Dougga

Dougga
	Carthaginian archaeological site (en)
Bayanai
Al'ada	Mutanen Punic
Ƙasa	Tunisiya
Heritage designation (en)	Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya
Described at URL (mul)	placemania.sk…
World Heritage criteria (en)	(ii) (en) da (iii) (en)
Wuri
	36°25′24″N 9°13′13″E / 36.4233°N 9.2203°E
Ƙasa	Tunisiya
Governorate of Tunisia (en)	Béja Governorate (en)

Dougga ko Thugga ko TBGG ( Arabic ; Tunisian Arabic ) ƙauyen Berber ne, Punic da Romawa kusa da Téboursouk na yanzu a arewacin Tunisiya . Gidan kayan tarihi na yanzu yana rufe 65 hectares (160 acres) . UNESCO ta cancanci Dougga a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1997, yana mai imani cewa tana wakiltar "ƙananan ƙauyen Roman da aka fi kiyayewa a Arewacin Afirka". Wurin, wanda ke tsakiyar tsakiyar karkara, an kiyaye shi daga cin zarafi na birane na zamani, sabanin, misali, Carthage, wanda aka kwashe da sake ginawa a lokuta da yawa. Girman Dougga, abubuwan tarihi da aka adana da kyau da wadatar ta Numidian - Berber, Punic, tsohon Roman, da tarihin Byzantine sun sa ya zama na musamman. Daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan tunawa a wurin akwai Mausoleum Libyco-Punic, Capitol, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman, da temples na Saturn da na Juno Caelestis .

Sunaye

An rubuta sunan Numidian na sulhu a cikin haruffan Libyco-Berber a matsayin TBGG. An rubuta sunan Punic a matsayin ( 𐤕𐤁Samfuri:Popdf𐤂Samfuri:Popdf𐤂Samfuri:Popdf ) kuma ( 𐤕𐤁Samfuri:Popdf𐤂𐤏Samfuri:Popdf𐤂 ). Tushen B GG a cikin Finisiya yana nufin ("a cikin filin rufin"). [ 3 ] Sansanin ya ce wannan na iya wakiltar aro na kalmar Berber da aka samo daga tushe ("don kare"). Wannan a bayyane yake ya samo asali ne daga matsayin rukunin yanar gizon a saman tudu mai sauƙin karewa. An aro sunan zuwa Latin azaman Thugga. Da zarar an ba shi "matsayin kyauta", an sake gina shi bisa ƙa'ida kuma aka sani da Municipium Septimium Aurelium Liberum Thugga ; "Septimium" da "Aurelium" sune nassoshi ga "sabon" garin "masu kafa" ( conditores ), Septimius Severus da M. Aurelius Antoninus (watau Caracalla ). Don maganin liberum, duba ƙasa. Da zarar Dougga ya sami matsayin mulkin mallaka na Romawa, an san shi da sunan Colonia Licinia Septimia Aurelia Alexandriana Thuggensis .

A cikin Berber na yau, ana kiranta ko dai Dugga ko Tugga . An aro wannan zuwa Arabic ko دقة kuma Dougga fassarar Faransanci ce ta wannan sunan Larabci.

Wuri

Wurin binciken kayan tarihi yana 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) SSW na garin Téboursouk na zamani akan tudu tare da ra'ayin da ba a hana shi ba na filayen da ke kewaye a cikin Oued Khaled. Shafin yana ba da babban matakin kariya na halitta, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana farkon aikinsa. Tudun da aka gina Dougga a kai ya taso zuwa arewa kuma yana kan iyaka a gabas da dutsen da aka fi sani da Kef Dougga. Gaba zuwa gabas, tudun Fossa Regia, wani rami da iyaka da Romawa suka yi bayan lalata Carthage, yana nuna matsayi na Dougga a matsayin wurin tuntuɓar tsakanin duniyar Punic da Berber .

Tarihi

An fi sanin tarihin Dougga tun daga lokacin da Romawa suka ci nasara, ko da yake an gano abubuwan tunawa da yawa kafin Romawa, ciki har da necropolis, wani katafaren kabari, da kuma haikali da yawa a lokacin tono kayan tarihi. Wadannan abubuwan tarihi na nuni ne na muhimmancin wurin kafin zuwan Rumawa.

Masarautar Berber

Ga alama an kafa birnin a karni na 6 BC. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa Dougga shine birnin Tocae ( Ancient Greek , Tokaí ), wanda wani Laftanar Agathocles na Syracuse ya kama a ƙarshen karni na 4. BC; Diodorus na Sicily ya kwatanta Tocae a matsayin "birni mai girman gaske". ^[1]

Dougga a kowane hali ya kasance farkon kuma mahimmancin sulhu na ɗan adam. Halinsa na birni yana da shaida ta kasancewar necropolis tare da dolmens, mafi yawan tsoffin kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi a Dougga, wani wuri mai tsarki da aka keɓe ga Ba'al Hammon, neo-Punic steles, wani katafaren katafaren ginin gine-gine, da kuma haikalin da aka keɓe ga Masinissa, ragowar abin da aka samu a lokacin aikin binciken archaeological. Ko da yake saninmu game da birnin kafin yaƙin Romawa ya ragu sosai, binciken da aka gano na kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan ya canja yanayin da muke da shi na wannan lokacin.

Gano haikalin da aka keɓe ga Masinissa a ƙarƙashin taron ya karyata ka'idar Louis Poinssot cewa birnin Numidia ya tsaya a kan tudu amma ya bambanta da sabon mazaunin Romawa. Haikali, wanda aka gina a shekara ta goma ta sarautar Micipsa (139 BC), yana da 14 by 6.3 metres (46 ft × 21 ft) fadi. Ya tabbatar da cewa an riga an gina yankin da ke kusa da dandalin tun kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka. [1] Ginin da aka yi tun karni na 2 An kuma gano BC a kusa. Hakazalika, makabartar Dougga ba ta keɓe ba amma tana tsaye a cikin babban birni.

Abubuwan da aka gano na baya-bayan nan sun karyata ka'idodin da suka gabata game da abin da ake kira "bangon Numidian". Ganuwar da ke kusa da Dougga a gaskiya ba Numidian ba ne; wani bangare ne na katangar birnin da aka gina tun da dadewa . Abubuwan tono da aka yi niyya kuma sun tabbatar da cewa abin da aka fassara azaman hasumiya na Numidiya biyu a cikin bangon haƙiƙa abubuwan tarihi ne na jana'izar guda biyu daga zamanin Numidian da aka sake amfani da su daga baya azaman tushe da wani yanki na tsaro.

Gano rubuce-rubucen Libya da Punic a wurin ya haifar da cece-kuce kan yadda ake tafiyar da birnin a lokacin mulkin kasar Numidia . Muhawarar — game da fassarar mabubbugar almara — ta mayar da hankali kan tambayar ko har yanzu birnin yana ƙarƙashin tasirin Punic ko kuma yana ƙara zama Berber. Cibiyoyin Berber na gida sun bambanta da kowane nau'i na ikon Punic sun tashi tun daga lokacin Numidian zuwa gaba, amma Sansanin sun lura cewa har yanzu harbe-harbe na Punic sun kasance a cikin birane da yawa, ciki har da Dougga, a lokacin zamanin Roman, wanda shine alamar ci gaba da tasirin Punic da kuma adana wasu abubuwa na wayewar Punic da kyau bayan faduwar Carthage.

Daular Roma

Romawa sun ba Dougga matsayin birni na asali (civitas) bayan sun mamaye yankin.^[2]

Kafa koloniyar Roma ta Carthage a zamanin mulkin Augustus ya ƙara rikitar da matsayin Dougga na hukuma. An haɗa birnin cikin ƙasar koloniyar Roma (pertica), amma a wannan lokacin, an kafa wata al’umma (pagus) ta 'yan koloniyar Roma kusa da tsohon garin. Na tsawon ƙarni biyu, an gudanar da garin ne daga hukumomin birni biyu daban-daban: birnin Dougga da peregrini, da kuma pagus da 'yan ƙasar Roma. Dukkanin su suna da hukumomin Roma: shugabanni da majalisa (ordo) na decurions ga birni, da kuma majalisar garin daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 1 bayan haihuwar Yesu, tare da masu gudanarwa na pagus, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon koloniyar Carthage. Bugu da ƙari, rubuce-rubucen tarihi sun nuna cewa akwai shugabanci na sufet guda biyu a salon Punic wanda ya cigaba da samun matsayi har cikin zamanin Daular Roma. A wani lokaci, birnin ya samu shugabanni guda uku a lokaci guda — abin da ba kasafai ake gani ba a yankin Bahar Rum.^[3]

