Dokar Verner

Dokar Verner
	phonetic rule (en)
Bayanai
Fuskar	first Germanic consonant shift (en)
Suna saboda	Karl Verner (en)

Dokar Verner ta bayyana wani sauyi mai kyau na tarihi a cikin harshen Proto-Jamusanci inda baƙaƙe waɗanda galibi za su kasance kalmomin da ba su da murya *f, *þ, *s, *h, *hʷ, bin wani harafi mara matsewa, ya zama kalmomin da ake furtawa *β, *ð, *z, *ɣ, *ɣʷ ^{[lower-alpha 1]} Karl Verner ne ya tsara dokar, kuma aka fara buga ta a shekarar 1877.

Matsala

An kafa wani babban fahimta game da yadda harsunan Jamus suka bambanta da kakanninsu na Indo-Turai a farkon ƙarni na sha tara, kuma an tsara su a matsayin dokar Grimm . Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, dokar Grimm ta bayyana yadda marasa murya na Proto-Indo-Turai ke tsayawa *p, *t, *k, da kuma *kʷ ana canzawa akai-akai zuwa Proto-Germanic *f ( bilabial fricative [ɸ] ), *þ ( hakori mai ban sha'awa [θ] ), *h ( ƙaunataccen ɗan iska [x] ), da kuma *hʷ ( labio-velar fricative [xw] ). ^[1]

Duk da haka, akwai manyan kalmomi inda yarjejeniyar Latin, Girkanci, Sanskrit, Baltic, Slavic da sauransu ta tabbatar da Proto-Indo-Turai *p, *t ko *k, duk da haka, ba a yi tsammanin zance mai daɗi ba game da Jamusanci *f, *þ, *h, *hʷ amma maimakon haka, takwarorinsu masu magana *β, *ð, *ɣ, *ɣʷ Irin wannan matsala ta samu tare da Proto-Indo-European *s, wanda wani lokacin yana bayyana a matsayin Proto-Germanic *z . ^[1]

Da farko, rashin daidaito bai haifar da damuwa ga masana ba tunda akwai misalai da yawa na sakamakon da aka saba samu. Duk da haka, ya zama babban burin masana harsuna kamar Neogrammarians su tsara ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya da na musamman na canjin sauti waɗanda za su yi la'akari da duk bayanan (ko kuma kusan duk bayanan gwargwadon iko), ba wai kawai ga wani ɓangare na shi mai kyawawan halaye ba.

Misali ɗaya na gargajiya na Proto-Indo-European *t → Tsarin Jamusanci *ð kalmar 'uba' ce. Proto-Indo-Turai *ph₂tḗr (a nan, macron yana nuna tsawon wasali ) → Proto-Jamusanci *faðēr (maimakon ana tsammanin *faþēr ). ^[1] A cikin kalmar iyali mai kama da tsari *bʰréh₂tēr 'ɗan'uwa', Proto-Indo-European *t hakika ya bunƙasa kamar yadda aka annabta a Dokar Grimm (Jamusanci *brōþēr ). ^[1] Abin mamaki ma, masana sau da yawa suna samun duka *þ kuma *ð a matsayin martanin Proto-Indo-Turai *t a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na tushen ɗaya da iri ɗaya, misali werþaną 'juya', preterite mutum na uku singular *warþ 'ya juya', amma jam'i na mutum na uku mai suna preterite *wurðun da kuma ɓangaren da ya gabata *wurðanaz .

Mafita

A al'adance ana yaba wa Karl Verner a matsayin malami na farko da ya lura da abin da ke tafiyar da rarraba sakamakon biyu. Verner ya lura cewa sautin da ba a zata ba na tsayawar murya ta Proto-Indo-Turai ya faru ne idan ba kalma ba ce, kuma idan wasalin da ke gaba da su bai ɗauke da damuwa ba a Proto-Indo-Turai. Asalin wurin damuwa sau da yawa ana riƙe shi a cikin Girkanci da farkon Sanskrit ; duk da haka, a cikin Jamusanci, damuwa daga ƙarshe ta tsaya akan farkon harafin (tushen) duk kalmomi.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna canje-canjen sauti bisa ga Verner. A cikin layin ƙasa, ga kowane biyu, sautin da ke gefen dama yana wakiltar sautin da aka canza bisa ga Dokar Verner.

