Dokar al'ada ta duniya
 Dokar al'ada ta duniya | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Doka da Dokar al'ada |
| Bangare na |
international law (en)  |
Dokar al'ada ta kasa da kasa ta ƙunshi wajibai na shari'a na kasa da kasa da suka samo asali daga ayyukan da aka kafa ko na al'ada na kasa da ƙasa, waɗanda ba su da tsammanin al'ada game da halayyar da ba a rubuta ba kamar yadda ya saba da yarjejeniyar rubuce-rubuce ko tarurruka.[1] Gabaɗaya, dokar al'ada ta duniya ta shafi daidai ga dukkan jihohi.[2] Tare da ka'idojin doka da yarjejeniyoyi, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya, lauyoyi, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kasashe membobinta suna la'akari da al'ada don kasancewa daga cikin manyan tushen dokar kasa da kasa.
Gwamnatoci da yawa sun yarda da ka'idar wanzuwar dokar al'ada ta duniya, kodayake akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da waɗanne dokoki ne ke ciki. Dokar ta zama doka ta al'ada ta duniya idan an cika buƙatu biyu: (1) Akwai aikin jihar wanda "ya yi kama da ya zama cikakke, wakilci da kuma daidaituwa" yana nuna cewa yawancin jihohi sun yi amfani da kuma dogaro da dokar da ake tambaya kuma yawancin jihohi ba su ƙi ra'ayin ba, [3] [4] kuma (2) jihohi suna motsa su da imani cewa an tilasta su yarda da halattaccen mulkin da ake tambaya saboda dokar al'ada tana tilasta musu yin hakan ((opinio juris) [3]).
A cikin 1950, Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya ta lissafa wadannan tushe a matsayin nau'ikan shaidar dokar al'ada ta duniya: yarjejeniyoyi, yanke shawara na kotuna na kasa da kasa, dokokin kasa, ra'ayoyin masu ba da shawara na shari'a na kasa, wasikun diflomasiyya, da kuma aikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa.[5] A cikin 2018, Hukumar ta karɓi Ƙarshen Bayyana Dokar Al'ada ta Duniya tare da sharhi. Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi maraba da ƙaddamarwar kuma ya ƙarfafa yaduwar su.
Dokar Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta bayyana dokar al'ada ta duniya a cikin Mataki na 38 (1) (b) a matsayin "aikin da aka yarda da shi a matsayin doka".[6] Ana ƙayyade wannan ta hanyar dalilai biyu: al'ada ta jihohi, da kuma abin da jihohi suka yarda da shi a matsayin doka (opinio juris sive necessitatis). Wannan yana nufin cewa jihohi da yawa suna buƙatar shiga cikin aikin (musamman, manyan iko) kuma jihohi suna shiga cikin aikin ne saboda ma'anar wajibin doka (maimakon al'ada ko al'ada)
Akwai nau'ikan dokokin al'ada na kasa da kasa da jihohi suka amince da su. Wasu dokoki na al'ada na kasa da kasa sun tashi zuwa matakin jus cogens (babu banda) ta hanyar karɓar al'ummomin duniya a matsayin haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya sokewa ba, yayin da wasu dokokin al'ada ta kasa da kasa na iya bin ƙananan jihohi. Jihohi yawanci ana ɗaure su da dokar al'ada ta duniya, ba tare da la'akari da ko jihohin sun tsara waɗannan dokoki a cikin gida ko ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi ba.[8]
Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta amince da wanzuwar dokar al'ada ta duniya a cikin Mataki na 38 (1) (b), wanda aka sanya shi cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Mataki na 92: "Kotu, wanda aikinsa shine yanke shawara bisa ga dokar kasa da kasa kamar jayayya da aka gabatar da ita, za ta yi amfani da ... al'adar kasa da kasa, a matsayin shaida ta al'ada da aka yarda da ita a matsayin doka. "
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "customary international law". LII / Legal Information Institute.
- ↑ D’Amato, Anthony A. (1969). "The Concept of Special Custom in International Law". American Journal of International Law (in Turanci). 63 (2): 211–223. doi:10.2307/2197411. ISSN 0002-9300.
- 1 2 Wood, Michael C. (2014-05-22). "Second report on identification of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur". UN. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
- ↑ "Customary International Law – International Law". USLegal. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ↑ (Noora ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Statute of the Court". International Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ↑ "Constitution of the United States". U.S. Senate.
- ↑ E.g., from Article Six of the United States Constitution: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding."[7]