Dokar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci ta FDA
 Dokar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci ta FDA | |
|---|---|
| Dokar Majalisa | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Applies to jurisdiction (en)  | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Legislated by (en) |
111th United States Congress (en) |
| Signatory (en) |
Barack Obama (mul) |
.svg) | |
| Tsawon taken | Don gyara Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya dangane da amincin samar da abinci. |
|---|---|
| Sunayen lokaci (Taron tattaunawa) | FSMA |
| An kafa ta hanyar | Majalisar Dattijai ta 111 ta AmurkaMajalisa ta 111 ta Amurka |
| Mai tasiri | Janairu 4, 2011 |
| Bayani | |
| Dokar jama'a | 111-353 |
| Codification | |
| Ayyukan da aka gyara | Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya |
| Takardun da aka gyara | 21 U.S.C.: Abinci da Magunguna |
| Sassan USC da aka kirkira | 301 da sauransu. |
| Tarihin majalisa | |
| |
Dokar Tsaro ta Abinci (FSMA) ta sanya hannu a cikin doka ta Shugaba Barack Obama a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2011. FSMA ta ba Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) sabon iko don tsara yadda ake shuka abinci, girbi da sarrafawa. Dokar ta baiwa FDA sabbin iko da yawa, gami da ikon tunatarwa, wanda hukumar ta nemi shekaru da yawa. FSMA tana buƙatar FDA ta aiwatar da dokoki sama da goma sha biyu kuma ta ba da akalla takardun jagora 10, gami da yawancin rahotanni, tsare-tsare, dabaru, ka'idoji, sanarwa, da sauran ayyuka.
An gabatar da dokar ne bayan da aka ruwaito abubuwa da yawa na cututtukan da ke faruwa a cikin shekaru goma na farko na 2000s kuma yawancin mambobin kungiyar masana'antun kayan masarufi ne suka tsara ta. Abinci mai gurɓata ya kashe masana'antar abinci biliyoyin daloli a cikin tunatarwa, asarar tallace-tallace da kudaden shari'a.
Wannan lissafin yayi kama da Dokar Inganta Tsaron Abinci wanda ya wuce Majalisar a cikin 2009. An dauke shi babban yanki na farko na dokar tarayya da ke magana game da lafiyar abinci tun 1938. Har ila yau, ita ce doka ta farko don magance zina da gangan da Tsaron Abinci.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun kiyasta a cikin 2011 cewa a kowace shekara mutane miliyan 48 (1 cikin 6 na Amurkawa) suna rashin lafiya, 128,000 suna asibiti, kuma 3,000 suna mutuwa daga cututtukan abinci.[2][3] 31 pathogens suna da sanannun haifar da cututtukan abinci.[2] Wakilan da ba a bayyana su ba su da isasshen bayanai don kimantawa da tabbaci game da takamaiman nauyin wakili. Sanannun wakilai waɗanda ba a gano su ba suna haifar da cututtukan abinci sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, sunadarai, ko wasu abubuwa da aka sani suna cikin abinci. Ba a tabbatar da ikon waɗannan sanannun wakilai na haifar da rashin lafiya ba don haka ba a san su ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa kusan kashi 30% na yawan jama'a suna cikin haɗari ga cututtukan da ke cikin abinci, sama da kashi 14% na abinci da ake kawowa zuwa Amurka ana shigo da shi daga wasu ƙasashe, kuma sabbin abubuwa masu yawa na abinci suna zama masu rikitarwa ko rikitarwa, ana buƙatar FSMA. [4] Dokar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci ta FDA (FSMA), tana bawa FDA damar kare lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar karfafa tsarin lafiyar abinci. Yana bawa FDA damar mayar da hankali kan hana matsalolin lafiyar abinci maimakon dogaro da farko kan amsawa ga matsalolin bayan sun faru.[3]
| Abinci da aka kawo wakilai | Kimanin adadin cututtukan shekara-shekara
(90% na gaskiya) |
% | Kimanin adadin shekara-shekara na asibiti (90% mai inganci)
(90% na gaskiya) |
% | Kimanin adadin mutuwar shekara-shekara (90% mai inganci)
(90% na gaskiya) |
% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 sanannun cututtukan | Miliyan 9.4
(miliyan 6.6-12.7) |
20 | 55,961
(39,534–75,741) (39,534–75,741) |
44 | 1,351
(712–2,268) (712–2,268) |
44 |
| Wakilan da ba a bayyana su ba | Miliyan 38.4 (miliyan 19.8-61.2)
(19.8-61.2 miliyan) |
80 | 71,878
(9,924–157,340) (9,924–157,340) |
56 | 1,686
(369–3,338) (369–3,338) |
56 |
| Jimillar | Miliyan 47.8 (miliyan 28.7-71.1 miliyan)
(28.7-71.1 miliyan) |
100 | 127,839
(62,529–215,562) (62,529–215,562) |
100 | 3,037
(1,492–4,983) (1,492–4,983) |
100 |
A cikin 1998, FDA ta ba da sanarwar wani littafi mai taken "Hanyo don Masana'antu: Jagora don rage haɗarin Tsaro na Abinci na Microbial don 'Ya'yan itace da kayan lambu' a matsayin martani ga Shugaba Clinton na 1997 "Ƙaddamar da Tsaro na 'Ya'ya'yan itacen da kayan lambobi". Sun haifar da takaddun shaida na Kyakkyawan Ayyukan Aikin Gona (GAP) da Kyakkyawar Ayyuka (GHP) waɗanda suka zama bukatun masana'antu na zahiri, amma ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba.
Babban yaduwar da ke da alaƙa da abinci daban-daban, daga kayan kwalliya da man shanu zuwa ƙwai, sun jaddada buƙatar ci gaba da inganta lafiyar abinci.[5] A karkashin wannan dokar za a ba FDA damar ba da umarnin tsarin da ya dogara da kimiyya kuma yana magance haɗarin daga gona zuwa tebur. Wannan yana nufin cewa FDA tana da ikon kula da yadda ake samar da abinci da kuma yadda ake kiyaye su a kasuwannin abinci. Wannan yana mai da hankali kan hana cututtukan da ke faruwa daga abinci. Dalilin yana da sauƙi: Mafi kyawun tsarin yana sarrafawa samarwa, sarrafawa, jigilar kaya, da shirya abinci, mafi aminci abincinmu zai kasance.[5]
A karkashin sabuwar doka, FDA yanzu za ta sami sabbin kayan aikin rigakafi da kuma tsarin tsari mai kyau don taimakawa wajen inganta tsarin su na lafiyar abinci.[3] Misali, a karo na farko, FDA tana da umarnin doka don buƙatar cikakkun, sarrafawa na rigakafi a duk faɗin jerin samar da abinci. Kulawar rigakafi sun haɗa da matakai da kayan abinci za su ɗauka don hanawa ko rage yiwuwar matsalolin da ke faruwa. Sabuwar dokar ta kuma inganta ikon FDA don samun kulawa mafi girma game da miliyoyin kayan abinci da ke shigowa Amurka daga wasu ƙasashe a kowace shekara.
Tarihin majalisa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, sun karfafa bukatar inganta tsaron Amurka. Majalisa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Tsaron Lafiya ta Jama'a da Shirye-shiryen Ta'addanci, "Dokar Ta'addancin Biot," wanda Shugaba Bush ya sanya hannu a cikin doka 12 ga Yuni, 2002. [6] Dokar ta'addanci ta 2002 ta ba FDA ikon gudanarwa a kan kayan abinci idan akwai tabbaci ko bayanai masu inganci waɗanda ke nuna cewa abincin yana gabatar da barazanar mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya ko mutuwa ga mutane ko dabbobi.[7] Sabuwar dokar (FSMA) ta fadada wannan iko, ta ba da izinin tsare-tsare na gudanarwa bisa ga 'dalilin yin imani' cewa an yi amfani da kayan abinci ba daidai ba ne ko kuma an lalata su" kuma ta haka ne ya keta ka'idar doka ga samfurin.[7]
Sashe na farko na dokar, Dokar Inganta Tsaron Abinci, ta wuce Majalisar a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2009. Koyaya, tattaunawar da Majalisar Dattijai ta haifar da samfurin ƙarshe, "Dokar Tsaro da Sabuntawa". Majalisar Dattijan ta zartar da lissafin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010 ta hanyar kuri'un 73-25.[8] Koyaya, saboda tanadin haraji da aka kara wa lissafin, (wanda tsarin mulki ya buƙaci farawa a cikin House), kuri'un ba su ƙidaya ba. Akwai damuwa cewa tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin da ya rage a cikin zaman guragu, lissafin ba zai sami lokacin da ake buƙata don a jefa kuri'a ba kuma ya wuce.[9] An yi ƙoƙari don ƙara lissafin zuwa ci gaba da ƙuduri don tallafawa gwamnati bisa ƙin yarda da Sanata Tom Coburn.[10] A ƙarshe, duk da haka, Majalisar Dattijai ta koma ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2010, don zartar da takardar kudi ta hanyar amincewa da kuri'un murya.[9] Majalisar ta ci gaba da amincewa da lissafin ta hanyar kuri'un 215 zuwa 144 a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2010. [11] Shugaba Barack Obama ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar Talata, 4 ga Janairu, 2011. [12]
Kodayake wannan lissafin an yi shi ne don magance lafiyar abinci, akwai, a cewar mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar abinci Bill Marler, wasu batutuwa tare da tasirinsa. Yawancin wurare, kamar gonaki, gidajen cin abinci, da wuraren abinci marasa riba inda ake shirya abinci ko kuma a ba da shi kai tsaye ga mabukaci an cire su daga bukatun lissafin. Har ila yau, an cire wuraren da ke samar da abinci ne kawai ga dabbobi marasa rai.[13]
Tester-Hagan gyare-gyare
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sanatoci Jon Tester da Kay Hagan sun dauki nauyin gyare-gyare guda biyu waɗanda suka cire manoma, ranchers da masu sarrafa gida daga kulawar tarayya, suna barin su - kamar yadda suke a halin yanzu - a cikin tsarin tsarin tsarin da ke akwai na dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsabtace gida.[14]
