Dutch Slave Coast
 Dutch Slave Coast | ||||
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| Nahiya | Afirka | |||
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Kogin Slave Coast (Holland: Slavenkust) yana nufin wuraren kasuwanci na Kamfanin Dutch West India Company a gaɓar tekun Slave Coast, wanda ke cikin Ghana, Benin, Togo, da Najeriya. Babban manufar wurin ciniki shine don samar da bayi ga yankunan Holland da ke cikin Amurka. Shigar Holland akan Tekun Slave coast ya fara ne tare da kafa wurin kasuwanci a Offra a cikin shekarar 1660. Daga baya, ciniki ya koma Ouidah, inda Ingilishi da Faransa kuma ke da wurin ciniki. Rikicin siyasa ya sa mutanen Holland suka yi watsi da kasuwancinsu a Ouidah a shekara ta 1725, yanzu sun koma Jaquim, inda suka gina Fort Zeelandia. A shekara ta 1760, mutanen Holland sun yi watsi da kasuwancinsu na ƙarshe a yankin.
An zaunar da bakin tekun bayi daga Kogin Zinare na mutanen Holland, wanda mutanen Holland suka kafa a Elmina. A lokacin kasancewarsa, Tekun Slave Coast yana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da wannan mulkin mallaka.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cewar majiyoyi daban-daban, Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya fara aika bayi akai-akai zuwa babban birnin Ajaland na Allada daga shekara ta 1640 zuwa gaba. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata 'yan Holland sun fara sha'awar cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika saboda kama arewacin Brazil daga Portuguese. Willem Bosman ya rubuta a cikin Nauwkeurige beschrijving van de Guinese Goud- Tand-en Slavekust (1703) cewa Allada kuma ana kiransa Grand Ardra, kasancewarsa babban ɗan uwan Little Ardra, wanda kuma aka sani da Offra. Daga shekarun 1660 zuwa gaba, kasancewar Dutch a Allada kuma musamman Offra ya zama mafi dindindin. [1] Rahoton daga wannan shekara yana tabbatar da wuraren kasuwancin Dutch, ban da Allada da Offra, a cikin Benin City, Grand-Popo, da Savi.
Wurin ciniki na Offra ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi mahimmancin ofishin Dutch akan Tekun Slave Coast. A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 1670, a kowace shekara ana jigilar bayi 2,500 zuwa 3,000 daga Offra zuwa Amurka da kuma rubuce-rubuce na shekarun 1690, Bosman yayi sharhi game da cinikin a Fida, "Ana ajiye kasuwannin mutane a nan kamar yadda na dabbobi suke tare da mu." Adadin bayi ya ragu a lokutan rikici. Daga shekarar 1688 zuwa gaba, gwagwarmaya tsakanin Sarkin Aja na Allada da al'ummomin yankunan bakin teku, ya hana samar da bayi. Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya zaɓi gefen Sarkin Aja, wanda ya sa sojojin adawa suka lalata ofishin Offra a shekarar 1692. Bayan wannan ɓangarorin, shigar ƙasar Holland a kan Tekun Slave Coast ya ƙare ko kaɗan. [2]
David van Nyendael a ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa Benin, ya ziyarci Sarkin Benin a birnin Benin. Cikakken bayaninsa game da wannan tafiya an haɗa shi azaman shafi zuwa Nauwkeurige na Willem Bosman na Nauwkeurige beschrijving van de Guinese Goud- Tand-en Slavekust (1703). Bayanin da ya yi game da masarauta ya kasance mai daraja a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun bayanai na Benin. [3]
A kan ƙaddamar da Gwamna-Janar na Ƙasar Gold Coast Willem de la Palma, an aika Jacob van den Broucke a shekarar 1703 a matsayin "opperkommies" (shugaban ɗan kasuwa) zuwa wurin kasuwancin Holland a Ouidah, wanda bisa ga majiyoyin da aka kafa a kusa da 1670. Har ila yau Ouidah ta kasance cibiyar kasuwancin bayi ga sauran ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai, wanda hakan ya sa wannan wurin ya zama mai yiwuwa ɗan takarar sabon babban wurin kasuwanci a gaɓar tekun Slave Coast.. [4] [5]
Rikicin siyasa kuma shine dalilin rufe ofishin Ouidah a shekara ta 1725. Kamfanin a wannan lokacin ya koma hedkwatar su zuwa Jaquim, wanda ke mafi gabas. [4] Shugaban ofishin, Hendrik Hertog, ya yi kaurin suna a matsayin mai cin kasuwa mai nasara. A yunƙurin faɗaɗa yankin kasuwancinsa, Hertog ya yi shawarwari da ƙabilun gida kuma ya cuɗe cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa na cikin gida. