Dokar Milan

Dokar Milan
	rescript (en) da edict (en)
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Romawa na Da
Applies to jurisdiction (en)	Romawa na Da
Mawallafi	Constantine the Great (en) da Licinius (en)
Ranar wallafa	ga Yuni, 313
Place of publication (en)	Mediolanum (en)

Dokar Milan (Latin: Edictum Mediolanense; Hellenanci: Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων, Diatagma ton Mediolanōn) ita ce yarjejeniya ta Fabrairu 313 don mu'amala da Kiristoci da kirki a cikin Daular Roma. Sarkin Roma na Yamma Constantine I da Sarkin sarakuna Licinius, wanda ke iko da Balkans, sun hadu a Mediolanum (Milan ta yau) kuma, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, sun amince su canza manufofin ga Kiristoci^[1] bayan dokar haƙura da Sarki Galerius ya bayar shekaru biyu da suka gabata a Serdica. Dokar Milan ta ba da matsayin Kiristanci na shari'a da kuma jinkiri daga tsanantawa amma bai sanya ta zama cocin jihar na Daular Roma ba, wanda ya faru a AD 380 tare da Dokar Tasalonika, lokacin da Kiristanci na Nicene ya sami matsayi na al'ada.^[2]

Ana samun takardar a cikin De mortibus persecutorum na Lactantius da kuma Tarihin Ikilisiyar Eusebius na Kaisariya tare da bambance-bambance tsakanin su biyu. Ko akwai 'Edict of Milan' na yau da kullun ba a sake yin muhawara tsakanin malamai ba, waɗanda gabaɗaya suka ƙi labarin kamar yadda ya zo

Fassarar da aka samu a cikin Lactantius ba ta cikin hanyar doka ba. Wasika ce daga Licinius ga gwamnonin larduna a Daular Gabas cewa ya ci nasara ta hanyar kayar da Maximinus daga baya a wannan shekarar kuma ya fito a Nicomedia.

Tarihi

Romawa sun yi tunanin kansu a matsayin masu addini sosai kuma sun danganta nasarar su a matsayin ikon duniya ga hadin gwiwar su (pietas) wajen kiyaye kyakkyawar dangantaka da alloli. An san Romawa da yawan alloli da suka girmama. Kasancewar Helenawa a yankin Italiya ya gabatar da wasu ayyukan addini kamar bautar Apollo . Romawa sun nemi wani abu na kowa tsakanin manyan alloli da na Helenawa, suna daidaita tatsuniyoyi Helenawa da siffofi don wallafe-wallafen Latin da Fasahar Romawa. A cewar tatsuniyoyi, yawancin cibiyoyin addini na Roma za a iya gano su ga wadanda suka kafa su; wannan tsohuwar addinin shine tushe na mos maiorum, "hanyar kakanninmu" ko kuma kawai "al'ada", ana kallon su a matsayin tsakiya ga asalin Romawa. Ta hanyar interpretatio graeca da interpretatio romana, addinan sauran mutanen da aka haɗa cikin Daular Romawa sun kasance tare a cikin tsarin tauhidin Roma.

Ƙaddamar da Yahudanci-Kirista game da cewa allahn su kaɗai ne kuma a gaskata duk sauran alloli alloli ne na ƙarya ba za a iya haɗa su cikin tsarin ba. Rashin amincewarsu ya hana su yin rantsuwa da aminci ga Allahntakar sarki. Fiye da haka, ƙin Kiristoci su biya Harajin Yahudawa an ɗauka a matsayin barazana ba kawai ga addinin jihar ba amma ga jihar kanta.^[3] Wannan ya haifar da nau'o'in tsanantawa daban-daban. Sarkin sarakuna Decius (r. 249-251) ya ba da umarni wanda ya sanya takunkumi mai tsanani ga Kiristoci, manufofin da magajinsa Valerian ya ci gaba. Tare da hauhawar Gallienus (r. 253-268), Cocin ya ji daɗin kusan shekaru 40 ba tare da takunkumi na hukuma a kan Kiristoci ba, wanda Eusebius ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙaramin" zaman lafiya na Cocin. A cikin 311, Galerius ya buga wata doka daga Nicomedia wanda ya kawo karshen tsanantawa a hukumance.

