Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama (Amurka)
 Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama (Amurka) | |
|---|---|
| Dokar Majalisa | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Applies to jurisdiction (en)  | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Kwanan wata | 17 Disamba 1963 |
| Legislated by (en) |
88th United States Congress (en) |
| Signatory (en) |
Lyndon B. Johnson (mul) |
Dokar Tsabtace iska (CAA) ita ce dokar ingancin iska ta tarayya ta farko ta Amurka, wacce aka yi niyya don ragewa da sarrafa gurɓataccen iska a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya. An fara aiwatar da shi a cikin 1963 kuma an gyara sau da yawa tun, yana ɗaya daga cikin dokokin muhalli na zamani na Amurka na farko kuma mafi tasiri.
Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran manyan dokokin muhalli na tarayya na Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ce ke gudanar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace, tare da daidaitawa da gwamnatocin jihohi, na gida, da na kabilanci. Shirye-shiryen gudanarwa masu alaƙa, waɗanda galibi fasaha ne kuma masu rikitarwa, suna aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodi. Daga cikin mafi mahimmanci, shirin Matsayin ingancin iska na ƙasa ya tsara ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan gurɓataccen iska a cikin iska a waje, da kuma ƙa'idojin fitar da gurɓataccen iska na ƙasa wanda ke tsara ƙa'idodin fitar da gurɓataccen iska na musamman daga takamaiman tushe. Sauran shirye-shiryen suna haifar da buƙatu don mai na abin hawa, wuraren masana'antu, da sauran fasahohi da ayyukan da ke tasiri ingancin iska. Sabbin shirye-shirye suna magance takamaiman matsaloli, gami da ruwan sama na acid, kariya daga sararin samaniya, da sauyin yanayi.[1]
An ƙalubalanci CAA a kotu sau da yawa, duka ta ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ke neman ƙarin aiwatar da doka da kuma ta jihohi da masu amfani da ke neman mafi girman tsari.
Ko da yake ainihin fa'idodinsa ya dogara da abin da aka ƙidaya, Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta rage yawan gurɓataccen iska da haɓaka ingancin iskar Amurka - fa'idodin da EPA ke bayarwa tare da ceton tiriliyan daloli da dubban rayuka kowace shekara.
Shirye-shiryen tsari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Amurka, "Dokar iska mai tsabta" yawanci tana nufin ƙa'idar da aka tsara a 42 U.S.C. ch. 85. Wannan ka'ida ita ce samfurin ayyuka na Majalisa da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu - Dokar 1963 - an ba shi lakabin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace, kuma wani daga cikinsu - Dokar 1970 - yawanci ana kiransa kamar haka. Duk da haka, a cikin lissafin da suka ƙirƙira doka, ana kiran manyan sassan "Titles", kuma ana ƙididdige sassan dokar bisa ga take (misali, Take II ya fara da Sashe na 201).[2] A aikace, EPA, kotuna, da lauyoyi sukan yi amfani da tsarin ƙidaya na ƙarshe.
Ko da yake yawancin sassan dokokin suna da cikakkun bayanai, wasu sun tsara kawai jigogi na shirye-shiryen tsarin doka, kuma sun bar mahimman kalmomi da yawa ba a bayyana su ba. Hukumomin da ke da alhakin, da farko EPA, don haka sun samar da ka'idojin gudanarwa don aiwatar da umarnin Majalisa. Ana buga ƙa'idodin EPA da aka tsara da na ƙarshe a cikin Rijistar Tarayya, galibi tare da dogon tarihin baya. Dokokin CAA na yanzu an tsara su a 40 C.F.R. Babi na C, Sashe na 50-98.[3] Waɗannan ɓangarorin galibi sun yi daidai da manyan tsare-tsare na tsari na Dokar Tsabtace iska.
Waɗannan su ne manyan tsare-tsare na tsari a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Iska.
Ka'idojin Ingantattun Yanayin Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa
Ma'aunin ingancin iska na ƙasa (NAAQS) yana mulkin nawa ne matakin ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta (PM10, PM2.5), gubar (Pb), sulfur dioxide (SO2), da nitrogen dioxide (NO2) aka yarda a cikin iska ta waje. NAAQS ta saita matakan yarda na wasu gurɓataccen iska a cikin iskar da ke cikin Amurka. Kafin 1965, babu wani shiri na ƙasa don haɓaka ƙa'idodin yanayin yanayi, kuma kafin 1970 gwamnatin tarayya ba ta da alhakin haɓaka su.
Canje-canjen CAA na 1970 ya buƙaci EPA don tantance wane gurɓataccen iska ya haifar da babbar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a da walwala da kuma ƙaddamar da NAAQS da ka'idojin ingancin iska a gare su. An kira ka'idodin tushen kiwon lafiya "na farko" NAAQS, yayin da matakan da aka saita don kare jin daɗin jama'a ban da lafiya (misali, ƙimar aikin gona) ana kiranta "na biyu" NAAQS.
A cikin 1971, EPA ta ƙaddamar da ƙa'idodi don sulfur oxides, ƙwayoyin cuta, carbon monoxide, oxidants photochemical, hydrocarbons, da nitrogen dioxide (36 FR 22384). Da farko, EPA ba ta lissafta gubar a matsayin ma'auni na gurɓataccen iska, sarrafa shi ta hanyar hukumomin tushen wayar hannu, amma ana buƙatar yin hakan bayan nasarar ƙarar da Hukumar Tsaro ta Albarkatun Kasa (NRDC) ta gabatar a 1976 (43 FR 46258).[4]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act" (PDF). Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). April 2007. p. 19. EPA 456/K-07-001.
- ↑ Nelson, Garrison (2017). John William McCormack: A Political Biography. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1628925166.
- ↑ "Clean Air Act Text". EPA. April 28, 2025
- ↑ See "EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee". Archived from the original on April 22, 2008.