Gyaran ya ba da kariya ga ayyukan (a.k.a. "kayan aiki masu cancanta") waɗanda ke sayar da ƙasa da $ 500,000 a shekara kuma suna sayar da mafi yawan (fiye da 50%) na samfuran su kai tsaye ga masu amfani a cikin wannan jiha kuma a cikin radius na kilomita 400.[15] Har ila yau, gyaran ya shafi duk ayyukan da FDA ta rarraba a matsayin "ƙaramin kasuwanci". Ƙananan, manoma na cikin gida ba za su buƙaci bin wasu buƙatu ba kuma su samar da ƙa'idodin tsaro da aka aiwatar a ƙarƙashin S. 510.[15] Maimakon haka, waɗannan ƙananan masu samarwa (kamar waɗanda ke sayar da kayansu a kasuwannin manoma ko a gefen hanya) za su ci gaba da sarrafawa ta ƙungiyoyin gida da na jihar. Bugu da kari, masu amfani za su san wanda suke saya daga ko dai ta hanyar tallace-tallace kai tsaye ko lakabi mai haske.[15]
Manoma da suka cancanci dole ne su samar da takardun cewa gonar ta bi ka'idojin jihar. Takardun na iya haɗawa da lasisi, rahotanni na dubawa, ko wasu shaidu cewa gonar tana bin doka ta Jiha, ta gida, ta gundumar, ko wasu ka'idojin tsaro na abinci da ba na Tarayya ba.[16] Dole ne gonar ta nuna sunan da adireshin gonar / kayan aiki a kan lakabin ta. Don abinci ba tare da lakabi ba sannan ta hanyar poster, alamar, ko takarda, a lokacin siye ko, a cikin yanayin tallace-tallace na Intanet, a cikin sanarwa ta lantarki, ko kuma a cikin yanayin sayarwa zuwa shagunan da gidajen cin abinci, a kan lissafin.[16]
Shirye-shiryen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tasirin da kudade
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar ta shafi kowane bangare na Tsarin abinci na Amurka, daga manoma zuwa masana'antun zuwa masu shigo da kayayyaki. Yana sanya muhimman alhakin ga manoma da masu sarrafa abinci don hana gurɓata - tashi daga al'adar rikitarwa ta ƙasar, wanda ya dogara da masu binciken gwamnati don kama abinci mai laushi bayan gaskiyar [17] Dokar tana buƙatar masu samar da abinci da masu shigo da su biya kuɗin rajista na shekara-shekara na $ 500, wanda zai taimaka wajen tallafawa binciken FDA, tilasta aiki da ayyukan da suka shafi kamar binciken tsaro na abinci [17] Game da wuraren 360,000 a Amurka da kasashen waje za su kasance ƙarƙashin kuɗin. Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa ya ba da rahoton cewa kudaden ba za su rufe farashin sabon tsarin ba, ya bar FDA ta shiga cikin farashi na dala biliyan 2.2 a cikin shekaru biyar.[17]
Rigakafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]⁶A karo na farko, FDA za ta sami umarnin majalisa don buƙatar cikakkun, kulawar kariya ta kimiyya a duk faɗin samar da abinci, gami da abincin dabbobi da abincin dabba.
- Ana buƙatar sarrafa rigakafi na tilas ga wuraren abinci don aiwatar da shirin Binciken Hadari da Kula da Rigakafi (HARPC). Wannan ya haɗa da: (1) kimanta haɗarin da zai iya shafar lafiyar abinci, (2) ƙayyade waɗanne matakai na rigakafi, ko sarrafawa, za a sanya su don rage ko hana haɗarin, (3) ƙayyade yadda kayan aikin zai sa ido kan waɗannan sarrafawa don tabbatar da cewa suna aiki, (4) kiyaye bayanan yau da kullun na saka idanu, da (5) ƙayyade abin da kayan aikin za su ɗauka don gyara matsalolin da suka taso. Masu samar da abinci na dabbobi dole ne su aiwatar da Ayyuka masu kyau na yanzu da Kula da Rigakafi. (Shari'a ta ƙarshe da aka buga Satumba 17, 2015) [1]
- Ana buƙatar wuraren abinci don aiwatar da shirin Binciken Hadari da Kula da Rigakafi (HARPC). Wannan ya haɗa da: (1) kimanta haɗarin da zai iya shafar lafiyar abinci, (2) ƙayyade waɗanne matakai na rigakafi, ko sarrafawa, za a sanya su don rage ko hana haɗarin, (3) ƙayyade yadda kayan aikin zai sa ido kan waɗannan sarrafawa don tabbatar da cewa suna aiki, (4) kiyaye bayanan yau da kullun na saka idanu, da (5) ƙayyade abin da kayan aikin za su ɗauka don gyara matsalolin da suka taso. Masu samar da abinci na dabbobi dole ne su aiwatar da Ayyuka masu kyau na yanzu da Kula da Rigakafi. (Shari'a ta ƙarshe da aka buga Satumba 17, 2015) [18]
- Ka'idodin tsaro na samarwa dole ne FDA ta kafa tushen kimiyya, mafi ƙarancin ka'idoji don samar da lafiya da girbi na 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu. Wadannan ka'idoji dole ne suyi la'akari da haɗarin da ke faruwa na halitta, da kuma waɗanda za a iya gabatar da su ba da gangan ba ko da gangan ba, kuma dole ne su magance gyare-gyaren ƙasa (kayan da aka kara a ƙasa kamar man fetur), tsabta, marufi, kula da zafin jiki, dabbobi a cikin yankin da ke girma da ruwa. (Tsarin ƙarshe saboda kimanin shekaru 2 bayan kafawa) [1]
