Dokar Sirriyar Sadarwar Lantarki
 Dokar Sirriyar Sadarwar Lantarki | |
|---|---|
| Dokar Majalisa | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Applies to jurisdiction (en)  | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Legislated by (en) |
99th United States Congress (en) |
| Signatory (en) |
Ronald Reagan (mul) |
Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta kafa Dokar Sirri ta Sadarwar Sadarwar Lantarki ta 1986 ( ECPA ) don tsawaita hani kan bututun waya na gwamnati na kiran tarho don haɗa da watsa bayanan lantarki ta kwamfuta ( 18 USC § 2510 da sauran. ), ƙara sabbin tanade-tanade da ke hana damar yin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki da aka adana, watau Dokar Sadarwar da aka Ajiye (SCA, 18 . USC § 2701 da sauran ), da kuma ƙara abin da ake kira tanadin tarkon alƙalami wanda ke ba da izinin gano hanyoyin sadarwar tarho ( 18 USC § 3121 da sauran. ). ECPA wani gyara ne ga Take III na Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act of 1968 ( ka'idar Wiretap ), wanda aka tsara da farko don hana damar gwamnati mara izini ga hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki masu zaman kansu. An gyara ECPA ta Taimakon Sadarwa don Dokar Tilasta Doka (CALEA) na 1994, Dokar PATRIOT ta Amurka (2001), Ayyukan sake ba da izini na PATRIOT na Amurka (2006), da Dokar Gyaran FISA (2008). [1]
Dubawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]"Haɗin lantarki" yana nufin duk wani canja wurin alamomi, sigina, rubuce-rubuce, hotuna, sauti, bayanai, ko hankali na kowane yanayi da ake watsawa gaba ɗaya ko ɗaya ta hanyar waya, rediyo, electromagnetic, tsarin photoelectronic ko tsarin photooptic wanda ke shafar tsaka-tsaki ko kasuwancin waje, amma ya ware masu zuwa:
- Waya ko sadarwa ta baka
- Sadarwar da aka yi ta hanyar sautin murya kawai
- Sadarwa daga na'urar sa ido (kamar yadda aka ayyana a sashe na 3117)
- Kuɗaɗen lantarki suna canja bayanan da cibiyar kuɗi ta adana a cikin tsarin sadarwar da ake amfani da shi don ajiyar lantarki da canja wurin kuɗi
Take I na ECPA yana kare waya, na baka, da sadarwar lantarki yayin tafiya. Yana saita buƙatu don garantin bincike waɗanda suka fi ƙarfi fiye da sauran saitunan. Take II na ECPA, Dokar Sadarwar da aka Ajiye (SCA), tana ba da kariya ga hanyoyin sadarwa da ke cikin ma'ajiyar lantarki, musamman saƙonnin da aka adana a kan kwamfutoci. Kariyar ta ta fi na Take Ni, duk da haka, kuma ba na sanya ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi don garanti. Take III ya hana yin amfani da rajistar alƙalami da/ko tarko da na'urorin ganowa don yin rikodin bugun kira, tuƙi, tuntuɓar, da bayanan sigina da aka yi amfani da su wajen isar da waya ko sadarwar lantarki ba tare da umarnin kotu ba.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara gabatar da dokar a hankali bayan kutsawar siginar watsa shirye-shiryen Kyaftin Midnight, inda injiniyan lantarki John R. MacDougall ya shiga cikin siginar HBO a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1986.
A sakamakon haka, an zartar da wannan doka. Wannan matakin kuma ya sa satar tauraron dan adam ya zama babban laifi. [2]
Tanadi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hukumar ta ECPA ta tsawaita takunkumin gwamnati kan bututun waya daga kiran waya don haɗawa da watsa bayanan lantarki ta kwamfuta ( 18 USC § 2510 da sauran. ), ƙara sabbin tanade-tanade da ke hana damar yin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki da aka adana, watau Dokar Sadarwar da aka Ajiye ( 18 USC § 2701 da sauran ), da kuma ƙara abin da ake kira tanadin alkalami/tarko wanda ke ba da izinin gano hanyoyin sadarwar tarho ( 18 USC § 3121 da sauran).
