Dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu a Amurka
 Dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu a Amurka | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu a Jihohin bawa da yawa kafin da kuma lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka sun shafi bayi, 'yanci, kuma a wasu lokuta duk mutanen launin fata.[1] Wasu dokoki sun taso ne daga damuwa cewa bayi masu karatu da rubutu na iya ƙirƙirar takardun da ake buƙata don tserewa zuwa jihar mai 'yanci. A cewar William M. Banks, "Bawan da yawa da suka koyi rubutu sun sami 'yanci ta wannan hanyar. Hotunan da ake nema don masu gudu sau da yawa sun ambaci ko wanda ya tsere zai iya rubutu. " Dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu sun fito ne daga tsoron tayar da kayar baya, musamman a lokacin abolitionist David Walker na 1829 na Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, wanda ya ba da shawarar tawaye, da kuma Nat Turner na 1831.
Amurka, gami da tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ita ce kadai kasar da aka sani tana da dokokin hana karatu da rubutu.[2]
Dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu na jihar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsakanin 1740 da 1834 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North da South Carolina, da Virginia duk sun wuce dokokin hana karatu da rubutu. Kudancin Carolina ta zartar da doka ta farko wacce ta hana koyar da bayi karatu da rubutu, wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da tarar £ 100 da watanni shida a kurkuku, ta hanyar gyare-gyare ga Dokar Negro ta 1740.[3][4]
Wasu masu bautar sun zargi abolitionist da bukatar dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu. Misali, James H. Hammond na Kudancin Carolina, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na bautar, ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta a 1845 ga mai ba da izinin bautar Burtaniya Thomas Clarkson: "Zan iya gaya muku. Wannan tashin hankali ne na abolition. Idan ba a yarda bawa ya karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki ba, zunubi ya tsaya a kan abolitionists; domin suna tsaye a shirye su ba, wanda zai sa shi, bautarku, kuma ƙauna, da zaman lafiya, amma na baƙin ciki, zai iya karfafa mu, ba za mu yarda da irin wannan Kirista ba za mu ba za a iya karkata su bautarmu ba; Ba za mu ba; Ya iya karkata!
Muhimman dokoki masu adawa da baƙar fata sun hada da:
- 1829, Georgia: An haramta koyar da baƙi su karanta, an hukunta su da tarar da ɗaurin kurkuku
- 1830, Louisiana, North Carolina: sun zartar da dokoki da ke azabtar da duk wanda ke koyar da baƙi su karanta tare da tarar, ɗaurin kurkuku ko bulala [4]
- 1832, Alabama da Virginia: An haramta fararen fata daga koyar da baƙi su karanta ko su rubuta, an hukunta su da tarar da bulala
- 1833, Georgia: An haramta baƙi daga aiki a karatu ko rubuce-rubuce (ta hanyar dokar aiki), kuma an haramta koyar da baƙi, an hukunta su da tarar da bulala (ta hanyar doka ta hana karatu da rubutu)
- 1847, Missouri: An haramta tarawa ko koyar da bayi don karatu ko rubutu [5]
Dokar jihar Mississippi ta buƙaci farar fata ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku a matsayin "shorar da za ta koya wa bawa karatu".[6]
Dokar Virginia ta ƙarni na 19 ta ƙayyade: "[Kowane] taro na baƙar fata don manufar koyarwa a karatu ko rubutu, ko a cikin dare don kowane dalili, zai zama taron da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Duk wani adalci na iya ba da takardar shaidarsa ga kowane ofishi ko wani mutum, yana buƙatar ya shiga kowane wuri inda irin wannan taron zai iya kasancewa, kuma ya kama duk wani baƙar fata a ciki; kuma shi, ko wani adalci, na iya baƙar fata da za a hukunta shi da layin. "
A Arewacin Carolina, an yanke wa baƙar fata da suka yi watsi da doka hukuncin bulala yayin da fararen suka sami tarar, lokacin kurkuku, ko duka biyun.