- FDA dole ne ta kafa ka'idojin kimiyya, mafi ƙarancin ka'idoji don samar da lafiya da girbi na 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu. Wadannan ka'idoji dole ne suyi la'akari da haɗarin da ke faruwa na halitta, da kuma waɗanda za a iya gabatar da su ba da gangan ba ko da gangan ba, kuma dole ne su magance gyare-gyaren ƙasa (kayan da aka kara a ƙasa kamar man fetur), tsabta, marufi, kula da zafin jiki, dabbobi a cikin yankin da ke girma da ruwa. (Tsarin ƙarshe saboda kimanin shekaru 2 bayan kafawa) [18]
- Hadarin radiyo A karo na farko, kamfanoni dole ne suyi la'akari da gurɓataccen rediyo a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazarin haɗarin su, a ƙarƙashin lafiyar sinadarai. FDA ba ta tsammanin cewa wannan zai zama haɗari wanda ke buƙatar ci gaba da saka idanu tare da lissafin Geiger. Maimakon haka, a matsayin misali, kamfanin da ke amfani da ruwan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin samfuransa ya kamata ya yi la'akari da gwada ruwa a kai a kai don kasancewar radon da aka narke, tritium da gurɓataccen ƙarfe.
- A karo na farko, kamfanoni dole ne suyi la'akari da gurɓataccen rediyo a bayyane a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazarin haɗarin su, a ƙarƙashin lafiyar sinadarai. FDA ba ta tsammanin cewa wannan zai zama haɗari wanda ke buƙatar ci gaba da saka idanu tare da lissafin Geiger. Maimakon haka, a matsayin misali, kamfanin da ke amfani da ruwan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin samfuransa ya kamata ya yi la'akari da gwada ruwa a kai a kai don kasancewar radon da aka narke, tritium da gurɓataccen ƙarfe.
- Ikon hana gurɓata da gangan FDA dole ne ta ba da ka'idoji don karewa daga cin zarafin abinci da gangan, gami da kafa dabarun ragewa na kimiyya don shirya da kare jerin samar da abinci a takamaiman wurare masu rauni. (Dokar ƙarshe saboda watanni 18 bayan aiwatarwar) [1] Wannan ita ce karo na farko da aka sanya harshen da ya shafi Tsaron Abinci a cikin doka.
- Dole ne FDA ta fitar da ka'idoji don karewa daga cin zarafin abinci da gangan, gami da kafa dabarun ragewa na kimiyya don shirya da kare jerin samar da abinci a takamaiman wurare masu rauni. (Dokar ƙarshe saboda watanni 18 bayan aiwatarwar) [18] Wannan ita ce karo na farko da aka sanya harshen da ya shafi Tsaron Abinci a cikin doka.
Bincike da bin doka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]FSMA ta fahimci cewa ka'idodin kula da rigakafi suna inganta lafiyar abinci kawai har zuwa inda masu samarwa da masu sarrafawa suka bi su. FSMA tana ba FDA sabon iko don gudanar da dubawa da tabbatar da bin doka.
- Yawan binciken da aka ba da umarni FSMA ya kafa yawan binciken da aka umarce shi, bisa ga haɗari, don wuraren abinci kuma yana buƙatar yawan binciken don ƙaruwa nan da nan. Dole ne a bincika duk wuraren cikin gida masu haɗari a cikin shekaru biyar da aka kafa kuma ba kasa da kowane shekaru uku ba bayan haka. A cikin shekara guda na aiwatar, dokar ta umarci FDA da ta bincika akalla wuraren kasashen waje 600 kuma ta ninka waɗannan binciken a kowace shekara na shekaru biyar masu zuwa.[1] Don cimma wannan burin da aka tsara, USFDA da sauran hukumomi a Amurka za su yi aiki tare ko haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin kula da kasashen waje don taimako, saboda rashin albarkatu don biyan buƙatun.[2]
- FSMA ta kafa mitar dubawa, bisa ga haɗari, don wuraren abinci kuma tana buƙatar mitar dubatarwa don ƙaruwa nan da nan. Dole ne a bincika duk wuraren cikin gida masu haɗari a cikin shekaru biyar da aka kafa kuma ba kasa da kowane shekaru uku ba bayan haka. A cikin shekara guda na aiwatar, dokar ta umarci FDA da ta bincika akalla wuraren kasashen waje 600 kuma ta ninka waɗannan binciken a kowace shekara na shekaru biyar masu zuwa.[18] Don cimma wannan burin da aka tsara, USFDA da sauran hukumomi a Amurka za su yi aiki tare ko haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin kula da kasashen waje don taimako, saboda rashin albarkatu don biyan buƙatun.[20]
- FDA za ta sami damar yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce, gami da shirye-shiryen tsaro na abinci na masana'antu kuma za a buƙaci kamfanonin rikodin don ci gaba da yin rikodin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren su.