A hankali, Romanization na birnin ya kusantar da waɗannan al’umomi biyu. Mutane masu daraja daga cikin peregrini sun fara karɓar al’adun Roma, sun zama 'yan ƙasar Roma, kuma majalisun su biyu sun fara yanke shawara tare. Wannan kusanci ya samo asali ne daga kusancin su a wurin da suke zaune — babu bambanci a fili tsakanin matsuguninsu — kuma daga baya ya samu karfafa ta tsarin hukumomi. A zamanin Marcus Aurelius, birnin ya samu damar amfani da dokokin Roma; daga wannan lokaci, shugabannin birnin sukan karɓi ƙasaitar zama 'yan ƙasar Roma kai tsaye, kuma hakkokin mazauna birnin sun yi daidai da na 'yan ƙasar Roma. A wannan lokaci kuma, pagus ya samu ɗan 'yanci daga Carthage; ya samu damar karɓar gudummawa da kuma gudanar da dukiyar jama’a.

Sai dai, har zuwa shekara ta 205 AD, a zamanin mulkin Septimius Severus, ne waɗannan al’umomi biyu suka haɗu suka zama ƙungiyar birni guda (municipium), mai 'yanci (kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa), yayin da aka rage yankin pertica na Carthage. Birnin ya ci gaba da dogara da euergetism daga manyan iyalansa masu arziki, wanda wani lokaci ya kai matakin da ba a saba gani ba, kuma an samu wakilci mai tasiri daga gare su zuwa ga sarkin Roma. Ci gaban Dougga ya kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Gallienus, lokacin da aka ba ta matsayin koloniyar Roma mai cin gashin kanta.

Tsofaffin gine-ginen Dougga suna tabbatar da ci gabanta daga zamanin Diocletian har zuwa zamanin Theodosius I,^[4] amma birnin ya shiga wani yanayi na rashin kuzari tun daga ƙarni na 4. Alamu sun nuna raguwar ci gabanta da wuri, kamar yadda ƙarancin ginin coci ke nuna.^[4] A zamanin mulkin Bizantine (Byzantine), yankin kusa da dandalin birnin (forum) ya koma sansanin soja; an rushe wasu muhimman gine-gine domin amfani da su wajen gina sabon sansanin.

Halifanci

Ba a taba barin Dougga gaba daya ba bayan mamayar musulmi a yankin. Na dogon lokaci, Dougga ya kasance wurin wani ƙaramin ƙauye wanda zuriyar tsoffin mazauna garin ke zaune, kamar yadda ƙaramin masallacin da ke cikin Temple of August Piety ya tabbatar da ƙaramin wanka wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin Aghlabid a gefen kudu na dandalin.

Ayyukan Tarihi na Kimiya (Archaeological work)

Ziyartar farko daga Turawan Yamma da suka rubuta abin da suka gani a wurin Dougga ya fara tun a ƙarni na 17. Wannan al'ada ta ci gaba a ƙarni na 18 da kuma farkon ƙarni na 19.^[5] Manyan gine-ginen da suka fi tsayuwa kamar mausoleum an bayyana su, kuma a ƙarshen wannan lokaci, an fara yin nazarin gine-ginen da fasaharsu.