Babban bambanci tsakanin *patḗr da kuma *bʰrā́tēr Saboda haka yana ɗaya daga cikin ma'aunin harafi na biyu da na farkon harafi (kwatanta Sanskrit pitā́ idan aka kwatanta da bhrā́tā ). ^[1]

*werþaną : *wurðun Ana kuma bayyana bambanci a matsayin saboda damuwa akan tushen da damuwa akan ƙarin magana (barin harafin farko ba tare da an jaddada shi ba). Akwai kuma wasu madadin Vernerian, kamar yadda Jamusanci na zamani ziehen ya nuna 'zane, ja': Old High German zogōn 'ja, ja' ← teuhaną Proto-Jamusanci : *tugōną ← Kafin Jamusanci *déwk-o-nom : *duk-éh₂-yo-nom 'gubar'. ^[1]

Sauyin da Dokar Verner ta bayyana shi ma ya dogara ne akan Proto-Germanic *z a matsayin ci gaban Proto-Indo-European *s a wasu kalmomi. Tun daga wannan *z an canza zuwa *r a cikin Jamusanci na Arewacin Jamusanci da kuma a Yammacin Jamusanci ( Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Ingilishi, Frisian ), Dokar Verner ta haifar da sauyawar *s kuma *r a cikin wasu sigogin juzu'i, waɗanda aka sani da grammatischer Wechsel . ^[1] Misali, kalmar fi'ili ta Tsohon Turanci ceosan 'zaɓi' yana da siffar jam'i da ta gabata curon da kuma ɓangaren da ya gabata (ge)coren Waɗannan siffofi guda uku sun samo asali ne daga Proto-Germanic keusaną : *kuzun ~ *kuzanaz, wanda ya sake samo asali daga Pre-Germanic *géws-o-nom : *gus-únt ~ *gus-o-nós 'ɗanɗana, gwada'. Da za mu sami ** masara da aka zaɓa a cikin Turancin Zamani idan ba a daidaita harafin chose and chose a cikin siffa ba (kwatanta kiezen na Dutch 'zaɓi' : verkoren 'zaɓa'). A gefe guda kuma, Vernerian *r ba a daidaita shi da Turanci ba ← Proto-Jamusanci *wēzun, wanda ya shafi Turanci ya kasance . Hakazalika, Ingilishi ya yi rashin nasara, kodayake yana da raunin tsari da aka rasa, kuma yana da tsohon tsari † lorn (yanzu ana iya gani a cikin mahaɗan forlorn da lovelorn ) (kwatanta Dutch verliezen : verloren ); a Jamusanci, a gefe guda kuma, *s an daidaita su duka a war 'was' (jam'in waren 'sun kasance') da kuma verlieren 'rasa' (participle verloren 'ɓacewa').

Dokar Verner a cikin Gothic

Duk da cewa harsunan Jamus ta Arewa da Yammacin Jamus suna nuna tasirin dokar Verner a fili, waɗannan alamu ba kasafai suke bayyana a cikin Gothic ba, wakilin Gabashin Jamus . Wannan yawanci ana tsammanin saboda Gothic ya kawar da yawancin bambance-bambancen dokar Verner ta hanyar kwatantawa da baƙaƙen da ba su da tasiri. ^[1]

Muhimmanci

Karl Verner ya buga bincikensa a cikin labarin " Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung "(Banda ga canjin sauti na farko) a cikin Mujallar Binciken Harsunan Kwatantawa ta Kuhn a 1877, amma ya riga ya gabatar da ka'idarsa a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1875 a cikin wata cikakkiyar wasiƙar sirri ga abokinsa kuma mai ba shi shawara, Vilhelm Thomsen . ^{[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]}

Wata wasiƙa ta nuna cewa Eduard Sievers ya yi irin wannan bayanin kafin shekarar 1874, amma bai buga shi ba. ^[1]

Ka'idar Verner ta samu karbuwa sosai daga matasan masana falsafar kwatantawa, wadanda ake kira Junggrammatiker, domin wata muhimmiyar hujja ce da ta goyi bayan koyarwar Neogrammarian cewa dokokin da suka dace ba su da keɓancewa (" die Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetze ").

Tunawa da canjin da dokar Verner ta bayyana

Canjin furucin da Dokar Verner ta bayyana dole ne ya faru kafin a canza damuwa zuwa harafin farko: sautin sabon baƙaƙe a cikin Proto-Germanic yana da alaƙa da yadda ake jaddada harafin a cikin Proto-Indo-European, duk da haka wannan damuwa ta syllabic ta ɓace a cikin Proto-Germanic, don haka canjin harafin dole ne ya faru ne a lokacin da damuwar syllabic a cikin Proto-Germanic na baya ya kasance daidai da tsarin Indo-European. Duk da haka, canjin damuwa ta syllabic ya goge yanayin yanayin, kuma ya sa bambancin tsakanin fricatives marasa murya da madadin su masu magana ya yi kama da ba a ɓoye ba.

Manazarta

↑ In Proto-Germanic, voiced fricatives *[β ð ɣ] were allophones of their corresponding voiced plosives *[b d ɡ] when they occurred between vowels, semivowels, and liquid consonants. The situations where Verner's law applied resulted in fricatives in these very circumstances, so fricative *[b d ɡ] can be used in this context.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fulk 2018.

[1] In Proto-Germanic, voiced fricatives *[β ð ɣ] were allophones of their corresponding voiced plosives *[b d ɡ] when they occurred between vowels, semivowels, and liquid consonants. The situations where Verner's law applied resulted in fricatives in these very circumstances, so fricative *[b d ɡ] can be used in this context.

[FOOTNOTEFulk2018-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fulk 2018.

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