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Dokar Laifuka ta 1991 (Sudan)

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An kafa Dokar Laifuka ta 1991 a kasar Sudan don daidaita tsarin Shari'a tare da ka'idodin Musulumci, tare da haɗa dokar Shari'a. Ya maye gurbin Dokar Shari'a ta alif dari tara da tamanin da uku 1983 kuma ya haɗa da tanadi don hudud (tsarin azabtarwa don manyan laifuka kamar sata da zina), qisas (adalci na fansa don kisan kai ko lahani na jiki), da kuma ta'zir (sanarwa na hankali don ƙananan laifuka). Dokar ta kuma aikata laifuka ga ridda, wanda za'a iya azabtar da shi ta hanyar mutuwa, kuma an soki shi saboda hukunci mai tsanani kamar yankewa da bulala. An yi gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci a cikin shekara dubu biyu da ashirin 2020, gami da cire hukuncin kisa don ridda da soke Dokokin Tsarin Jama'a.

Tarihi da mahallin

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  Ta hanyar gabatar da Dokokin Satumba na shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da uku 1983, haɗin gwiwar Nimeiry tare da "Muslim Brotherhood" da Ansar an yi niyya ne don haɗa ƙungiyoyin addini da gabatar da dokar shari'a. Koyaya, duk da cewa da farko suna aiki tare, Ansar sun soki yadda Nimeiry ke amfani da waɗannan dokoki kamar yadda ba Musulunci ba ne kuma cin hanci da rashawa. Bayan cire Nimeiry bayan juyin mulkin shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985, yanayin siyasar kasar Sudan ya canza, wanda ya haifar da jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa. Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Kasa (NIF), Ansar, da Khatmiyya Sufi order (DUP) sun zama manyan 'yan wasa a siyasar Sudan. Hassan al-Turabi da NIF sun ci gaba da ba da shawara ga dokokin Islama kuma sun yi adawa da canje-canje ga tsarin da ke akwai.[1]

An dakatar da dokokin a lokacin sauyawa na kasar Sudan zuwa dimokuradiyya bayan juyin mulkin mallaka na alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985, amma an sake dawo da su a lokacin zamanin Omar Al-Bashir tsakanin shekara 1989 da 2019, bayan Juyin mulki na 1989. [2]

Dokar Laifuka ta shekarar alif dari tara da casain da daya 1991 da Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin ta kafa a ranar 31 ga Janairun shekara ta alif dari tara da casain da daya 1991, [3] ta maye gurbin Dokar Laifi ta shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da uku 1983. Wannan dokar ta yi niyyar daidaita dokar Sudan da ka'idodin Islama, tare da haɗa abubuwa na Shari'a. Ya haɗa da tanadi don hudud, qisas, da laifuffuka da azabtarwa.[4] Dokar ta kuma bayyana sharuɗɗa da yanayi daban-daban waɗanda ake ɗaukar wasu ayyukan masu laifi, da nufin samar da cikakken tsarin shari'a don adalci na laifi a kasan Sudan.[5]

Laifukan da ake kaddamar da Haddi akansu (Hudud) sun hada da manyan laifuka kamar sata, zina, da ridda, tare da hukunce-hukunce. Qisas yana nufin adalci na fansa, sau da yawa ana amfani dashi a lokuta da aka kama mutum (namiji/mace) da laifin kisan kai ko lahani na jiki, yana ba da damar fansa ko biyan diyya laifukan Ta'zir ba su da tsanani kuma hukunce-hukuncen su na ainihi ne, wanda alƙali ya ƙayyade bisa ga yanayin. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun al'amurran da suka shafi Dokar shine aikata laifuka na ridda (fita daga Addinin Musulumci da gangan), wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da kashe wanda ya/ra aikata hakkan a karkashin Sashe na 126. Wannan ya kasance batu ne na babbar gardama da zargi daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.[4]

Aikace-aikace

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Dokar Laifuka ta kasar Sudan ta shekarar alif dari da casain da daya 1991, [6] daidai da shari'a, ta ba da izinin hukunce-hukuncen hudud a arewa. [7] Ana iya azabtar da shan barasa ta hanyar bulala 40 ga Musulmi da bulala 20 ga Kirista. Shari'ar iyali ta Musulunci ta shafi Musulmai a kasar Sudan, yayin da wasu tanadi na dokar Musulunci suka nuna bambanci ga mata, musamman game da gado, aure da saki. An umurci mata da su yi ado da kyau bisa ga ka'idodin Islama, gami da sanya murfin kai wanda 'yan sanda suka tilasta. Bugu da kari, juyawa daga Islama zuwa wani addini an dauke shi ridda a karkashin shari'a kuma ana hukunta shi da mutuwa a Arewa.

Alal misali, a cikin shekara ta dububiyu da tara 2009 wani rukuni na mata, ban da ɗan jarida Lubna al-Hussein, an yi musu bulala saboda sanya wandunan turawan Yamma (jeans) wanda shigar ta saba wa shari'ar Addinin Musulumci.[8] A cikin 2022, an yi wa wata mace jajjefe saboda zina kafin a daure ta na tsawon watanni 6. A cikin shekara ta 1991, 2013, 2015, 2021, [9] da dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023, [4] akwai rubuce-rubuce na shari'o'in maza da aka yanke musu hukuncin yankewa hannu saboda sata.[10] A cikin shekara ta 2013, an yanke wa mutane 3 hukuncin yankewa saboda satar man dafa abinci a Arewacin Darfur a karkashin labarin 173 na dokar aikata laifuka ta Sudan ta shekarar alif dari tara da casain da daya 1991, amma daga baya aka soke hukuncin.[11][12] A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, an yanke hannun dama da ƙafafun wani mutum a asibitin al-Ribat bayan an same shi da fashi da makami, wanda aka fi sani da "Hirabah" a cikin labarin 168 na Dokar Laifin Sudan ta shekarar 1991.[13][14][15] An bayar da irin wannan hukuncin yankewa a cikin shek,ara ta 2021.[10][10]

