Dorothy Hodgkin

Dorothy Hodgkin
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Kairo, 12 Mayu 1910
ƙasa	Birtaniya; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Mazauni	Oxford (mul)
Mutuwa	Ilmington (mul) , 29 ga Yuli, 1994
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (cerebral hemorrhage (en) )
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	John Winter Crowfoot
Mahaifiya	Grace Mary Hood Crowfoot
Abokiyar zama	Thomas Lionel Hodgkin (mul) (Disamba 1937 - 25 ga Maris, 1982)
Ahali	Elizabeth Grace Crowfoot (mul) , Joan Crowfoot Payne (mul) da Diana Crowfoot (mul)
Karatu
Makaranta	Somerville College (en) ; Sir John Leman High School (mul) ; Newnham College (en) ; Jami'ar Oxford
Thesis	X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols
Thesis director	John Desmond Bernal (mul)
Dalibin daktanci	Judith Howard (mul) ; Tom Blundell (mul) ; Barbara Wharton Low (mul) ; Judith Ann Kathleen Howard (mul) ; David Sayre (en)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	chemist (en) , biochemist (en) , crystallographer (en) , biophysicist (en) da physicist (en)
Wurin aiki	Oxford (mul) da Cambridge (mul)
Employers	University of Cambridge (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Fellow of the Royal Society ; Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964) ; Order of Merit (1965) ; Copley Medal (1976) ; Lomonosov Gold Medal (1986) ; Royal Medal (1956) ; Lenin Peace Prize ; Honorary doctor of the University of Zagreb ; Royal Society Bakerian Medal (1972) ; Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry ; Banting Medal (1972) ; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry ; Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1983) ; Baly Medal (1971) ; Longstaff Prize (1978) ; Dalton Medal (1981) ; Royal Society Bakerian Medal ; honorary doctorate : The Open University (mul) (16 ga Yuni, 1979) ;
Ayyanawa daga	gani [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1950) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1956) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1956) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1957) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1957) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1959) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1959) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1960) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1960) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1961) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1961) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1962) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1963) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1964) ;
Mamba	The Royal Society (mul) ; German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (en) ; Academy of Sciences of the USSR (en) ; American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) ; Russian Academy of Sciences (en) ; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) ; National Academy of Sciences (en) ; Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (en)

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin OM FRS HonFRSC ^[1] (née Crowfoot; 12 Mayu 1910 - 29 Yuli 1994) masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi ce wacce ta inganta fasahar X-ray crystallography don tantance tsarin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya zama mahimmanci ga ilmin halitta. ^[1] ^[2] Ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 1964 a fannin ilmin sunadarai, kuma ita ce kawai mace masanin kimiyya na Burtaniya da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Nóbel.

Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi tasiri sune tabbatar da tsarin penicillin kamar yadda Edward Ibrahim da Ernst Boris Chain suka yi la'akari da su a baya; da kuma taswirar tsarin Bitamin B<sub id="mwUw">12</sub>, wanda a 1964 ta zama mace ta uku da ta lashe kyautar Nobel a ilmin sunadarai. Hodgkin ya kuma bayyana tsarin insulin a cikin 1969 bayan shekaru 35 na aiki.^[3]

Hodgkin ta yi amfani da sunan "Dorothy Crowfoot" har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu bayan ta auri Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, lokacin da ta fara amfani da "Dor Timothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Hodgkin ana kiranta "Dorothy Hodgkin" ta Royal Society (lokacin da yake magana game da tallafawa da Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), da kuma Kwalejin Somerville. Tarihin Kasa na Ƙasar Ingila yana kiranta da "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin".

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Dorothy Mary Crowfoot a Alkahira, Misira, babba daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu waɗanda iyayensu suka yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin mulkin mallaka kuma daga baya a matsayin masu binciken tarihi. Dorothy ta fito ne daga dangin masu binciken tarihi.^[4] Iyayenta sune John Winter Crowfoot (1873-1959), suna aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar, da matarsa Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877-1957), wanda aka sani ga abokai da dangi kamar Molly . Iyalin sun zauna a Alkahira a lokacin watanni na hunturu, suna komawa Ingila a kowace shekara don kauce wa ɓangaren zafi na kakar a Misira.

A shekara ta 1914, mahaifiyar Hodgkin ta bar ta (shekara 4) da 'yan uwanta mata biyu Joan (shekaru 2) da Elisabeth (shekarar watanni 7) tare da kakanninsu na Crowfoot kusa da Worthing, kuma ta koma ga mijinta a Misira. Sun shafe yawancin yarantakarsu ba tare da iyayensu ba, duk da haka suna tallafawa daga nesa. Mahaifiyarta za ta ƙarfafa Dorothy ta bi sha'awar lu'ulu'u da aka fara nunawa tun tana 'yar shekara 10. A cikin 1923, Dorothy da 'yar'uwarta za su yi nazarin duwatsu da suka samu a cikin koguna da ke kusa da su ta amfani da kayan bincike na ma'adinai. Iyayensu sun koma kudu zuwa Sudan inda, har zuwa 1926, mahaifinta ke kula da ilimi da ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. An kashe 'yan uwan mahaifiyarta guda huɗu a yakin duniya na kuma a sakamakon haka ta zama mai goyon bayan sabuwar kungiyar League of Nations . ^[5]^[6]

