Dokar Makamai ta Kasa
 Dokar Makamai ta Kasa | |
|---|---|
| Dokar Majalisa | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Legislated by (en)  |
73rd United States Congress (en) |
Dokar Makamai ta Kasa ( NFA ), Majalisa ta 73, Sess. 2, ku. 757, 48 Matsayi An kafa 1236 a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1934, kuma a halin yanzu an daidaita shi kuma an gyara shi azaman I.R.C. ch. 53 . Dokar doka ce ta Majalisar Dokoki a Amurka wacce, gabaɗaya, ta sanya harajin haraji kan ƙira da canja wurin wasu bindigogi kuma ta ba da umarnin rajistar waɗannan bindigogi. Hakanan ana kiran NFA a matsayin Title II na dokokin mallakar bindiga na tarayya, tare da Dokar Kula da Bindiga ta 1968 ("GCA") a matsayin Title I.
Duk canja wurin mallakar bindigogin NFA masu rijista dole ne a yi su ta hanyar Rijistar Rijistar Makamai da Canja wurin ("rejista NFA"). Hukumar ta NFA kuma tana buƙatar ɗaukar makamai na dindindin na NFA a duk layin jihar ta mai shi dole ne a kai rahoto ga Ofishin Alcohol, Taba, bindigogi da abubuwan fashewa (ATF). safarar wasu abubuwa na wucin gadi, musamman masu dannewa (kuma ana kiransu masu yin shiru ), baya buƙatar a kai rahoto.
Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙaddamar da Ƙarfafawa ga Dokar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta 1934 ita ce laifin gangland na zamanin haramtacciyar, ciki har da kisan gillar St. Valentine's Day a 1929, da yunƙurin kashe zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa Franklin D. Roosevelt a 1933. [1] [2] [3] Kamar yadda Dokar ta kasa (FA) ta buƙaci (1) na yanzu. bindigogi da za a yi rajista da haraji. Harajin $200 ya kasance haramun sosai a lokacin ( equivalent to $4,701 a 2024 ). Za a rage haraji a kan masu yin shiru, guntun harbe-harbe, gajerun bindigogi, da AOWs zuwa $0 a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2026. [4] [3]
Asalinsu, bindigogi da revolver ya kamata a kayyade su kamar bindigogin injuna; zuwa karshen wannan, yanke bindigu ko harbin bindiga don ƙetare hani ta hanyar kera makamin da za a iya boyewa ana biyan haraji kamar na bindiga.
An cire bindigogi na al'ada da revolver daga cikin dokar kafin zartarwa, amma sauran makaman da aka boye ba su kasance ba. Dangane da ma'anar "bindigo", harshen ƙa'idar kamar yadda aka kafa ta asali shine kamar haka:
A karkashin dokar ta asali, makaman NFA sun kasance bindigogin inji, kananan bindigogi (SBR), guntun harbe-harbe (SBS), duk wani makami (AOW, watau, makaman da za a iya boyewa ban da bindiga ko revolvers), da masu yin shiru ga kowane nau'in NFA ko makamin da ba na NFA ba.
An canza nau'ikan NFA ta hanyar dokokin da Majalisa ta zartar, hukunce-hukuncen Ma'aikatar Baitulmali, da ka'idojin da hukumar tilastawa ta sanya, wanda aka sani da Ofishin Alcohol, Taba, Makamai da Fashewa ko ATF.
