karar YouTube saboda keta COPPA ta hanyar adana bayanan da suka shafi yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 13 ba bisa ka'ida ba. YouTube ya amsa ta hanyar rarraba abubuwan da ke cikinsa sosai zuwa "na yara" da "ba na yara ba". Wannan ya gamu da mummunar suka daga al'ummar YouTube, musamman daga 'yan wasa, tare da yawancin zargin cewa FTC na Amurka na da niyyar ci tarar masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki $42,530 akan "kowane bidiyon da aka yi kuskure", yana iya jefa duk masu amfani cikin haɗari..[63][64][65] Duk da haka, wasu sun nuna shakku kan wannan, suna jin cewa tarar na iya kasancewa dangane da hukunce-hukuncen farar hula, mai yuwuwa an yi nufin ma'aikatan gidan yanar gizon da/ko garanti ta mafi munin keta haddin COPPA ko takamaiman shari'o'in "bidiyon batanci. [66][67][68] Tun daga Disamba 2022, babu wani YouTuber da aka ci tarar. [69]

An gabatar da kudirori da yawa don gyara COPPA. Markey da Josh Hawley sun gabatar da kudade da yawa (a cikin gidan a cikin 2018 a matsayin "Kada ku Bi Dokar Yara", kuma a cikin 2019 a matsayin ma'aunin Majalisar Dattijai) suna ba da shawarar cewa COPPA ta hana yin amfani da tallan da aka yi niyya ga masu amfani da ke ƙasa da 13, suna buƙatar izinin sirri kafin tattara bayanan sirri daga masu amfani masu shekaru 13-15, suna buƙatar na'urori masu alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin tsaro ga yara. marufi, da buƙatar sabis don bayar da "maɓallin gogewa" don "ba masu amfani damar kawar da bayanan sirri na jama'a wanda yaron ya ƙaddamar, lokacin da fasaha ta yiwu". A cikin Janairu 2020, Bobby Rush da Tim Walberg sun gabatar da irin wannan lissafin gida wanda aka fi sani da Hana Barazana na Kan layi na Haɗari da Yara a Yau (KARE Kids) Dokar, wanda zai tsawaita duk buƙatun izinin COPPA ga masu amfani da ƙasa da shekaru 16, da ƙara ƙa'idodin wayar hannu, "daidaitaccen geolocation", da bayanan biometric zuwa ƙaddamarwa. [70][71][72]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Girma
  • Dokar Kare Yara ta Intanet (COPA)
  • Ayyukan Rubuce-rubucen Tsaro na Yara
  • Kada ku bi doka
  • Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Gaba ɗaya
  • Dokar Tsaro ta Yara ta Intanet (KOSA)
  • Dokar Kare Sirriyar Tsaro ta California (OPPA) ta fara aiki tun daga Yuli 1, 2004
  • Dokar Kula da Inshorar Lafiya da Alhakin

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions". FTC Business Center. Federal Trade Commission. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2019. As a related matter, U.S.-based sites and services that collect information from foreign children also are subject to COPPA.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions". FTC Business Center. Federal Trade Commission. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  3. ↑ "What age should my kids be before I let them use Instagram, Facebook, and other social media services?". Common Sense Media. Common Sense Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  4. ↑ Bilton, N. (18 February 2015). "Letting Your Kids Play in the Social Media Sandbox". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2019.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Magid, L.J. (24 April 2000). "New Law Protects Kids Online, but It's No Substitute for Parenting". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  6. ↑ "Redirecting..." heinonline.org. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  7. ↑ Warmund, J. (2001). "Can COPPA Work? An Analysis of the Parental Consent Measures in the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act". Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal. 11. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  8. ↑ "FTC Staff Sets Forth Principles For Online Information Collection From Children". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 16 July 1997. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  9. ↑ Davis, Joel J. (Autumn 2002). "Marketing to children online: A manager's guide to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act". S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal. 67: 11–63. ProQuest 231236782.
  10. ↑ Reyes, Irwin (2018). ""Won't Somebody Think of the Children?" Examining COPPA Compliance at Scale" (PDF). Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies. 2018 (3): 63–83. doi:10.1515/popets-2018-0021. S2CID 4935390.