A cikin 1921 mahaifin Hodgkin ya shigar da ita a Makarantar Sir John Leman Grammar School a Beccles, Ingila, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata biyu da aka ba ta damar karatun ilmin sunadarai.^[7] Sau ɗaya kawai, lokacin da take da shekaru 13, ta ziyarci iyayenta, sannan ta zauna a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan, inda mahaifinta ya kasance Shugaban Kwalejin Gordon. Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, dan uwanta mai nisa, masanin sunadarai Charles Harington (daga baya Sir Charles), ya ba da shawarar D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry . Da yake ci gaba da tsarin kafin yaƙin, iyayenta sun zauna kuma sun yi aiki a kasashen waje na wani ɓangare na shekara, suna komawa Ingila da yaransu na watanni da yawa a kowane bazara. A shekara ta 1926, a lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga ma'aikatar gwamnati ta Sudan, mahaifinta ya ɗauki matsayin Darakta na Makarantar Archaeology ta Burtaniya a Urushalima, inda shi da mahaifiyarta suka kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1935.

A cikin 1928, Hodgkin ta haɗu da iyayenta a wurin binciken archaeological na Jerash, a cikin Jordan na yanzu, inda ta rubuta alamu na mosaics daga Ikklisiyoyin Byzantine da yawa waɗanda suka kasance daga ƙarni na 5 zuwa 6. Ta shafe fiye da shekara guda tana kammala zane yayin da ta fara karatunta a Oxford, yayin da take gudanar da nazarin sunadarai na tesserae na gilashi daga wannan shafin.^[8] Kulawarta ga daki-daki ta hanyar kirkirar zane-zane na waɗannan mosaics yana nuna aikinta na gaba a ganewa da rubuce-rubuce a cikin ilmin sunadarai. Hodgkin ta ji daɗin kwarewar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology sosai har ta yi la'akari da barin ilmin sunadarai don tallafawa ilimin kimiyyyar archéology.^[9] Jami'ar Yale ce ta adana zane-zanenta.^[4]

Hodgkin ta ci gaba da sha'awar ilmin sunadarai tun tana ƙarama, kuma mahaifiyarta, ƙwararren masanin ilimin shuke-shuke, ta haɓaka sha'awarta ga kimiyya. A ranar haihuwarta ta 16 mahaifiyarta ta ba ta littafi daga W. H. Bragg a kan X-ray crystallography, "Game da Yanayin Abubuwa", wanda ya taimaka mata ta yanke shawarar makomarta.[1] Masanin sunadarai A.F. Joseph, abokiyar iyali wanda ya yi aiki a Sudan ya kara karfafa mata gwiwa.[2]

Ilimi na makarantar jiha bai haɗa da Latin ba, sannan ana buƙatar shiga Oxbridge. Shugaban makarantar Leman, George Watson, ya ba ta karatun kanta a cikin batun, wanda ya ba ta damar wuce jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Oxford.

Lokacin da aka tambayi Hodgkin a rayuwarta ta baya don ba da sunayen jarumai na yarinta, ta ba da sunaye mata uku: na farko da na farko, mahaifiyarta, Molly; mai wa'azi na likita Mary Slessor; da Margery Fry, Shugaban Kwalejin Somerville .

Manazarta

1 2 Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.
↑ Glusker, J. P. (1994). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)". Protein Science. 3 (12): 2465–69. doi:10.1002/pro.5560031233. PMC 2142778. PMID 7757003.
↑ Anon (2014). "The Biography of Dorothy Mary Hodgkin". news.biharprabha.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
1 2 "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Trowelblazers (in Turanci). 11 September 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
↑ Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.
↑ "Dorothy Hodgkin 1910–1994". "A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries" a 1997 PBS documentary and accompanying book. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
↑ Ferry 1998.
↑ "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | TrowelBlazers". 11 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". NobelPrize.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 January 2023.

[frs-1] 1 2 Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.

[glusker-2] Glusker, J. P. (1994). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)". Protein Science. 3 (12): 2465–69. doi:10.1002/pro.5560031233. PMC 2142778. PMID 7757003.

[bio-3] Anon (2014). "The Biography of Dorothy Mary Hodgkin". news.biharprabha.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2014.

[:0-4] 1 2 "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Trowelblazers (in Turanci). 11 September 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

[frs2-5] Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.

[6] "Dorothy Hodgkin 1910–1994". "A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries" a 1997 PBS documentary and accompanying book. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

[FOOTNOTEFerry1998-7] Ferry 1998.

[8] "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | TrowelBlazers". 11 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

[9] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". NobelPrize.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 January 2023.

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