- FDA za ta sami damar yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce, gami da shirye-shiryen tsaro na abinci na masana'antu kuma za a buƙaci kamfanonin rikodin su ci gaba da yin rikodin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren su.
- Gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwajen da aka amince da su FSMA yana buƙatar wasu gwaje- gwaje-gaje na abinci da za a gudanar da su ta hanyar dakuna masu inganci kuma yana jagorantar FDA don kafa shirin don tabbatar da cewa dakunan gwajen gwaje-gyare na Amurka sun cika ƙa'idodin inganci. (Tsarin shirin amincewa saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafawa)
- FSMA tana buƙatar wasu gwaje-gwaje na abinci da za a gudanar da su ta hanyar dakunan gwaje- gwaje-gaje masu inganci kuma suna jagorantar FDA don kafa shirin don tabbatar da cewa dakunan gwajen gwaje-gyare na Amurka sun cika ƙa'idodin inganci. (Tsarin shirin amincewa saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafawa)
- Binciken gani
- A lokacin binciken da FDA ta yi ba tare da sanar da shi ba, za a gudanar da binciken gani. A lokacin dubawa za su kalli ginin da kayan aiki don ganin idan akwai yiwuwar gurɓata abinci. Za a bincika cikin walda mara kyau, kwantar da hankali musamman a kan layin samfurori masu buɗewa.
- Swabbing na muhalli A lokacin tafiyarsu, wakili zai kuma nemi duk wani yanki da niches da suke ji na iya zama wurin shakatawa ga kwayoyin cuta. Wakilan na iya kuma za su dauki ko'ina nau'in 150-200 swabs dangane da girman kayan aikin. Wakilin zai kuma dauki samfurori na albarkatun kasa da kuma samfurin da aka gama. An ba da shawarar cewa kamfanin ba ya ɗaukar samfurori na aboki saboda wannan na iya ninka damar kuskuren dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma ba ya da kyau idan samfurori da FDA sun zo mara kyau kuma wuraren suna da kyau kuma akasin haka.[3]
- A lokacin tafiyarsu, wakilin zai kuma nemi duk wani yanki da wuraren da suke jin na iya zama wurin shakatawa ga ƙwayoyin cuta. Wakilan na iya kuma za su dauki ko'ina nau'in 150-200 swabs dangane da girman kayan aikin. Wakilin zai kuma dauki samfurori na albarkatun kasa da kuma samfurin da aka gama. An ba da shawarar cewa kamfanin ba ya ɗaukar samfurori na aboki saboda wannan na iya ninka damar kuskuren dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma ba ya da kyau idan samfurori da FDA sun zo mara kyau kuma wuraren suna da kyau kuma akasin haka.[21]
Amsa ga gurɓataccen abu / keta doka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kudin ya ba FDA ikon dawo da abinci idan akwai gurɓata ko rashin lafiya. Bugu da kari, yana buƙatar gonaki su bi diddigin abincin su da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren magance tunatarwa ko barkewar cuta. Za a kuma ba jami'an FDA damar yin amfani da bayanan masu shuka abinci idan aka samu barkewar cutar. Kudin kuma yana buƙatar masu shigo da abinci su tabbatar da cewa sun cika ka'idodin aminci na abinci na Amurka. Ƙananan gonaki waɗanda ke siyarwa a cikin gida ko siyar da ƙasa da $ 500,000 a shekara ba su da waɗannan sabbin dokoki.[22] Sabbin hukumomi sun hada da:
- Tunatarwa ta tilas FSMA tana ba FDA ikon bayar da tunatarwa ta wajibi lokacin da kamfani ya kasa tunatar da abinci mara lafiya bayan FDA ta tambaye shi.
- FSMA tana ba FDA ikon bayar da tunatarwa ta tilas lokacin da kamfani ya kasa tunatar da abinci mara lafiya bayan FDA ta tambaye shi.
- fadada tsare-tsaren gudanarwa FSMA yana ba FDA mafi sassauƙa don tsara kayayyakin da za su iya keta doka (tsare-tsare na gudanarwa shine hanyar da FDA ke amfani da ita don hana abinci mai tuhuma daga motsawa).
- FSMA tana ba FDA daidaitattun daidaitattun tsari don tsara kayayyakin da za su iya keta doka (tsayawa na gudanarwa shine hanyar da FDA ke amfani da ita don hana abincin da ake zargi daga motsawa).
