Dokar Kyautar Lauyan 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1976

Dokar Kyautar Lauyan 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1976
Dokar Majalisa
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Applies to jurisdiction (en)	Tarayyar Amurka
Legislated by (en)	94th United States Congress (en)
Signatory (en)	Gerald Ford (mul)

Dokar Kyautar Kudaden Kuɗaɗen Lauyan Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta 1976 doka ce ta Amurka wacce aka tsara a cikin 42 USC § 1988(b). Sau da yawa ana kiransa " Sashe na 1988 ," wannan doka ta ba wa kotun tarayya damar ba da kudaden lauyoyi masu dacewa ga jam'iyya mai rinjaye a wasu shari'o'in 'yancin ɗan adam . An tsara dokar ne don samar da tsarin aiwatar da dokokin kare hakkin jama'a na kasa ba tare da samar da tsarin aiwatar da doka ba, saboda ana tunanin za a ba da kudaden lauyoyi za su karfafa lauyoyi su kawo karar kare hakkin jama'a a madadin masu shigar da kara .

Rubutu

Rubutun 42 USC § 1988(b) sune kamar haka:

"(b) Kudaden lauyoyi A cikin kowane mataki ko ci gaba don aiwatar da tanadin sassan 1981, 1981a, 1982, 1983, 1985, da 1986 na wannan take, take IX na Dokar Jama'a 92-318, Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Addini na 1993, Dokar Mayar da 'Yanci na Addini. 2000, take VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, ko sashe na 12361 na take 34, kotu, a cikin ikonta, na iya ba da izini ga jam'iyya mai rinjaye, ban da Amurka, kuɗin lauya mai ma'ana a matsayin wani ɓangare na farashi, sai dai a cikin duk wani mataki da aka kawo wa jami'in shari'a don wani aiki ko ragi da aka yi a cikin irin wannan nauyin jami'in, ba za a biya duk wani cajin da za a iya yi ba tare da wani jami'in shari'a. sai dai idan irin wannan matakin ya wuce gona da iri a fili.

Tarihi

Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kyautar Kudaden Kudaden Lauyan 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1976 don mayar da martani ga hukuncin Kotun Koli a Alyska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 US 240 (1975). A can, Kotun ta sake tabbatar da " Dokar Amurka " cewa kowane mai shari'a ya kamata ya biya nasa kudaden lauya.

Majalisa ta yanke shawarar kafa wannan doka don ba da tabbacin samun lamunin lauyoyi ta hanyar doka saboda kudin shigar da karar tsarin mulki na iya zama haramun ga masu shigar da kara, musamman tunda wadanda suke da yuwuwar kawo kara don cin zarafin kundin tsarin mulki mutane ne ko kuma kungiyoyin mutane masu saukin kai. Tun kafin a kafa dokar, kotuna sun fahimci bukatar bayar da kudaden lauyoyi inda masu shigar da kara ke yin hidimar “ lauyoyin janar na kasa baki daya ” ta hanyar kawo shawarwarin da za su iya yin tasiri fiye da mutum mai kara kawai.

Iyakar doka

Abubuwa biyu na dokar sun kasance ƙarƙashin fassarar Kotun Koli : wanda ya cancanta a matsayin "jam'iyya mai rinjaye," da kuma yadda kotuna za su lissafta "kuɗin lauyoyi masu ma'ana."

Kotun Koli ta fassara Sashe na 1988 (b) don yin amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban don rinjaye masu ƙara da masu rinjaye. Masu gabatar da kara yawanci ya kamata su sami kyautar kuɗin lauya sai dai idan kyautar ba za ta yi adalci ba. A wani bangaren kuma, wanda ake tuhuma yana samun kuɗaɗe ne kawai idan ƙarar ta kasance marar hankali, rashin hankali, ko rashin cancanta.

Kotun Koli ta kuma fayyace a cikin Buckhannon Board & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources (2001) cewa yin nasara yana nufin samun hukuncin shari'a kan cancantar shari'ar. Wannan yana nufin cewa don samun cancantar kuɗin lauyoyi, dole ne a sami canjin da kotu ta ba da umarni a cikin shari'ar shari'a, ko wani abu a cikin bayanan kotun da ke tabbatar da wanda ya yi nasara. Lackey v. Stinnie (2025) ya kara fayyace cewa umarnin farko ba ya cancanta a matsayin hukuncin shari'a, ko da lokacin da shari'ar ta soke ta hanyar soke dokar da aka kalubalanci, saboda ba ta ƙunshi cikakken bincike na cancanta ba.