Kafuwar kariyar Faransa a Tunisiya a shekarar 1881 ta haifar da kirkirar cibiyar kula da kayan tarihi ta ƙasa (Institut national du patrimoine), inda aikin tono a Dougga ya zama fifiko tun daga 1901, tare da aikin da ake gudanarwa a Carthage. A Dougga, an fara ne da aikin tono a kusa da dandalin gari; wasu abubuwan tarihi da aka gano sun sa aka ci gaba da tonawa har zuwa 1939. Bayan wannan, an yi aikin gyara ginin babban haikalin (capitol), wanda a wancan lokacin gaban ginin da gindin bangon cella ne kawai ke nan, da kuma gyaran mausoleum, musamman tsakanin 1908 da 1910.^[5]

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Tunisiya, wasu gine-gine na daban an tono su, ciki har da Haikalin Nasarar Caracalla a Jamus. A wannan lokacin ne kuma aka kori mazauna wurin na ƙarshe, aka mayar da su wani ƙauye da ke filin kusa da tsohon wurin tarihi, wanda ake kira Dougga ta Sabo (New Dougga). A shekarar 1991, an yanke shawarar mayar da wurin ya zama filin binciken tarihi na ƙasa. Wani shirin hadin gwiwa na kimiyya na da nufin inganta nazari kan rubuce-rubucen da ke wurin da kuma haikalin da suka danganci addinai na da. A shekarar 1997, an saka Dougga cikin jerin wuraren Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO.

Duk da muhimmancinsa da kuma yadda gine-ginensa ke nan yadda ya kamata, Dougga bai zama sananne ba a wajen masu yawon bude ido; yawon shigarsa bai wuce mutum 50,000 a shekara ba. Don kara janyo hankalin baƙi, ana tunanin gina wani gidan kayan gargajiya a wurin, yayin da cibiyar kula da kayan tarihi ta ƙasa ta kafa wani shafin yanar gizo da ke gabatar da wurin da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da shi.^[6] A yanzu haka, masu ziyara da ke da isasshen lokaci za su iya jin daɗin Dougga, ba kawai saboda gine-ginen da ke nan ba, har ma da gonakin zaitun da ke ba wurin yanayi na musamman. Certainly! Here's the translation in Hausa without any formatting or codes:

Yancin Dougga

Daga shekara ta 205 AD, lokacin da birnin (civitas) da al'ummar (pagus) suka hadu suka zama gari daya (municipium), Dougga ta dauki suna "liberum," wanda ba a fahimta nan take ba. Wannan kalma ta bayyana a cikin sunayen wasu garuruwan da aka kafa a lokaci guda kamar Thibursicum Bure, Aulodes, da Thysdrus. An ba da wasu fassara game da ma'anarta.

A cewar Merlin da Poinssot, kalmar ta fito daga sunan allahn Liber, wanda aka gina haikalinsa a Dougga. Sunan "Liberum" zai iya bin tsarin da wasu sunaye kamar Frugifer da Concordia suka bi a wasu birane. Duk da haka, babu wani shaida da ke nuna cewa Dougga ta samu wani yanci na musamman.

Bugu da kari, wasu masana sun yi tsammanin "liberum" yana nuni ga matsayin 'yanci ko 'yanto daga wani nauyi na mulki. Wani rubutu da aka samu a Dougga yana girmama Alexander Severus a matsayin "mai kare 'yanci."

Duk da haka, ba a fayyace nau'in 'yancin da Dougga ta samu ba. Wasu masana kamar Jules Toutain sun yi imanin cewa sunan yana nuni ga wasu birane da gwamnan Roma ba shi da ikon sa baki a cikin mulkinsu. Sai dai babu wani shaida da ke tabbatar da cewa Dougga ta samu irin wannan 'yancin.

Masana kamar Paul Veyne sun yi hasashen cewa "yanci" a nan ba yana nufin wata dama ta musamman ba, sai dai kawai birnin ya sami 'yanto daga matsayinsa na baya. Dougga ta yi bikin wannan matsayi sabo da sabon martaba da ta samu.

A karshe, wasu masana irin su Claude Lepelley sun yi bincike don gano ko akwai wani nau'in yanci na hakika. Wasu takardu sun nuna cewa biranen da suka samu matsayi irin na Dougga a zamanin Septimius Severus sun sami wani yanci na haraji saboda arzikinsu da kuma kyautar da sarki ya bayar.

A zamanin Gallienus, wani mutum mai suna Aulus Vitellius Felix Honoratus ya nemi sarki don tabbatar da 'yancin jama'a. Wannan ya nuna cewa birnin yana kokarin kare wata dama da ta samu.

