Dokokin Jim Crow
 Dokokin Jim Crow | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Doka |
| Bangare na |
Jim Crow Era (en)  |
| Fuskar |
racial segregation in the United States (en) |
| Suna saboda |
Jim Crow (en) |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Applies to jurisdiction (en) | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Lokacin farawa | 1870s |
| Lokacin gamawa | 1965 |
| Has goal (en) |
racial segregation (en) |
Dokokin Jim Crow sun kasance dokokin jaha da na gida da aka gabatar a Kudancin Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20 waɗanda suka tilasta wariyar launin fata, "Jim Crow" kasancewar lokaci ne na ɗan Afirka da Ba'amurke. Ƙarshen dokokin Jim Crow gabaɗaya an soke su a cikin shekarar 1965. Manufofin rarrabuwar kabilanci da na yau da kullum sun kasance a wasu yankuna na Amurka, kamar yadda wasu jihohi da ke wajen Kudu suka haramta wariya a wuraren kwana da jefa kuri’a. Majalisun dokoki na jahohi (Masu Fansa) ne suka kafa dokokin kudanci don ba da izini da kuma cire ribar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin da Baƙin Amurkawa suka samu a lokacin sake ginawa. Irin wannan ci gaba da rarrabuwar ƙabilu kuma an sami goyan bayan ƙungiyar Lily-white mai nasara. [1]
A aikace, dokokin Jim Crow sun ba da umarnin rarrabuwar ƙabilu a duk wuraren jama'a a cikin jihohin tsohuwar Tarayyar Amurka da wasu, tun daga shekarun 1870. An tabbatar da dokokin Jim Crow a cikin shekarar 1896 a cikin shari'ar Plessy v. Ferguson, inda Kotun Koli ta shimfida koyarwar "rabanta amma daidai" ta shari'a game da wurare ga Ba-Amurkawa. Haka kuma, ilimin jama'a ya rabu da gaske tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a yawancin Kudancin bayan Yaƙin Basasa a shekarun 1861-1865. Dokokin abokan hulɗa sun cire kusan duk Amurkawa na Afirka daga jefa ƙuri'a a Kudancin kuma sun hana su kowace gwamnati ta wakilcisu.
Ko da yake a ka'idar, "daidai" koyaswar rarrabuwar kawuna tana gudanar da wuraren jama'a da sufuri kuma, kayan aiki na Amurkawa na Afirka sun kasance na ƙasa da ƙarancin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da wuraren fararen Amurkawa; wani lokacin, babu kayan aiki ga al'ummar baki kwata-kwata. [2] Nisa daga daidaito, a matsayin tsarin doka, Jim Crow ya kafa tsarin tattalin arziki, ilimi, rashin lahani na siyasa da zamantakewa da zama ɗan ƙasa na biyu ga galibin Baƙin Amurkawa da ke zaune a Amurka.[3] Bayan an kafa ƙungiyar ƙasa na ci gaban mutane masu launi (NAACP) a cikin shekarar 1909, ta shiga cikin kamfen jama'a da kamfen na Jim, da kuma da ake kira "ruɗani" a ruƙunan.
A cikin shekarar 1954, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ayyana rabuwar makarantun jama'a (mai ɗaukar nauyi) a matsayin rashin bin ka'ida a shari'ar da ta shafi Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi ta Topeka. [4] [5] [6] A wasu jihohi, an ɗauki shekaru masu yawa kafin a aiwatar da wannan shawarar, yayin da Kotun Warren ta ci gaba da yanke hukunci kan dokar Jim Crow a wasu lokuta kamar Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964). [7] Gabaɗaya, sauran dokokin Jim Crow sun kasance gabaɗayan soke su ta Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta shekarar 1964 da Dokar 'Yancin Zaɓe na shekarar 1965. Gabaɗaya an soke dokokin hana ɓarna a kudancin jihar a cikin shari'ar 1967 na Loving v. Virginia.
Asalin kalmar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara amfani da kalmar "Dokar Jim Crow" zuwa shekara ta 1884 a cikin labarin jarida da ke taƙaita muhawarar majalisa. Kalmar ta bayyana a cikin shekarar 1892 a cikin taken labarin New York Times game da Louisiana da ke buƙatar keɓaɓɓun motocin titin jirgin ƙasa.[8] Asalin kalmar "Jim Crow" sau da yawa ana danganta shi da "Jump Jim Crow", wasan kwaikwayo na waƙa da rawa na baƙar fata wanda ɗan wasan farar fata Thomas D. Rice ya yi a cikin blackface, wanda aka fara yi a shekarar 1828.[9] A sakamakon shaharar Rice, Jim Crow ya zama ta shekarar 1838 kalma mai ma'ana "Negro". Lokacin da 'yan majalisar dokokin kudu suka zartar da dokokin wariyar launin fata da aka yi wa Amurkawa 'yan Afirka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, waɗannan dokoki sun zama sanannun dokokin Jim Crow.[10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (April 2020). "Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South". Studies in American Political Development (in Turanci). 34 (1): 71–90. doi:10.1017/S0898588X19000208. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 213551748.
- ↑ Perdue, Theda (October 28, 2011). "Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans". C-SPAN. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ↑ Wolfley, Jeanette (1990). "Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans" (PDF). Indian Law Review. 16 (1): 167–202. doi:10.2307/20068694. JSTOR 20068694. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ "Brown v. Board of Education". Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- ↑ "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka". Oyez (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- ↑ "Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice". National Museum of African American History and Culture (in Turanci). 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- ↑ "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States". Oyez (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- ↑ "Congressional". Sioux City Journal. December 18, 1884. p. 2.
- ↑ Woodward, C. Vann, and McFeely, William S. (2001), The Strange Career of Jim Crow. p. 7.
- ↑ "Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid". The New York Times. New York. December 21, 1892. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black people.