AME Bishop William Henry Heard ya tuna tun yana yaro a Georgia cewa duk wani bawa da aka kama yana rubutu "ya sha wahala daga yanke yatsansa daga hannunsa na dama". Sauran mutanen da suka kasance bayi suna da irin wannan tunanin lalacewa da hukunci mai tsanani don karatu da rubutu.[4]
Arkansas, Kentucky, da Tennessee sune Jihohin bawa guda uku kawai da ba su kafa haramtacciyar doka kan ilimantar da bayi ba.[7]
An kiyasta cewa kashi 5% zuwa 10% ne kawai na bayi na Afirka suka zama masu karatu, har zuwa wani mataki, kafin Yaƙin basasar Amurka. [7]
Ƙuntatawa kan ilimin ɗaliban baƙar fata ba a iyakance su ga Kudu ba.[7] Duk da yake koyar da baƙi a Arewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, jihohin Arewa da yawa, yankuna, da birane sun hana ɗaliban baƙi daga makarantun gwamnati.[8] Har zuwa 1869, fararen fata ne kawai za su iya halartar makarantun gwamnati a Indiana da Illinois.[8] Ohio ta cire yara baƙi daga makarantun gwamnati har zuwa 1849, lokacin da ta ba da izinin makarantu daban-daban ga ɗaliban baƙi.[8] Har ila yau, makarantun jama'a kusan an raba su gaba ɗaya a Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, da New York.[8] Massachusetts ce kawai ke da makarantun jama'a kafin yakin basasa (ya haramta rarrabewa a makarantun jamaʼa a 1855). [7][8] Wani yunkuri a 1831 don buɗe kwaleji ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a New Haven, Connecticut ya sadu da irin wannan juriya ta cikin gida cewa an kusan watsar da aikin nan da nan (duba Simeon Jocelyn). Makarantu masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su ilimantar da ɗaliban baƙar fata da fari tare, sau da yawa masu abolitionists ne suka buɗe su, 'yan zanga-zanga sun lalata su, kamar yadda ya faru da Noyes Academy a Kan'ana, New Hampshire da kuma Quaker Prudence Crandall's Female Boarding School a Canterbury, Connecticut. [9][10] Bayan yakin basasa, yawancin jihohin Arewa sun haramta rarrabewa a makarantun jama'a, kodayake sau da yawa ya ci gaba da aiki, gami da ta hanyar iyakar launin fata na Gundumomin makaranta, har sai Kotun Koli a Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi ta sami wannan ba bisa ka'ida ba.[8]
Tsayayya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Malamai da bayi a Kudu sun sami hanyoyin da za su kauce da kuma kalubalanci doka. John Berry Meachum, alal misali, ya motsa makarantarsa daga St. Louis, Missouri lokacin da wannan jihar ta zartar da dokar hana karatu da rubutu a 1847, kuma ta sake kafa ta a matsayin Makarantar 'Yanci mai iyo a kan Jirgin ruwa a kan Kogin Mississippi, wanda ya wuce iyakar dokar jihar Missouri. Bayan an kama ta, an yi mata shari'a, kuma ta yi wata daya a kurkuku don ilimantar da yara baƙi kyauta a Norfolk, Virginia, Margaret Crittendon Douglas ta rubuta littafi game da abubuwan da ta samu, wanda ya taimaka wajen jawo hankalin kasa ga dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu. Frederick Douglass ya koya wa kansa karatu yayin da yake bawa. Wani tallace-tallace na bawa da aka buga a Tuscaloosa, Alabama a cikin 1845 ya koka, "[Fanny] na iya karantawa da rubutu, don haka ya ƙirƙira wucewa ga kanta. " ::444 A Tennessee, "Duk wani bawa da ya ƙirƙiri wucewa ko takardar shaidar za a yi masa bulala ba tare da wuce talatin da tara ba; duk wani kayan aikin rubutu da aka yi niyya don taimakawa bawa ya tsere daga ubangijinsa ya sha wahala a ɗaure shi ba kasa da shekaru uku ko fiye da goma ba. "
Duk da haɗarin, bayi sun ga karatu da rubutu a matsayin hanyar ci gaba da 'yanci, kuma sun koyi da juna a asirce. Wani masanin tarihi ya lura cewa kashi 20% na bayi da suka tsere a cikin antebellum Kentucky sun iya karatu, kuma kashi 10% sun iya rubutu. Yara bayi masu himma za su sayar da abubuwa kamar marmara da orange ga yara fararen don musayar darussan karatu, kuma manya wani lokacin sukan koya daga wasu manya, baki da fari. Ɗaya daga cikin bautar, Lucius Holsey, ya sami ɗakin karatu na littattafai biyar ta hanyar sayar da rags: littattafai biyu na rubutun kalmomi, ƙamus, Aljanna ta John Milton, da Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Tare da waɗannan littattafai guda biyar, ya koya wa kansa karatu ta hanyar haddace kalmomi guda ɗaya.[11]
John Hope Franklin ya ce duk da dokokin, makarantun ɗaliban bautar baƙi sun kasance a ko'ina cikin Kudu, gami da Georgia, Carolinas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Florida, Tennessee, da Virginia. A cikin 1838, 'yan baƙar fata na Virginia sun roki jihar, a matsayin rukuni, don aika da' ya'yansu zuwa makaranta a waje da Virginia don kauce wa dokar hana karatu da rubutu. An ƙi su.[4]
A wasu lokuta, masu bautar sun yi watsi da dokokin. Sun kalli wata hanya lokacin da yaransu suka yi wasa a makaranta kuma suka koya wa abokan wasan su yadda za su karanta da rubutu. Wasu masu bautar sun ga fa'idar tattalin arziki ta hanyar samun bayi masu karatu da rubutu waɗanda zasu iya gudanar da ma'amaloli na kasuwanci da adana asusun. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata bayi su iya karatu da rubutu don karanta Littafi Mai-Tsarki.
A Norfolk, Virginia, ba a soke dokar hana karatu da rubutu ba har sai bayan Yaƙin basasa, a 1867, sakamakon mazauna baƙar fata da ke rokon gwamnatin tarayya ta kawo karshen ta.[12]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yumin zhengce
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Illegal to Teach Slaves to Read and Write". Harper's Weekly. June 21, 1862.
- ↑ (Eileen H. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Slave Codes". Boundless U.S. History. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Span, Christopher (2005). "Learning in Spite of Opposition". Counterpoints. 31: 26–53. JSTOR 42977282. Retrieved June 22, 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Span" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Negroes and Mullattoes" (PDF). Missouri Secretary of State. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ↑ "Literacy and Anti-Literacy Laws". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 (Eileen H. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "SpanSanya" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ (Leslie M. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedSayers - ↑ Span, Christopher (2005). "Learning in Spite of Opposition". Counterpoints. 31: 26–53. JSTOR 42977282. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
- ↑ "Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Va., to the People of the United States" (PDF). 1865 – via National Humanities Center.