  11. ↑ Thomas, L.M. (19 August 2014). "FTC Approves iKeepSafe's COPPA Safe Harbor Program". Privacy Law Corner. Winston & Strawn LLP. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  12. ↑ Thomas, L.M. (20 February 2014). "FTC Approves Sixth COPPA Safe Harbor Program". Privacy Law Corner. Winston & Strawn LLP. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  13. ↑ "Aristotle Removed from List of FTC-Approved Children's Privacy Self-Regulatory Programs". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  14. ↑ "FTC Will Propose Broader Children's Online Privacy Safeguards". The National Law Review. Ifrah PLLC. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  15. ↑ "FTC v. California Dental Association, 526 U.S. 756 (1999)". Justia. 24 May 1999. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  16. ↑ Federal Trade Commission (3 November 1999). "16 CFR Part 312 Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule; Final Rule" (PDF). Federal Register. 64 (212): 59888–59915. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  17. ↑ "Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions". Federal Trade Commission (in Turanci). 2020-07-20. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  18. ↑ "FTC Announces Settlements with Web Sites That Collected Children's Personal Data Without Parental Permission". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 19 April 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  19. ↑ "Popcorn Company Settles FTC Privacy Violation Charges". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 14 February 2002. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  20. ↑ "Web Site Targeting Girls Settles FTC Privacy Charges". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 2 October 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  21. ↑ "FTC Receives Largest COPPA Civil Penalties to Date in Settlements with Mrs. Fields Cookies and Hershey Foods". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 27 February 2003. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  22. ↑ "UMG Recordings, Inc. to Pay $400,000, Bonzi Software, Inc. To Pay $75,000 to Settle COPPA Civil Penalty Charges". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 18 February 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  23. ↑ Sullivan, B. (7 September 2006). "FTC fines Xanga for violating kids' privacy". NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal Media, LLC. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  24. ↑ "Imbee.com Settles FTC Charges Social Networking Site for Kids Violated the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act; Settlement Includes $130,000 Civil Penalty". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  25. ↑ Engle, M.K. (12 July 2011). "Kidswirl, LLC, FTC File No. 112-3034" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  26. ↑ "Operator of Social Networking Website for Kids Settles FTC Charges Site Collected Kids Personal Information Without Parental Consent". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  27. ↑ "Largest FTC COPPA settlement requires Musical.ly to change its tune". Federal Trade Commission. February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  28. ↑ Fingas, Jon (May 6, 2019). "App stores pull dating apps after FTC warning about underage users". Engadget. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  29. ↑ Fung, Brian (4 September 2019). "Google and FTC reach $170 million settlement over alleged YouTube violations of kids' privacy". CNN Business. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  30. ↑ Boyd, Danah; Hargittai, Eszter; Schultz, Jason; Palfrey, John (2011-10-31). "Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age: Unintended consequences of the 'Children's Online Privacy Protection Act'". First Monday. doi:10.5210/fm.v16i11.3850. ISSN 1396-0466.
  31. ↑ "Guidelines for child-oriented content on YouTube". Believe Digital (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  32. ↑ Kelly, Makena; Alexander, Julia (November 13, 2019). "YouTube's new kids' content system has creators scrambling". The Verge. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  33. ↑ "FTC Issues Orders to Nine Social Media and Video Streaming Services Seeking Data About How They Collect, Use, and Present Information". Federal Trade Commission (in Turanci). 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Percival IV, L.C.; Johnson, E. (1 July 2013). "New Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule Now In Effect". The National Law Review. Ifrah PLLC. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Larose, C.J.; Siripurapu, J.M. (28 June 2013). "Guide to Compliance with the Amended Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule". The National Law Review. Ifrah PLLC. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  36. ↑ Larose, C.J. (29 June 2013). "Amended Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule Compliance Deadline Approaching". The National Law Review. Ifrah PLLC. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  37. ↑ "Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule: Not Just for Kids' Sites". FTC Business Center. Federal Trade Commission. April 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  38. ↑ "Why does Microsoft charge me when I create an account for my child?". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "FTC Strengthens Kids' Privacy, Gives Parents Greater Control Over Their Information By Amending Childrens Online Privacy Protection Rule". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  40. ↑ "FTC Grants Approval for New COPPA Verifiable Parental Consent Method". FTC Press Releases. Federal Trade Commission. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  41. ↑ "International". Federal Trade Commission (in Turanci). 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  42. ↑ Tonsager, Lindsay (2015-01-09). "FTC Warns Foreign Mobile-App Developer To Comply With COPPA". Inside Privacy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  43. ↑ "Largest FTC COPPA settlement requires Musical.ly to change its tune". Federal Trade Commission. February 27, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Matecki, L.A. (2010). "Update: COPPA is Ineffective Legislation! Next Steps for Protecting Youth Privacy Rights in the Social Networking Era". Journal of Lawn and Social Policy. 5 (2): 7. Archived from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Magid, L. (4 August 2012). "Unintended Consequences of FTC's New COPPA Children's Online Privacy Rules". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  46. ↑ "New Internet Privacy Rules Will Not Protect Kids". Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Magid, L. (29 August 2014). "Magid: Protecting children online needs to allow for their right to free speech". The Mercury News. Digital First Media. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  48. ↑ Morris, J. (23 November 2010). "Ask CDT: Answers on First Amendment Rights Online". CDT Blog. Center for Democracy and Technology. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Puckett, J.M. (14 May 2013). "Insider insights on COPPA". Emoderation Blog. Emoderation Limited. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  50. ↑ Boyd, D.; Hargittai, E.; Schultz, J.; Palfrey, J. (7 November 2011). "Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age: Unintended consequences of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act". First Monday. 16 (11). Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  51. ↑ Griggs, B. (1 November 2011). "Parents help kids lie to get on Facebook, study finds". CNN.com. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  52. ↑ Perlroth, N. (17 June 2012). "Verifying Ages Online Is a Daunting Task, Even for Experts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  53. ↑ Kluver, C. (5 July 2013). "Parental Notification, the FTC and Kids Apps: What's COPPA all about?". Digital Media Diet. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  54. ↑ Chaey, C. (24 June 2013). "Snapchat Debuts SnapKidz, A Sext-Free App For Kids Under 13". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  55. ↑ Kamenetz, A. (28 June 2013). "How the New COPPA Requirements Are Bad for Businesses and Kids". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  56. ↑ Davis, W. (25 September 2012). "IAB: Proposed Children's Privacy Rules Undermine Business Model". Online Media Daily. MediaPost Communications. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  57. ↑ "Apple, Netflix and YouTube among Streamers Flouting EU Privacy Law, Say New Complaints". Fortune (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-09-08.
  58. ↑ Feiner, Lauren (2019-09-04). "YouTube fine shows the US government is not serious about a Big Tech crackdown". CNBC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-09-08.
  59. ↑ Binder, Matt (4 September 2019). "YouTube's $170 million fine isn't enough—and part of the FTC knows it". Mashable (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-09-08.
  60. ↑ Hostetler, David R (2013). "Children's privacy in virtual K-12 education: virtual solutions of the amended Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) rule". North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology. Online Ed 167.
  61. ↑ Lev-Ram, M. (20 May 2011). "Zuckerberg: Kids under 13 should be allowed on Facebook". Fortune. Time, Inc. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  62. ↑ "Keeping Your Kids Safe Online". NPR.
  63. ↑ Tagarth, Shaun (November 20, 2019). "All You Need To Know About COPPA On Youtube". WGN Radio. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  64. ↑ "YouTube's new kids' content system has creators scrambling". The Verge. November 13, 2019.
  65. ↑ Hart, Matthew (November 18, 2019). "YouTube's FTC-Mandated Rules for Kids Content Infuriate Creators". Nerdist.
  66. ↑ "YouTube channel owners: Is your content directed to children?". Federal Trade Commission. November 22, 2019.
  67. ↑ "COPPA: Everything Content Creators Need To Know". TheGamer. November 23, 2019.
  68. ↑ "Misinformed YouTubers Are Undermining the Fight for Children's Privacy Online". Slate Magazine. November 27, 2019.
  69. ↑ "COPPA Hasn't Fined ANYONE Yet? ($42,000)". YouTube. Deep Humor. July 13, 2020. Archived from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2025-07-21.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  70. ↑ Kelly, Makena (2020-01-09). "'Eraser button' for children's data gains support in the House". The Verge (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  71. ↑ Jenner; Saunders, Block LLP-David P.; Martinez, Jessica A. (14 January 2020). "New Bill Seeks to Update Children's Online Privacy Protections with the PROTECT Kids Act". Lexology (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  72. ↑ Eggerton, John (23 May 2018). "Kids Online 'Erase Button' Penciled In Once Again". Multichannel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-17.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dokar_Kariyar_Sirri_Kan_Kan_Yara&oldid=722897"