Kudaden lauyoyi masu ma'ana

Duk da yake dokar da kanta ba ta bayyana abin da ya dace da kuɗaɗen kuɗi ba, rahotannin Majalisar da Majalisar Dattijai da ke rakiyar Dokar sun amince da binciken da aka gabatar a cikin shari'ar Johnson Highway Express, Inc.

Johnson Highway Express, Inc. ya gano abubuwa 12 da za a yi la'akari da su wajen ƙididdige kuɗin lauyoyi masu dacewa:

1. lokaci da aiki da ake bukata;
2. sabon abu da wahalar tambayar
3. ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don yin ayyukan shari'a yadda ya kamata;
4. ƙaddamar da wasu aiki ta lauya saboda yarda da shari'ar;
5. kudin al'ada;
6. ko an kayyade kudin ne ko kuma ya kasance;
7. iyakance lokacin da abokin ciniki ya sanya ko yanayi;
8. adadin da aka samu da sakamakon da aka samu;
9. gwaninta, suna, da iyawar lauya;
10. da "rashin kyawawa" na shari'ar;
11. yanayi da tsawon dangantakar sana'a tare da abokin ciniki; kuma
12. kyaututtuka a irin wannan yanayi.

Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 Amurka 424 (1983), ya sanar da wasu jagororin ƙididdige ƙimar lauyoyi masu ma'ana a ƙarƙashin 1988 (b), waɗanda ke da alaƙa a matakin asali adadin sa'o'in da aka kashe daidai gwargwado akan shari'ar da aka ninka ta hanyar daidaitaccen ƙimar sa'a. Bugu da kari, "bai kamata a rage kyautar kudin ba kawai saboda mai gabatar da kara ya kasa yin nasara kan duk wata takaddama da aka taso a cikin karar."

Birnin Riverside v. Rivera, 477 Amurka 561 (1986), ya tabbatar da cewa adadin lalacewar da mai ƙara ya dawo da shi tabbas yana da alaƙa da adadin kuɗin lauyoyi da za a bayar a ƙarƙashin 1988. Duk da haka, ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da ya kamata kotu ta yi la'akari da shi wajen ƙididdige kuɗaɗen kyautar lauya. Kotun ta yi watsi da shawarar cewa kyaututtukan kuɗi a ƙarƙashin 1988(b) ya kamata su kasance daidai da adadin diyya mai ƙarar haƙƙin ɗan adam a zahiri.

Majalisar dattijai ta yi la'akari da yiwuwar shari'ar da ba ta da yawa ko kuma babu diyya kuma ta ce bai kamata a rage kudaden da lauyan ya bayar ba "domin haƙƙin da abin ya shafa na iya zama marasa kuɗi."

gyare-gyare da ƙalubalen majalisa

Majalisar Wakilai ta zartar da wani kudiri mai taken "Tunawar Tsohon Sojoji, Yaro Scouts, Tambarin Jama'a, da sauran Dokar Kare Addini ta Jama'a ta 2006" a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2006. An gabatar da dokar Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2006 amma bai wuce ba. Idan wannan lissafin ya zama doka, zai gyara Sashe na 1988 don hana bayar da kuɗin lauyoyi ga ƙungiyoyi masu rinjaye a cikin shari'o'in Ƙaddamarwa, "ciki har da cin zarafi da suka shafi: (1) kalmomin addini ko hotuna a cikin abubuwan tunawa da tsofaffi, gine-ginen jama'a, ko hatimi na hukuma na jihohi ko rabe-raben su na 2) da kuma (2) taswirar taswirar jihohinsu ko sassansu 2; da kuma Boy Scouts na amfani da gine-ginen jama'a."

42 USC § 1988(b) an gyara sau da yawa. Sabon gyaran da aka yi a matsayin Dokar Jama'a 106-274 akan Satumba 22, 2000, kuma a cikin abin da ya dace ya kara da Dokar Amfani da Ƙasa ta Addini da Ma'aikata na 2000 a matsayin ƙa'idar da ta dace a karkashin abin da tanadin kudade na lauya ya shafi.