18 U.S.C. § 3123(d)(2) provides for gag orders which direct the recipient of a pen register or trap and trace device order not to disclose the existence of the pen/trap or the investigation.[3]
Sirrin ma'aikaci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ECPA ta tsawaita kariyar sirrin da Omnibus Control Crime Control and Safe Street Act na 1968 (na masu daukar ma'aikata ke sa ido kan kiran wayar ma'aikata) don haɗawa da lantarki da sadarwar wayar salula. Duba kuma saka idanu na ma'aikata da keɓantawar wurin aiki .
Ka'idar shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin shari'o'in kotu sun tayar da tambayar ko ana kare saƙon imel a ƙarƙashin tsauraran tanadin taken Ni yayin da suke cikin ma'ajiya ta wucin gadi kan hanyar zuwa wurinsu na ƙarshe. A Amurka v. Councilman, wata kotun gundumar Amurka da kuma alkalai uku da suka shigar da kara sun yanke hukuncin cewa ba haka suke ba, amma a shekara ta 2005, cikakkiyar Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta yi watsi da wannan ra'ayi. An sassauta masu kare sirrin ; sun yi gardama a cikin taƙaice amicus curiae cewa idan ECPA ba ta kare e-mail ba a cikin ajiyar wucin gadi, ƙarin kariyar ta ba ta da ma'ana saboda kusan duk wasiƙun lantarki ana adana su na ɗan lokaci a cikin wucewa aƙalla sau ɗaya kuma Majalisa za ta san hakan a cikin 1986 lokacin da aka zartar da doka. (duba, misali, RFC 822). Daga karshe an yi watsi da karar bisa dalilan da ba su da alaka da lamurran ECPA.
Kame na'urar kwamfuta, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sarrafa tsarin allo na lantarki, kuma yana ɗauke da saƙon lantarki mai zaman kansa wanda aka aika zuwa (ajiye akan) allon sanarwa, amma waɗanda aka yi niyya ba su karanta (dawo) ba, ba ya zama tsangwama ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a ƙarƙashin Dokar Wiretap ta Tarayya, 18 USC s 2510, a matsayin taken, et seq. Farashin ECPA. Gwamnatoci na iya haƙiƙanin bin diddigin wayoyin salula a cikin ainihin lokaci ba tare da sammacin bincike a ƙarƙashin ECPA ba ta hanyar nazarin bayanan eriya da wayoyin salula ke tuntuɓar su, muddin ana amfani da wayar a bainar jama'a inda akwai sa ido na gani.
A Robbins v. Lower Merion School District (2010), wanda kuma aka fi sani da "WebcamGate", masu gabatar da kara sun tuhumi cewa manyan makarantun Philadelphia na kewayen birni biyu sun keta ECPA ta hanyar kunna kyamarar gidan yanar gizon da ke cikin kwamfyutocin makaranta da saka idanu a gida. Makarantun sun yarda da ɗaukar hotuna sama da 66,000 a asirce da hotuna, gami da hotunan kyamarar yanar gizo na ɗalibai a cikin ɗakin kwana. [4]
Suka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An soki ECPA saboda gazawa wajen kare duk bayanan sadarwa da bayanan masu amfani, musamman saboda dokar ta tsufa kuma ba ta da alaƙa da yadda mutane ke rabawa, adanawa, da amfani da bayanai a halin yanzu.