- Dakatar da rajista FDA na iya dakatar da rajista na kayan aiki idan ya ƙayyade cewa abincin yana haifar da yiwuwar yiwuwar SOMEWHAT na mummunar sakamako ko mutuwa. An haramta wurin da aka dakatar da shi daga rarraba abinci. (Yana da tasiri watanni 6 bayan kafawa)
- FDA na iya dakatar da rajistar kayan aiki idan ya ƙayyade cewa abincin yana haifar da yiwuwar yiwuwar SOMEWHAT na mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya ko mutuwa. An haramta wurin da aka dakatar da shi daga rarraba abinci. (Yana da tasiri watanni 6 bayan kafawa)
- Inganta ikon bin diddigin samfurin FDA an ba da umarnin kafa tsarin da zai inganta ikonsa na bin diddigirinta da bin diddigar abinci na cikin gida da na shigo da su. Bugu da kari, an umarci FDA da ta kafa ayyukan matukin jirgi don bincika da kimanta hanyoyin da za a gano masu karɓar abinci cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata don hanawa ko sarrafa barkewar cutar da ke dauke da abinci. (Ayyuka matukan jirgi saboda watanni 9 bayan kafawa)
- FDA an umarce ta da ta kafa tsarin da zai inganta ikonta na bin diddigin da bin diddigirinta na cikin gida da na shigo da su. Bugu da kari, an umarci FDA da ta kafa ayyukan matukin jirgi don bincika da kimanta hanyoyin da za a gano masu karɓar abinci cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata don hanawa ko sarrafa barkewar cutar da ke dauke da abinci. (Ayyuka matukan jirgi saboda watanni 9 bayan kafawa)
- Ƙarin Rubuce-rubucen Adanawa don Abinci Mai Hadari An umarci FDA da ta bayar da shawarar yin doka don kafa buƙatun adana rikodin don wuraren da ke ƙerawa, sarrafawa, kunshewa, ko riƙe abinci waɗanda Sakataren ya tsara a matsayin abinci mai haɗari. (Ayyuka saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafa).
- FDA an umarce ta da ta bayar da shawarar yin doka don kafa buƙatun adana rikodin don wuraren da ke ƙerawa, sarrafawa, kunshewa, ko riƙe abinci wanda Sakataren ya sanya a matsayin abinci mai haɗari. (Ayyuka saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafa).
Ƙarin bayani game da kayan shigo da kaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]FSMA tana ba da ikon FDA don tabbatar da cewa kayayyakin da aka shigo da su sun cika ka'idodin Amurka kuma suna da aminci ga masu amfani da Amurka, tare da hangen nesa cewa ya kamata a gudanar da abinci da aka shigo dashi daidai da ka'idojin abinci na gida. Wadannan ka'idoji za a cika su ta hanyar aiwatar da abubuwan da suka biyo baya:
- Mai shigo da lissafi A karo na farko, masu shigo da kaya suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa masu samar da su na kasashen waje suna da isasshen kulawar rigakafi don tabbatar da cewa abincin da suke samarwa yana da aminci. (Tsarin ƙarshe da jagora saboda shekara 1 bayan kafawa)
- A karo na farko, masu shigo da kayayyaki suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa masu samar da su na kasashen waje suna da isasshen kulawar kariya don tabbatar da cewa abincin da suke samarwa yana da aminci. (Tsarin ƙarshe da jagora saboda shekara 1 bayan kafawa)
- Takaddun shaida na ɓangare na uku
- FSMA ta kafa shirin da ta hanyar da masu cancanta na uku zasu iya tabbatar da cewa wuraren abinci na kasashen waje sun bi ka'idodin tsaro na abinci na Amurka. Ana iya amfani da wannan takardar shaidar don sauƙaƙe shigar da shigo da kayayyaki. (Tsarin tsarin FDA don amincewa da hukumomin izini ya kamata ya kasance shekaru 2 bayan kafawa)
- Takaddun shaida don abinci mai haɗari FDA tana da ikon buƙatar cewa abinci mai haɗarin da aka shigo da shi ya kasance tare da takardar shaidar ɓangare na uku ko wasu tabbacin bin doka a matsayin yanayin shiga Amurka.
- FDA tana da ikon buƙatar cewa abinci mai haɗari da aka shigo da shi ya kasance tare da takardar shaidar ɓangare na uku ko wasu tabbacin bin doka a matsayin yanayin shiga cikin Amurka.
- Shirin mai shigo da kayayyaki na son rai FDA dole ne ta kafa shirin son rai ga masu shigo da kayayyakin da ke ba da hanzari don sake dubawa da shigar da abinci daga masu shigo da kayan. Samun cancanta yana iyakance ga, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, masu shigo da kayayyaki da ke ba da abinci daga wuraren da aka tabbatar. (Ayyuka da aka yi watanni 18 bayan kafa)
- FDA dole ne ta kafa shirin son rai ga masu shigo da kayayyaki wanda ke ba da hanzari don sake dubawa da shigar da abinci daga masu shigo da kayan. Samun cancanta yana iyakance ga, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, masu shigo da kayayyaki da ke ba da abinci daga wuraren da aka tabbatar. (Ayyuka da aka yi watanni 18 bayan kafa)
- Ikon hana shiga FDA na iya ƙin shigarwa cikin Amurka na abinci daga kayan aikin kasashen waje idan FDA ta hana shi shiga ta wurin kayan aiki ko ƙasar da kayan aikin yake.
- FDA na iya ƙin shigar da abinci a cikin Amurka daga kayan aikin kasashen waje idan FDA ta hana ta shiga ta wurin kayan aiki ko ƙasar da kayan aikin yake.