Ko da yake, akwai wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da ma'anar "liberum" da Dougga ta samu, ba a da wata hujja mai karfi da ke tabbatar da hakan.^[7]

Tsarin Gini Gabaɗaya

Birnin kamar yadda yake a yau ya ƙunshi ainihin ragowar daga zamanin Rumawa wanda mafi yawansu suka kasance na ƙarni na 2 da na 3. Masu gine-ginen Rumawa sun yi la'akari da yanayin ƙasa mai tsaunuka na wurin da kuma gine-ginen da suka gabata, wanda ya sa su yi watsi da tsarin da aka saba yi na matsugunan Rumawa,^[8] kamar yadda yake bayyane a wurare kamar Timgad.

Binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan ya tabbatar da ci gaba a ci gaban birnin. Tsakiyar birnin koyaushe tana saman tudu, inda dandalin ya maye gurbin dandalin Numidian. Yayin da Dougga ya ci gaba, gine-ginen birni ya mamaye gefen tudu, don haka birnin dole ne ya yi kama da "tarin tarin yawa", a cewar Hédi Slim^[8]

Binciken kayan tarihi na farko ya fi mayar da hankali kan gine-ginen jama'a, wanda ke nufin cewa gine-ginen masu zaman kansu sun fara bayyana a ƙarshen ramukan da aka tono don wannan dalili. Daga baya, an tono ramuka da manufar nuna musamman gine-ginen masu zaman kansu.

Gidan Numidian

An gano alamun wani gida mai zamanin Numidian a cikin tushen haikalin da aka sadaukar wa Liber.^[9] Ko da yake waɗannan alamun sun yi rauni sosai, sun yi aiki don musanta ra'ayoyin masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na farko, ciki har da Louis Poinssot, cewa matsugunan Rumawa da na kafin Rumawa suna kan wurare daban-daban. Matsugunan biyu sun bayyane sun haɗu.

Gidan Trifolium

Wannan gida, wanda ya kasance na ƙarni na 2 ko na 3, yana ƙasa da tudu daga unguwannin da ke kewaye da dandalin da manyan wuraren tarihi na jama'a a cikin birnin, a wani yanki inda tituna suke jujjuya.^[10]

Gidan trifolium, mai suna bayan ɗakin da aka tsara kamar shamrock wanda ba tare da shakka an yi amfani da shi azaman triclinium ba, shine mafi girman gidan mai zaman kansa da aka tona har yanzu a Dougga. Gidan yana da benaye biyu, amma kusan babu sauran abin da ya rage na bene na sama. Yana kudu da birnin, tsakiyar tudu. Gidan yana da ban sha'awa musamman saboda yadda aka gina shi don daidaitawa da yanayin ƙasa; zauren shiga yana gangarawa zuwa wani fili wanda aka shirya ɗakuna daban-daban a kewayen sa.^[11]

Kasuwa

Kasuwar ta kasance daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 1. Ta ɗauki siffar murabba'i mai girman 35.5 m × 28 m (116 ft × 92 ft), wanda ke kewaye da wani shinge da shaguna a gefe biyu. Gefen arewa yana da shinge, yayin da exedra ya mamaye gefen kudu.^[12] Exedra wataƙila yana da mutum-mutumi na Mercury.^[13]

Domin rama tudun da kasuwar take a kai, masu gine-ginen sun yi gagarumin aikin ƙasa. An ƙaddara cewa waɗannan ayyukan ƙasa suna daga cikin tsoffin gine-ginen Rumawa, kuma yanayin su game da dandalin yana nuna cewa ba a gina su a kan kowane tsoffin tushe ba.^[13] Koyaya, kada a fahimci wurin ragowar kasuwar a yau kusa da dandalin a matsayin nuna alaƙa tsakanin su biyun. An kusan lalata kasuwar gaba ɗaya yayin ginin garun Byzantine.^[13] An tono ta a shekarar 1918–1919.^[14]

Wuraren Wanka na Licinian

Wuraren Wanka na Licinian suna da ban sha'awa domin yawancin bangon su na asali suna nan, da kuma dogon rami da bayi ke amfani da shi a wuraren wanka. Iyalan Licinii ne suka ba da wuraren wanka ga birnin a ƙarni na 3. An fi amfani da su azaman wuraren wanka na hunturu. Frigidarium yana da arches uku a kowane gefe da manyan tagogi masu kallon kwarin da ke can.