Ƙarƙashin ECPA, yana da sauƙi ga hukumar gwamnati don buƙatar masu ba da sabis su mika bayanan mabukaci na sirri da aka adana a sabar mai bada sabis. [5] Imel ɗin da aka adana akan sabar wani ɓangare na uku sama da kwanaki 180 doka tana ɗaukar yin watsi da ita. Duk abin da ake buƙata don samun abubuwan da ke cikin imel ɗin da hukumar tilasta bin doka ta kasance wata sanarwa ce a rubuce da ke tabbatar da cewa bayanin ya dace da bincike, ba tare da nazarin shari'a ba. [6] Lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da dokar, ana adana imel ɗin akan sabar ɓangare na uku na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kawai isa don sauƙaƙe canja wurin imel zuwa abokin ciniki na imel ɗin mabukaci, wanda gabaɗaya yana kan kwamfutarsu ta sirri ko aiki. Yanzu, tare da ayyukan imel na kan layi kamar Gmel da Hotmail, masu amfani sun fi dacewa su adana imel a kan layi har abada, maimakon su ajiye su na kasa da kwanaki 180. [7] Idan an adana imel iri ɗaya a kan kwamfutar mai amfani, zai buƙaci 'yan sanda su sami sammacin fara kama abubuwan da ke cikin su, ba tare da la'akari da shekarun su ba. Lokacin da aka adana su akan sabar intanit duk da haka, ba a buƙatar garanti, farawa kwanaki 180 bayan karɓar saƙon, ƙarƙashin doka. A cikin 2013, membobin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun ba da shawarar sake fasalin wannan hanya.
ECPA ta kuma ƙara jerin laifuffukan da za su iya tabbatar da amfani da sa ido, da kuma adadin membobin shari'a waɗanda za su iya ba da izini irin wannan sa ido. Ana iya samun bayanai game da zirga-zirga da tsarin kiran mutum ko ƙungiya ba tare da izini ba, wanda zai ba wa hukuma damar samun bayanan sirri mai mahimmanci da yuwuwar mamaye sirri ba tare da tantancewa ba, saboda ainihin abin da ke cikin sadarwar ba a taɓa shi ba. Yayin da sadarwar wurin aiki, a ka'ida, ke da kariya, duk abin da ake buƙata don samun damar yin amfani da sanarwar shine ma'aikaci ya ba da sanarwa kawai ko mai kulawa don ba da rahoton cewa ayyukan ma'aikaci ba su da amfani ga kamfani. Wannan yana nufin cewa, tare da ƙananan zato, mai aiki zai iya sa ido kan sadarwa a cikin kamfani. Muhawarar da ake ci gaba da yi ita ce, inda za a takaita ikon gwamnati na duba rayukan fararen hula, tare da daidaita bukatar dakile barazanar kasa. [] [8]
A cikin 2011, The New York Times ya buga "1986 Dokar Sirri ta Wurin Yanar Gizo", yana nuna cewa:
...Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi jayayya a kotu cewa masu amfani da wayar salula sun daina tsammanin sirri game da inda suke ta hanyar ba da bayanan ga dillalai. A watan Afrilu, ta yi gardama a wata kotun tarayya a Colorado cewa ya kamata ta sami damar yin amfani da wasu imel ba tare da sammacin bincike ba. Kuma jami’an tsaro na tarayya, bisa la’akari da ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasahar kere-kere, sun yi shirin neman a samar musu da sabbin ka’idoji da za su daidaita karfinsu na yin na’urar sauraren karar ta hanyar doka ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta Intanet daban-daban.
Binciken ya ci gaba da tattauna yadda Google, Facebook, Verizon, Twitter da sauran kamfanoni ke tsaka-tsaki tsakanin masu amfani da gwamnatoci.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Office of Justice Programs (OJP), U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)".
- ↑ Bloombecker, J. J. B. (July 1988). "Captain Midnight and the Space Hackers". Security Management. 32 (7): 77–79, 82. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- ↑ "In Re: Sealing and Non-disclosure of Pen/Trap/2703(d) Orders of May 30, 2008, p. 5" (PDF). steptoe.com.
- ↑ "Initial LANrev System Findings" (PDF). Lower Merion School District. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
LMSD Redacted Forensic Analysis, L-3 Services – prepared for Ballard Spahr (LMSD's counsel)
- ↑ Schwartz, Ari; Mulligan, Deirdre; Mondal, Indrani (2004–2005). "Storing Our Lives Online: Expanded Email Storage Raises Complex Policy Issues". I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society. 1: 597.
- ↑ "18 U.S. Code § 2703". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ↑ "Modernizing the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)". American Civil Liberties Union (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-04.
- ↑ Bambara, Joseph (Spring 2014). "Information Privacy and the Law within these United States" (PDF). International In-house Counsel Journal. 7 (27): 1–5 – via iicj.