Inganta hadin gwiwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]FSMA tana gina tsarin hadin gwiwa tare da sauran hukumomin gwamnati, na cikin gida da na waje. A yin haka, dokar ta bayyana a fili cewa duk hukumomin tsaro na abinci suna buƙatar aiki tare a hanyar da ta dace don cimma burin lafiyar jama'a. Wadannan misalai ne na ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa:
- Ginin iyawa na Jiha da na gida FDA dole ne ta haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun don haɓaka da haɓaka amincin abinci da ƙarfin tsaro na Jiha le na gida. FSMA tana ba FDA sabon tsarin tallafi na shekaru da yawa don sauƙaƙe saka hannun jari a cikin ikon Jiha don cimma burin tsaro na abinci na ƙasa yadda ya kamata.
- Dole ne FDA ta haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun don haɓaka da haɓaka amincin abinci da ƙarfin tsaro na Jiha da hukumomin gida. FSMA tana ba FDA sabon tsarin tallafi na shekaru da yawa don sauƙaƙe saka hannun jari a cikin ikon Jiha don cimma burin tsaro na abinci na ƙasa yadda ya kamata.
- Gina ikon kasashen waje
- Dokar ta umarci FDA da ta samar da cikakken shiri don fadada ikon gwamnatocin kasashen waje da masana'antun su. Ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin shirin shine magance horar da gwamnatocin kasashen waje da masu samar da abinci kan bukatun tsaro na abinci na Amurka.
- Dogaro da binciken da wasu hukumomi suka yi FDA an ba da izini a bayyane don dogaro da binciken wasu hukumomin Tarayya, Jiha da na gida don biyan ƙarin umarnin dubawa ga wuraren cikin gida. FSMA kuma tana bawa FDA damar shiga yarjejeniyar tsakanin hukumomi don amfani da albarkatu dangane da binciken wuraren kifi na teku, na cikin gida da na waje, da kuma shigo da kifi.
- FDA tana da izini a bayyane don dogaro da binciken wasu hukumomin Tarayya, Jiha da na gida don biyan ƙarin umarnin dubawa ga wuraren cikin gida. FSMA kuma tana bawa FDA damar shiga yarjejeniyar tsakanin hukumomi don amfani da albarkatu dangane da binciken wuraren kifi na teku, na cikin gida da na waje, da kuma shigo da kifi.
Tsaro na ma'aikaci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]FSMA kuma ta haɗa da tanadi da ke kare ma'aikatan da ke ƙoƙarin hana matsalolin lafiyar abinci. Sashe na 402 na FSMA ya haramta ma'aikata da ke cikin masana'antu, sarrafawa, sakawa, sufuri, rarraba, karɓar baƙi, riƙewa ko shigo da abinci daga ramuwar gayya ga ma'aikatan da suka bayyana keta Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya. Wannan wani bangare na FSMA ana gudanar da shi ta Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka.[23]
Aiwatarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tare da Dokar a wurin, FDA ta fara aiwatar da ka'idoji don tsara yadda za a aiwatar da sabbin dokoki.[7]
Daga ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2011, ana buƙatar kamfanonin abinci da yawa don haɓaka shirye-shiryen tsaro na abinci bisa ga kimantawa na haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da kayan abinci da aka ƙera, sarrafawa, an saka ko kuma an gudanar da su a duk wuraren da aka yi rajista.[24] Bayan nazarin haɗari, ana buƙatar kamfanoni don ganowa da aiwatar da kulawar rigakafi don rage ko hana faruwar irin waɗannan haɗari. Misalan kulawar rigakafi sun haɗa da hanyoyin tsabtace muhalli don wuraren hulɗa na abinci; horar da tsabtace ma'aikaci; saka idanu kan muhalli zuwa tabbatar da kula da kwayar cuta; shirin tunatarwa; ayyukan tabbatar da masu samarwa; da kuma shirin kula da rashin lafiyan abinci.[24]
Ko da bayan kammala tsarin tsara dokoki, an kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci lokaci don FDA ta zama cikakke don aiwatar da sabbin dokoki. Hukumar ta kiyasta cewa za ta buƙaci aƙalla ƙarin masu dubawa 1,000 da dala biliyan 1.4 a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, tare da rashin tabbas cewa Majalisa za ta mallaki irin waɗannan kudade saboda yanayin tattalin arziki a lokacin, kuma ta yi kira ga rage kashewa.[7]
Dokoki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekara ta 2012, kungiyoyin masu amfani da Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci (CFS) da Cibiyar Lafiya ta Muhalli sun kai FDA karar saboda gazawarta ta cika iyakar.[25] A warware shari'ar, hukumar ta amince da ƙayyadaddun lokaci a cikin 2015 da 2016 don wasu dokoki.[25]
Lokacin farko na sharhin jama'a ya faru ne a cikin 2013, kuma hukumar ta sami dubban sharhi a wannan lokacin.[26] FDA a baya ta gabatar da ka'idojin da suka gabatar ga Ofishin Gudanarwa da Kasafin Kudi (OMB) don bita, kuma a cikin wannan tsari OMB ta raunana ka'idoji ta hanyoyi da yawa.[27]
Rahoton ci gaban FSMA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]FDA ta shirya samar da ga jama'a da kuma Majalisa gagarumin ci gaba da suka yi wajen aiwatar da FSMA.[28] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Babban Mai ba da shawara na FDA, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka, Sherri McGarry, a kan wani shafin yanar gizo ta ba da rahoton nau'ikan abinci da za a yi amfani da su a cikin aikin matukin jirgi akan gano kayayyaki don hana cututtuka.[29] Jerin ya haɗa da tumatir, kwanon rufi na Kung Pao, man shanu mai laushi, da bushe, man shanu / kayan yaji.[29] An zaɓi tumatir da aka yanka da kuma duka saboda yawan barkewar da aka rubuta; yana nuna jerin kayan abinci masu yawa. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masana'antar abinci sun ba da shawarar a matsayin samfurin abinci na farko da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin shirin matukin jirgi.[29]