Gine-ginen Binnewa

Dolmens

Kasancewar dolmen a Arewacin Afirka ya haifar da muhawara kan tarihi wanda aka ce yana da ajandar akida.^[15] An yi tonon silili a dolmens na Dougga, wanda kuma ya gano kwarangwal da samfurin tukwane.

Duk da yake yana da wuya a sanya ranar gina dolmens, saboda an yi amfani da su har zuwa farkon zamanin Kiristanci, da alama sun kasance tun akalla shekaru 2000 BC.^[16] Gabriel Camps ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai alaƙa da Sicily. Ya ba da shawarar guda ɗaya don kaburburan "haouanet" da aka samu a Aljeriya da Tunisiya.^[17]

Kaburburan Bazina na Numidiya

An gano wani nau'in kabari na musamman ga duniyar Numidiya a Dougga. Ana kiran su kaburburan bazina ko kaburburan abin tunawa na zagaye.

Mausoleum na Punic-Libyan

Mausoleum na Ateban yana ɗaya daga cikin misalai kaɗan na gine-ginen sarauta na Numidiya. Akwai wani a Sabratha a Libya. Wasu marubuta sun yi imanin cewa akwai alaƙa da gine-ginen binnewa a Anatolia da makabartun Alexandria daga ƙarni na 3 da na 2 BC.^[18]

Wannan kabari yana da tsayin 21 m (69 ft) kuma an gina shi a ƙarni na 2 BC. Wani rubutu mai harsuna biyu da aka sanya a cikin mausoleum ya ambaci cewa an sadaukar da kabarin ga Ateban, ɗan Iepmatath da Palu. A cikin 1842, Sir Thomas Reade, Birtaniya consul a Tunis ya lalata abin tunawa sosai yayin da yake cire wannan rubutun. Wannan Punic-Libyan Inscription mai harsuna biyu, wanda yanzu yake a British Museum, ya ba da damar fassara haruffan Libyanci.^[19] Kwanan nan ne kawai aka tabbatar cewa asalin rubutun yana gefe ɗaya na taga na karya a kan podium.^[20] Dangane da sabon bincike, sunayen da aka ambata a cikin rubutun sune na mai zanen sa kawai da kuma wakilan sana'o'i daban-daban da ke da hannu wajen ginawa. Mazauna birnin sun gina abin tunawa ga wani basarake Numidiya; wasu marubuta sun yi imanin cewa an yi shi ne don Massinissa^[18]^[21]

Abin tunawa yana da kamanninsa na yanzu saboda aikin Faransawa archaeologist Louis Poinssot, wanda ya sake gina shi daga gutsuttsarin da aka bari a ƙasa. Ana samun damar shiga kabarin ta hanyar wani pedestal mai matakai biyar. A gefen arewa na podium (mafi ƙasƙanci na matakai uku a cikin abin tunawa), akwai buɗewa zuwa ɗakin binnewa wanda aka rufe da dutsen dutse. Sauran bangarorin an yi musu ado da tagogin karya da ginshiƙai huɗu na Aeolic pilasters. Mataki na biyu ya ƙunshi ginshiƙi mai kama da haikali (naiskos); ginshiƙan kowane gefe Ionic ne. Mataki na uku shine mafi kyawun ado na duka: ban da pilasters masu kama da na mataki na ƙasa, an rufe shi da pyramid. An kuma sami wasu abubuwa na dutsen da aka sassaka.

Kaburburan Roman

Duk da yake an yi aiki a baya don gano kaburburan Roman,^[22] a yau an sake dawo da su a wani ɓangare ta hanyar bishiyar olive.