Tasirin 'yancin mata

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  Dokar Laifuka ta shekarar alif dari tara da casain da daya 1991 a Sudan, tare da Dokokin Jama'a, sun yi tasiri sosai ga haƙƙin mata a ƙasar. Wadannan dokoki an tsara su ne don tilasta ka'idojin ɗabi'a masu tsauri da halayyar jama'a, sau da yawa suna yin niyya ga mata. Dokokin Tsarin Jama'a sun mallaki fannoni daban-daban na halayyar jama'a, gami da ka'idojin tufafi, hulɗar zamantakewa, da tarurrukan jama'a. Ana kama mata akai-akai saboda "tufafi mara kyau ko lalata," wanda zai iya haɗawa da sanya wando ko rashin rufe gashin su.[16] 'Yan sanda na jama'a suna da iko mai yawa don aiwatar da waɗannan dokoki, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cin zarafi da wulakanci ga mata a kasar.

Sharuɗɗa a cikin wannan aikin, kamar Mataki na 152, ayyukan aikata laifuka da ake la'akari da lalata, tare da azabtarwa ciki har da bulala da tarar.[16] Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan doka don sarrafa halayyar mata da ƙuntata 'yancinsu. Tilasta aiwatar da waɗannan dokoki ya ƙuntata sa hannun mata a rayuwar jama'a, gami da ikon su na aiki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa. Wannan yana da tasiri sosai ga 'yancin tattalin arziki da matsayi na zamantakewa.[17]

Rashin amincewa

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An soki Dokar saboda ya hada da hukunci mai tsanani kamar yanke hannu, bulala, da kuma hukuncin kisa ga wasu laifuka. Wadannan hukunce-hukuncen sun haifar da damuwa mai tsanani game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman game da daidaituwa da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa amman aiwatar da wa'innan doki suke kawo maslaha ga al'umma kuma yana tamakawa wajen dakile yaduwar fasadi da fasikanci a cikin al'umma.[18]

A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta dubu biyu 2000, Curtis Francis Doebbler, lauya kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, ya gabatar da karar kasar Sudan, wanda aka fi sani da Curtis Francis Dobbler v. Sudan, [19] a gaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka. Doebbler ya yi zargin cewa Sudan ta keta tanadi daban-daban na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ta hanyar kamawa, tsarewa, da azabtar da mutane, gami da kansa, yayin aikinsa a matsayin lauya.[20] A ranar 29 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003, Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka ta gano cewa Sudan ta keta Mataki na 5 na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kuma ta nemi gwamnatin Sudan ta yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Laifuka ta shekarar 1991, ta soke hukunci ta hanyar bulala, da kuma biyan wadanda suka tsira.[20]

Gyara

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A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi gagarumin gyare-gyare ga Dokar. Misali, a cikin shekara dubu biyu da ashirin 2020, Gwamnatin Sudan ta wucin gadi ta yi canje-canje da yawa, gami da kawar da hukuncin kisa don ridda da kuma cire bulala a matsayin horo ga wasu laifuka.[18] An soke Dokokin Jama'a a cikin 2019. [17]

Kara fadada karatu

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  • "The Criminal Act 1991" (PDF). Redress.

Fadada bincike

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  1. ↑ Warburg, Gabriel R. (1990). "The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989". Middle East Journal. 44 (4): 624–637. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328194. Archived from the original on 2022-12-13. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  2. ↑ Belay, Netsanet (2013-03-16). "Opinion: Sudan must end 'cruel' amputation punishment". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  3. ↑ "Criminal Code of 1991 - National Practice". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chisholm, Anna (2014-08-28). "The Criminalisation of Apostasy in Sudan". Human Security Centre (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  5. ↑ "Sudan: The Criminal Act 1991". Arab Law Quarterly. 9 (1): 32–80. 1994. doi:10.2307/3381514. ISSN 0268-0556.
  6. ↑ "Sudan Criminal Code of 1991". ICRC. 1991-01-31. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  7. ↑ "Sudan begins implementation of Muslim Sharia law - UPI Archives". UPI (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  8. ↑ "جلد فتيات سودانيات بسبب البنطلون". BBC News عربي (in Larabci). 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  9. ↑ "Sudan: Amputation sentences: Adam Mohamed Adam, Hussein Abdul Karim" (PDF). Amnesty International.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 acjps. "Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  11. ↑ SudanTribune (2013-04-06). "Darfur court sentences 3 men to amputation for cooking oil theft". Sudan Tribune (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  12. ↑ "Three men sentenced to amputation following unfair trial in Darfur – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  13. ↑ AFP (2013-02-27). "Sudan man's foot, hand 'amputated' by court order". Modern Ghana.
  14. ↑ Dabanga (2013-02-28). "Sudanese Doctors Union condemn reintroduction of cutting hand and foot". Dabanga Radio TV Online (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  15. ↑ "Sudan: Doctors Perform Amputations for Courts | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2013-02-27. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Sudan: Abolish the flogging of women". Amnesty International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Sudan repeals public order laws unlocking women's freedoms to association and expression". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "SCLO News - The Astounding Amendments to the Sudanese Criminal Act 1991". www.sclo-sd.com. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  19. ↑ acjps. "Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "University of Minnesota Human Rights Library". hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
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