Kayan abinci na Frozen Kung Pao-style sun ƙunshi sinadaran kamar kaza, jan pepper spice da kayan man shanu waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin barkewar cutar, kuma saboda wannan dalili an haɗa su a cikin aikin matukin jirgi.[29] Bugu da kari, ana ba da shi ga tashoshin rarraba abinci daban-daban wanda zai iya haɗawa da kayayyakin shigo da na cikin gida.[29] Don kara rikitarwa na aikin matukin jirgi, an haɗa man shanu da bushe, man shanu mai ƙanshi.[29] A wannan lokacin rani, ana sa ran za a kammala sakamakon ayyukan matukin jirgi tare da fatan bunkasa cikakken tsarin bin diddigin samfurin tare da bayanan da aka karɓa.[29]
Kudin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An sanya hannu kan Dokar Tsaro a cikin doka tare da Dokar Gudanar da Ayyukan Gwamnati da Sakamakon Sabuntawa ta 2010. Kudin shekaru biyar na farko an kiyasta ya zama dala biliyan 1.4. ba tare da an ba da cikakken kuɗi a wannan lokacin ba.[30]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Codex Alimentarius
- Dokar Abinci 160-2 na New Zealand
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "FSMA Proposed Rule for Focused Mitigation Strategies to Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration". FDA. March 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013.
- 1 2 3 "CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 28, 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 "Background on the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "fda.gov" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Overview". Retrieved April 16, 2012.
- 1 2 "Food Bill Aims to Improve". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on December 26, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ↑ "Bioterrorism Act of 2002". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 "The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act. What do the new laws mean for small farms and producers?". New England Farmers Union. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "willimanticfood" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "Roll Call Votes 111th Congress - 2nd Session". United States Senate. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
- 1 2 "Senate OKs food safety measure – Meredith Shiner". Politico.Com. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
- ↑ Falkenstein, Drew (December 18, 2010). "In Lame Duck Flux, Food Safety Bill All But Dead". Foodsafetynews.com. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
- ↑ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 661". Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
- ↑ "Inside United Fresh". United Fresh. January 6, 2011. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
- ↑ "A Friday and Saturday night read - H.R. 2749 - Food Safety Enhancement Act 2009 - So, what's really in it?". marlerblog.com. August 2009.
- ↑ "S. 510 Food Safety Modernization Act Healthy Local Foods Amendment" (PDF). Western Organization of Resource Councils. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
- 1 2 3 "The Tester – Hagen Amendment to S. 510 protects food safety and small farmers". Marler Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2001.
- 1 2 "Food Safety Actction Alert". National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. October 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "washingtonpost". - 1 2 3 4 "Food Safety Legislation Key Facts". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Food Safety Legislation Key Facts" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "About FDA". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ↑ "The Food Safety Modernization Act: A New Paradigm for Importers and Global Partnerships". Quality Assurance & Food Safety Magazine. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ↑ Mushrush, Laura (March 23, 2017). "Three things to expect during unannounced FDA inspections". Food Safety News. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
- ↑ Sutton, Betty (January 4, 2011). "H.R.2751 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): FDA Food Safety Modernization Act". www.congress.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ↑ "H.R. 2751 - Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Amendment With Respect To The Safety Of The Food Supply". Library of Congress THOMAS. January 5, 2010. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
- 1 2 "FDA Food Safety Modernization Act: Marking a New Era in U.S. Food Safety". Food Safety Magazine. Archived from the original on December 9, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- 1 2 "FSMA Gets New Deadlines for Final Rules | Food Safety News" (in Turanci). February 21, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
- ↑ "New Food Safety Rules: Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) | Small Farms Programs". smallfarms.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
- ↑ "Documents Show OMB Weakened FDA's Food Safety Rules | Food Safety News" (in Turanci). March 25, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
- ↑ "FDA Progress Report on Implementing the Food Safety Modernization Act: January – March 2012" (PDF). FDA FSMA. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Rapid Tracing of Food Products Prevents illness". FDA Transparency Blog. Archived from the original on April 29, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "FDAtransparencyblog" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "President Obama Signs Landmark Food Safety Bill". Center for Effective Government. January 4, 2011.