Makabartu daban-daban suna nuna yankunan da aka zauna a Dougga. Akwai yankuna biyar da aka gano a matsayin makabartu: na farko a arewa maso gabas, kusa da Temple na Saturn da Victoria Church, na biyu a arewa maso yamma, yankin da kuma ya haɗa da dolmens a wurin, na uku a yamma, tsakanin Aïn Mizeb da Aïn El Hammam cisterns da kuma arewacin Temple na Juno Caelestis, na huɗu da na biyar a kudu da kudu maso gabas, ɗaya a kusa da mausoleum ɗin kuma ɗayan a kusa da triumphal arch na Septimius Severus.^[23]

Hypogeum

The hypogeum wani gini ne mai rabi daga ƙarni na 3. An gina shi a tsakiyar tsohuwar makabarta, wanda aka tona a 1913. An tsara hypogeum don adana akwatunan binnewa a cikin ƙananan wurare a cikin bangon; a lokacin da aka gano shi, yana dauke da [sarcophagi, wanda ke nuna cewa an yi amfani da shi na dogon lokaci.^[24]

Abubuwan Siyasa

Kofofin Nasara

Dougga har yanzu tana da kofofin nasara guda biyu, waɗanda suke cikin matakai daban-daban na lalacewa.

Kofar Septimius Severus, wadda ta lalace sosai, tana kusa da makabarta kuma tana kan hanyar da ke tafe daga Carthage zuwa Théveste.^[25] An gina ta a shekara ta 205 AD.

Kofar Alexander Severus, wadda aka gina tsakanin shekarar 222 zuwa 235, tana da kyau fiye da sauran, ko da yake an rasa sassan ta na sama. Tana tsakanin babban haikali da kuma Haikalin Juno Caelestis. Ƙofar tana da tsayin mita 4.^[26]

Wani kofa na uku na nasara, wanda ya samo asali daga zamanin Tetrarchy, ya bace gaba ɗaya.

Dandalin Jama'a

Wani kallo na yammacin dandalin daga babban haikali.

Dandalin garin, wanda yake da girman murabba'in mita 924^[27] ƙanƙane ne. Ana samun ragowar ginin a wasu wurare fiye da wasu, domin ginin ƙasar daular Byzantine ya lalata wani babban ɓangare na dandalin.^[28] Babban haikali, wanda ke tsaye a wani wuri da aka zagaye da benaye, yana rinjayar wurin saboda ƙayataccen tsarin sa. "Fadin Furen Iskar" (wanda aka sa masa suna daga wani adon da ke wurin) yana kama da wani fili da ke kaiwa zuwa Haikalin Mercury, wanda ke arewacin wurin, fiye da kasancewarsa fili na jama'a.^[28] An kuma yi zaton cewa curia na birnin da kuma dandalin jawabi sun kasance a nan.^[10]

Tsoffin masana tarihi sun ɗauka cewa Romawa ne suka kafa Dougga daga tushe. Amma binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa akwai wani wurin ibada da aka keɓe wa Massinissa a cikin gine-ginen da ke bayan babban haikali.^[29]

Manazarta

↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named khan13155
↑ Collectif, *L'Afrique romaine. 69-439*, éd. Atlande, Neuilly-sur-Seine, 2006, shafi na 309
↑ Ilẹvbare, J.A. (June 1974). "The Impact of the Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 (2): 187–197. JSTOR 41857007.
1 2 Collectif, *L'Afrique romaine. 69-439*, shafi na 310
1 2 Exploration et collections du site de Dougga (Strabon)^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ Portail de Dougga (Ministère de la culture et de la sauvegarde du patrimoine) Archived 2009-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Michel Christol, « De la liberté recouvrée d’Uchi Maius à la liberté de Dougga » Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes, tome LXXVIII, 2004, pp. 13-42
1 2 Hédi Slim et Nicolas Fauqué, La Tunisie antique. De Hannibal à saint Augustin, éd. Mengès, Paris, 2001, p. 153
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, éd. Agence de mise en valeur du patrimoine et de promotion culturelle, Tunis, 2008, p. 41
1 2 Jean-Claude Golvin, L'antiquité retrouvée, éd. Errance, Paris, 2003, p. 99
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, pp. 64-66
↑ Pierre Gros, L'architecture romaine du début du IIIe siècle à la fin du Haut-Empire, tome 1 « Monuments publics », éd. Picard, Paris, 1996, p. 455
1 2 3 Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 27
↑ Sophie Saint-Amans, op. cit., p. 336
↑ Gabriel Camps, Les Berbères, mémoire et identité, coll. Babel, éd. Actes Sud/Leméac, Paris/Montréal, 2007 ISBN 978-2-7427-6922-3
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 62
↑ Gabriel Camps, Les Berbères, mémoire et identité, p. 90
1 2 Pierre Gros, L'architecture romaine du début du IIIe siècle à la fin du Haut-Empire, tome 2 « Maisons, palais, villas et tombeaux », éd. Picard, Paris, 2001, p. 417
↑ British Museum Collection
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 74
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p 75
↑ The Latin texts found on these sepulchres have been collated and published in Mustapha Khanoussi et Louis Maurin [sous la dir. de], Mourir à Dougga. Recueil des inscriptions funéraires, éd. Ausonius, Bordeaux, 2002
↑ See figure no. 3 in Sophie Saint-Amans, Topographie religieuse de Thugga (Dougga). Ville romaine d'Afrique proconsulaire (Tunisie), éd. Ausonius, Bordeaux, 2004 ISBN 2-910023-46-X
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 18
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, shafi na 70
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, shafi na 58
↑ Hédi Slim da Nicolas Fauqué, op. cit., shafi na 156
1 2 Pierre Gros, L'architecture romaine du début du IIIe siècle à la fin du Haut-Empire, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 228
↑ Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, shafi na 32