Rukunin makaman da aka kayyade
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Harakokin Bindiga ta Kasa (NFA) na yanzu ta fayyace nau'ikan nau'ikan bindigogin da aka kayyade. Wadannan makamai ana kiransu da sunan bindigar NFA kuma sun hada da kamar haka:
- Bindigogi
- "Duk wani makamin da ya harba, an tsara shi don harba, ko kuma za'a iya mayar da shi cikin sauri don harba, ta atomatik fiye da ɗaya harbi, ba tare da sakewa da hannu ba, ta hanyar aiki guda ɗaya na faɗakarwa. Kalmar kuma za ta haɗa da firam ko mai karɓar kowane irin wannan makamin, duk wani ɓangaren da aka tsara kuma an yi nufin shi kaɗai kuma na musamman, ko haɗuwa da sassan da aka tsara da kuma niyya, don amfani da su wajen canza makami zuwa wani nau'i na na'ura wanda za'a iya amfani da shi daga wani gungu mai haɗakarwa, idan aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wani gungu na kayan aiki, da kuma irin wannan gungu. a hannun mutum ko kuma a hannun mutum”. [5]
Rijista, sayayya, haraji da canja wuri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba daidai ba ne [6] cewa dole ne mutum ya sami lasisin "Class 3" don mallakar makamin NFA. Ba a buƙatar lasisin bindigogi na tarayya (FFL) don zama mai mallakar mutum ɗaya, ko da yake ana buƙatar shi azaman sharadi don zama Mai Biyan Haraji na Musamman (SOT, duba Masu Biyan Harajin Sana'a Na Musamman ): Mai shigo da kaya na 1, Dila-dila na Class 2 ko Dila 3 a cikin makaman NFA. Gabaɗaya akwai hanyoyi guda uku don mallakar makamin NFA: a matsayin mutum ɗaya, ta hanyar amintaccen bindiga, ko azaman Kamfanin Lamuni mai iyaka (LLC) . Mallakar bindigar NFA ta doka ta mutum yana buƙatar canja wurin rajista a cikin rajistar NFA. Mutum mai shi baya buƙatar zama dillalin NFA don siyan makamai na Title II . Siyar da siyan makamin NFA, duk da haka, ana biyan haraji da kuma tsara shi, kamar haka:
Duk abubuwan NFA dole ne a yi rajista tare da Ofishin Alcohol, Taba, Makamai da Fashewa (ATF). Masu zaman kansu da ke son siyan abu na NFA dole ne su sami izini daga ATF, su ƙaddamar da bincike mai zurfi don haɗawa da ƙaddamar da hoto da sawun yatsa, cikakken rajistar bindigar, karɓar izinin rubutaccen ATF kafin motsa bindigar a cikin layin jihar, kuma su biya haraji. [7] Ana yin buƙatar canja wurin mallakar wani abu na NFA akan fom na ATF 4. [8] An sami ƙararrakin da ba su dace ba inda aka hana masu gabatar da kara izinin NFA don canja wuri. Waɗannan ƙararrakin sun haɗa da: Lomont v. O'Neill, Westfall v. Miller, da Steele v. Reshen Ƙasa .
Hakanan ana iya canjawa wuri abubuwan NFA zuwa kamfanoni (ko wasu ƙungiyoyin doka kamar amana). Lokacin da wani jami'in kamfani ya ƙaddamar da takaddun don neman canja wurin wani abu na NFA, katunan yatsa da hotunan jami'in suna buƙatar ƙaddamar da buƙatar canja wuri. Wannan hanya tana da kasala, tun da kamfani ne (ba babba ba) ya mallaki bindigar. Don haka, idan kamfani ya rushe, dole ne ya tura makamin NFA ga masu shi. Za a ɗauki wannan taron a matsayin sabon canja wuri kuma zai kasance ƙarƙashin sabon harajin canja wuri. [9]
Halin laifi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar ta sanya wasu aikata laifuka laifi, dangane da yin kasuwanci a matsayin masana'anta, mai shigo da kaya, ko dillali dangane da (NFA) bindigogi ba tare da yin rajista ko biya harajin sana'a na musamman (SOT); karba ko mallakan wani makami da aka tura wa kansa wanda ya saba wa NFA; karba ko mallakan wani makami da aka yi wanda ya saba wa NFA; karba ko mallakar makamin da ba a yi wa kansa rajista ba a cikin Rijistar Rijistar Makamai da Canja wurin Makamai ta Kasa; canja wurin ko yin makami wanda ya saba wa NFA; ko shafewa, cirewa, canza, ko canza lambar serial na bindigar.
Hukunce-hukuncen laifuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Za a iya hukunta laifin keta dokar har zuwa shekaru 10 a gidan yari na tarayya da kuma batar da duk wani na'ura ko makaman da aka keta, da kuma hakkin mutum na mallaka ko mallakar bindigogi a nan gaba. Dokar ta tanadi hukuncin dala 10,000 kan wasu laifuka. Ƙoƙari da gangan don gujewa ko cin nasara kan harajin da Dokar ta sanya shi ne babban laifi da za a iya yankewa har zuwa shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma tarar $ 100,000 ($ 500,000 a yanayin kamfani ko amana), a ƙarƙashin dokar kin biyan haraji. Ga wani mutum, za a iya ƙara tarar dala 100,000 na laifin kin biyan haraji zuwa $250,000.