Dokar Toleration ta Galerius

Ragowar fadar sarauta ta Mediolanum (Milan). Gidan sarauta (wanda Maximian, abokin aiki na Diocletian ya gina shi) babban gini ne tare da gine-gine da yawa, lambuna, da farfajiyar, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ayyukan sirri da na jama'a na Sarkin sarakuna, da kuma kotunsa, iyalinsa, da kuma mulkin mallaka.

Tun faduwar Daular Severan a cikin AD 235, masu hamayya da kursiyin mulkin mallaka sun nemi goyon baya ta hanyar faɗakarwa ko tsananta wa Kiristoci. Sarkin sarakuna Galerius daga Serdica ne ya ba da Dokar Toleration ta Galerius kuma an aika shi a Nicomedia a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 311. Ta hanyar tanadinta, Kiristoci waɗanda suka "bi irin wannan sha'awa kuma suka fada cikin irin wannan wauta cewa ba za su yi biyayya ga cibiyoyin zamanin d ̄ a" an ba su kyauta.

Bayyanawar addini

Kodayake ana gabatar da Dokar Milan a matsayin babban aikin farko na Constantine a matsayin sarki Kirista, ana jayayya ko Dokar Milan ta kasance aikin bangaskiya ta gaskiya. Ana iya ganin takardar a matsayin mataki na farko na Constantine wajen kirkirar kawance da Allah na Kirista, wanda ya yi la'akari da allahn da ya fi karfi. A wannan lokacin, ya damu game da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa da kariya ga daular daga fushin Allah na Kirista: a wannan ra'ayi, dokar na iya zama yanke shawara ta siyasa maimakon canjin addini. Koyaya, yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa karɓar Kiristanci na Constantine na gaskiya ne, kuma cewa Dokar Milan ita ce kawai aikin farko na Constantine a matsayin Kirista mai kwazo. Wannan ra'ayi yana goyan bayan ni'imar da Constantine ke ci gaba a madadin Kiristanci a lokacin sauran mulkinsa.

Zaman Lafiya na Cocin

Dokar da Galerius ya yi a baya bai yi wani abu ba don dawo da dukiyar da aka kwace na Kiristoci. An bar wannan ga Dokar Milan. An ba da umarni don a dawo da wuraren tarurruka na Kiristoci da sauran kadarorin da kuma biyan diyya da jihar za ta biya wa masu mallakar yanzu:

the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception.

Ya umarci mahukunta na lardin da su aiwatar da umarnin nan da nan tare da dukkan kuzari don a dawo da tsarin jama'a kuma ci gaba da ni'imar Allah zai iya "kiyayewa da bunƙasa nasarorinmu tare da amfanin jihar". Constantine ya ba da umarnin a maido da shi a kan kudin jihar. Ga Kiristoci, rigakafi da tabbacin da ke cikin aikin sun sami sakamako mafi muhimmanci. A karo na farko, ya zama mai yiwuwa a kiyaye liturgy a fili a cikin cikakkiyarsa kuma a yi ƙoƙari sosai da kuma ƙwazo don tsara rayuwar daular bisa ga manufofi da ƙa'idodin Kirista. Farin cikin Kiristoci a wannan canji a cikin matsayinsu na jama'a Eusebius ya bayyana shi a cikin "Tarihin Ikilisiya" (X, ii).

Dubi kuma

Constantine Mai Girma da Kiristanci
Canjin Constantine
Zaman Lafiya na Allah
Paparoma a ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a

Manazarta

↑ Frend, W. H. C. (1965). The Early Church. SPCK, p. 137.
↑ The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. Quote: "Christianity did not become the official religion of the empire under Constantine, as is often mistakenly claimed
↑ Wylen, Stephen M., The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, Paulist Press (1995), ISBN 0-8091-3610-4, pp. 190–192.

[1] Frend, W. H. C. (1965). The Early Church. SPCK, p. 137.

[2] The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. Quote: "Christianity did not become the official religion of the empire under Constantine, as is often mistakenly claimed

[3] Wylen, Stephen M., The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, Paulist Press (1995), ISBN 0-8091-3610-4, pp. 190–192.

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