Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa
 Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
Doka, international law (en)  da public international law (en) |
| Bangare na |
International humanitarian and human rights law (en) |
| Described at URL (mul) | roter-kreis.de… da ihl-databases.icrc.org |
Dokokin ɗan adam na al'ada ta ƙasa da ƙasa ƙungiya ce ta ƙa'idodin da ba a rubuta ba na dokokin duniya na jama'a, waɗanda ke tafiyar da ayyukan yayin rikicin makami .
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada, kamar dokar yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa, an gane su a matsayin tushen farko na dokokin kasa da kasa na jama'a. Yayin da ake rubuta yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda Jihohi ke kafa wasu ƙa'idodi, dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada sun ƙunshi ƙa'idodin da ba a rubuta ba waɗanda suka samo asali daga "aiki na yau da kullun da aka karɓa azaman doka". Saboda haka, don kafa ƙa'idar al'ada ta ƙasa da ƙasa, ana buƙatar abubuwa guda biyu: "haƙiƙa ɗaya, maimaita halin da jihohi ... da kuma na ainihi, imani cewa irin wannan hali ya dogara da wani wajibi na shari'a ( opinio juris sive necessitatis )". Maƙasudin maƙasudin kuma galibi ana kiransa aikin Jiha; Ma'anar ma'anar kamar ra'ayi juris.
Dokokin jin kai na duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa (IHL), wanda kuma aka sani da dokar yaki ko dokar rikici, shine yanki na dokokin kasa da kasa na jama'a wanda ke nufin, "saboda dalilai na jin kai, don iyakance tasirin rikice-rikice. Yana kare mutanen da ba su shiga ko kuma ba su shiga cikin tashin hankali da kuma ƙuntata hanyoyi da hanyoyin yaki ".
Yaƙi ya tsufa kamar ɗan adam don haka, a wata ma'ana, IHL ne. Hali a lokacin rikici na makami "ya kasance a koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin wasu ka'idoji da al'adu", dangane da ayyukan sojoji a duniya. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 19, duk da haka, yawancin irin waɗannan dokoki sun tsara su a cikin yarjejeniyoyin duniya, kamar Dokokin Hague da Yarjejeniyar Geneva . Ba tare da jure wa wannan haɓakar ƙididdiga na IHL ba, ƙa'idodin al'ada sun kasance masu dacewa a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai na zamani.
Dacewar yanzu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokokin jin kai na al'ada na kasa da kasa sun cika kariyar da dokar yarjejeniyar jin kai ta kasa da kasa ke bayarwa a cikin yanayi na rikici. Dokar yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa ta rataya ne kawai kasashen da ke cikin wata yarjejeniya; Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada, a daya bangaren, gaba daya, tana aiki da dukkan Jihohi. Kuma yayin da wasu yarjejeniyoyin dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa, kamar Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949, a yau aka amince da su a duk duniya, wannan ba haka yake ba ga dukkan yarjejeniyoyin. A nan, za a iya amfani da dokar jin kai ta al'ada ta kasa da kasa don cike gibi a cikin kariyar da aka bayar a cikin yanayi na rikici.
Bugu da ƙari, yawancin rikice-rikicen makamai na yau ba sa faruwa tsakanin Jihohi amma ba na duniya ba ne. Dokar yarjejeniyar jin kai ta kasa da kasa, duk da haka, yayin da take da cikakken bayani game da rikice-rikicen makamai na kasa da kasa, ba ta da ci gaba sosai dangane da rikice-rikicen makamai na duniya. Anan, kuma, dokar ɗan adam ta al'ada ta ƙasa da ƙasa tana ba da ƙarin ƙa'idodi waɗanda ba a bayyana su a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ba.
A cikin 2005, da Jihohi suka ba da izini a taro a taron kasa da kasa na Red Cross da Red Crescent na 26, kuma bayan kusan shekaru 10 na bincike da shawarwari, kwamitin Red Cross na kasa da kasa (ICRC) ya gabatar da Nazari kan Dokar Ba da Agaji ta Al'ada, wanda Jami'ar Cambridge ta buga. Juzu'i na I na binciken ya ƙunshi ka'idoji 161 da marubutan binciken suka tantance don zama matsayin al'ada, yawancin su ana amfani da su a cikin rikice-rikice na makamai na duniya da na duniya. Juzu'i na II yana gabatar da al'adar da ta zama tushen ƙarshe a cikin juzu'i na I.
Tun daga watan Agusta 2010, sigar Nazarin kan layi, ICRC's Customary IHL Database, yana kuma samuwa. Sashe na ɗaya na ma'ajin bayanai yana nuna juzu'i na 1 na bugu na binciken. Sashi na biyu, bisa juzu'i na II na bugu na bugawa, ya gabatar da abin da marubutan suka yi imani da shi shine aikin jiha da ya shafi yawancin al'amuran IHL, wanda ake zargin an bayyana shi a cikin dokokin ƙasa, littattafan soja, bayanan hukuma, da shari'ar shari'a, da kuma ayyukan wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da kotuna da kotuna na duniya. Ana sabunta Sashe na Biyu akai-akai ta hanyar aikin haɗin gwiwa na ICRC da Red Cross Society na Biritaniya, wanda ke cibiyar Lauterpacht don Dokar kasa da kasa, Jami'ar Cambridge .
Wannan binciken ya kasance batun zargi mai tsanani, bisa la’akari da hanyoyin da ake da cece-kuce da aka yi amfani da su wajen tantance dokokin jin kai na al’ada. Ɗaya daga cikin sukar ita ce "Ko da yake gabatarwar Nazarin ya bayyana abin da ya dace da tsarin da ya dace don tantance aikin Jiha, binciken ya kasa yin amfani da wannan hanya ta hanya mai mahimmanci," kuma "Nazarin yana kula da haɗa aiki da bukatun shari'a a cikin gwaji guda." [1] Farfesa Yoram Dinstein ya yi suka sosai kan Nazarin. Ya rubuta cewa "Game da rikice-rikice na makamai na kasa da kasa, binciken a fili ya sha wahala daga sha'awar da ba ta dace ba don nuna cewa tanade-tanaden API masu rikitarwa sun bayyana dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada ... Ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, ina tsammanin cewa binciken ya kasa aiki na farko." [2]
ICRC's al'ada na kasa da kasa dokokin jin kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cibiyar Red Cross ta Red Cross ta kaddamar da Cibiyar Nazarin Al'ada ta Al'ada ta Red Cross ta Red Cross a watan Agusta 2011. An tsara shi don yin amfani da shi a matsayin ma'anar shari'a a cikin rikice-rikice na makamai na kasa da kasa da na duniya, ciki har da kotuna, kotuna da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa.
Ana sabunta bayanan bayanai akai-akai. An ƙara zaɓin aikin ƙasa na ƙasashe 30 a cikin Maris 2011 sannan ƙarin ƙasashe 27 a cikin Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2012, ICRC ta ba da tarin sabuntawa da nazarin abubuwan da ta ɗauka a yi daga ƙasashe 23 [3] – Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Djibouti, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Serbia, Serbia da Montenegro, Senegal, Spain, Navy
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Bellinger, John B. III; Haynes, William J. II (June 2007). "A US government response to the International Committee of the Red Cross study Customary International Humanitarian Law" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 89: 444, 446.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Dinstein, Yoram (2006). "The ICRC Customary International Law Study". International Law Studies. 82: 110.
- ↑ "ICRC database on customary international humanitarian law: new update of State practice - ICRC". www.icrc.org (in Turanci). 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2019-06-07.