[khan13155-1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named khan13155

[2] Collectif, *L'Afrique romaine. 69-439*, éd. Atlande, Neuilly-sur-Seine, 2006, shafi na 309

[3] Ilẹvbare, J.A. (June 1974). "The Impact of the Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 (2): 187–197. JSTOR 41857007.

[afrrom310-4] 1 2 Collectif, *L'Afrique romaine. 69-439*, shafi na 310

[strabon-5] 1 2 Exploration et collections du site de Dougga (Strabon)^{[permanent dead link]}

[6] Portail de Dougga (Ministère de la culture et de la sauvegarde du patrimoine) Archived 2009-04-03 at the Wayback Machine

[7] Michel Christol, « De la liberté recouvrée d’Uchi Maius à la liberté de Dougga » Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes, tome LXXVIII, 2004, pp. 13-42

[slim153-8] 1 2 Hédi Slim et Nicolas Fauqué, La Tunisie antique. De Hannibal à saint Augustin, éd. Mengès, Paris, 2001, p. 153

[9] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, éd. Agence de mise en valeur du patrimoine et de promotion culturelle, Tunis, 2008, p. 41

[golvin99-10] 1 2 Jean-Claude Golvin, L'antiquité retrouvée, éd. Errance, Paris, 2003, p. 99

[11] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, pp. 64-66

[12] Pierre Gros, L'architecture romaine du début du IIIe siècle à la fin du Haut-Empire, tome 1 « Monuments publics », éd. Picard, Paris, 1996, p. 455

[khandoug27-13] 1 2 3 Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 27

[14] Sophie Saint-Amans, op. cit., p. 336

[15] Gabriel Camps, Les Berbères, mémoire et identité, coll. Babel, éd. Actes Sud/Leméac, Paris/Montréal, 2007 ISBN 978-2-7427-6922-3

[16] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 62

[17] Gabriel Camps, Les Berbères, mémoire et identité, p. 90

[grosII417-18] 1 2 Pierre Gros, L'architecture romaine du début du IIIe siècle à la fin du Haut-Empire, tome 2 « Maisons, palais, villas et tombeaux », éd. Picard, Paris, 2001, p. 417

[19] British Museum Collection

[20] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 74

[21] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p 75

[22] The Latin texts found on these sepulchres have been collated and published in Mustapha Khanoussi et Louis Maurin [sous la dir. de], Mourir à Dougga. Recueil des inscriptions funéraires, éd. Ausonius, Bordeaux, 2002

[23] See figure no. 3 in Sophie Saint-Amans, Topographie religieuse de Thugga (Dougga). Ville romaine d'Afrique proconsulaire (Tunisie), éd. Ausonius, Bordeaux, 2004 ISBN 2-910023-46-X

[24] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, p. 18

[khanoussi70-25] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, shafi na 70

[26] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, shafi na 58

[27] Hédi Slim da Nicolas Fauqué, op. cit., shafi na 156

[grosII228-28] 1 2 Pierre Gros, L'architecture romaine du début du IIIe siècle à la fin du Haut-Empire, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 228

[khanoussi32-29] Mustapha Khanoussi, Dougga, shafi na 32

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