Banda
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a Haynes v. Amurka cewa Kwaskwari na Biyar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya keɓe masu laifi—kuma, ta hanyar fitar da su, duk sauran waɗanda aka haramta—daga buƙatun rajista na Dokar. Mutumin da aka haramta wanda ya keta haramcin na iya, duk da haka, ana iya yanke masa hukunci a karkashin Dokar Kula da Bindiga ta 1968 saboda kasancewarsa haramtaccen mutum da ya mallaki (kowane) bindiga.
Amincewar NFA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amintaccen NFA (wanda kuma aka sani da amincin bindiga, Amintaccen Title II, Amintaccen ATF, ko Amintaccen Class 3) amintacciyar doka ce wacce ake amfani da ita a cikin Amurka don yin rajista da mallakar bindigogin NFA. Ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi, amfani da amana yana ba masu son siyan abubuwan NFA damar gujewa wasu buƙatun canja wurin tarayya waɗanda in ba haka ba za a ɗora wa mutum. Kamar sauran amintattu, yana ba da damar tsara ƙasa a cikin gadon bindigogi. A cikin 2013, ATF ta gabatar da sababbin dokoki, [10] sau da yawa ana kiranta ATF Proposed Rule 41p, wanda, idan an karɓa, zai buƙaci duk "masu alhaki" na mahallin da ake amfani da su don siyan kayan NFA don bi irin hanyoyin da daidaikun mutane ke samun abubuwan NFA. A cikin amana na NFA, an ayyana mutumin da ke da alhakin a matsayin "kowane mai bayarwa, ma'aikaci, mai cin gajiya, ... wanda ya mallaki, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, iko ko iko a ƙarƙashin kowane kayan amana, ... karba, mallaka, jirgi, jigilar kaya, aikawa, canja wuri, ko kuma jefar da makami don, ko a madadin, mahallin." [10] ATF ta kammala dokar a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2016, don yin tasiri bayan kwanaki 180. Bukatar da ta gabata don amincewa da "babban jami'in tilasta bin doka" an kawar da shi, yayin da duk masu alhakin amincewa dole ne a yanzu su bi hani iri ɗaya na masu kowane mutum. [11]
Kotun Koli ta soke Kotun Lardi kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa tanadin NFA (mai laifin mallakar wasu bindigogi) bai saba wa ƙuntatawa na Kwaskwari na Biyu ba don haka ya kasance tsarin mulki.
An ba da izini ga hukunce-hukuncen da suka biyo baya su tsaya, yana nuna cewa gabaɗaya ana gane bindigogin gajerun bindigogi a matsayin kayan aikin soja na yau da kullun idan an gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani (misali, duba: Cases v. United States ), yana kwatanta amfani da gajerun bindigogin harbi a cikin rukunin sojoji na musamman.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ (Byron W. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Weaver, Greg S. (2002). "Firearm Deaths, Gun Availability, and Legal Regulatory Changes: Suggestions from the Data". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 92 (3): 824. doi:10.2307/1144246. JSTOR 1144246. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "History of ATF from Oxford University Press". ATF.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedATFHistory - ↑ "U.S.C. Title 26 § 5845(b)". U.S. Government Publishing Office.
- ↑ "National Firearms Act (NFA)". Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012.
- ↑ "Home » Chief Law Enforcement Officer Required Sign Law Enforcement Certification ATF Form 1 Or ATF is the chief law enforcement officer required to sign the law enforcement certification on ATF Form 1 or ATF Form 4?". ATF. 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
- ↑ "ATF Form 4" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ↑ "National Firearms Act (NFA) — Firearms". ATF. 2013.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Proposed Rules: Machine Guns, Destructive Devices and Certain Other Firearms; Background Checks for Responsible Persons of a Corporation, Trust or Other Legal Entity With Respect To Making or Transferring a Firearm" (PDF). Federal Register. 78: 55014. September 9, 2013.
- ↑ "View Rule 27 CFR 479". RegInfo.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-17.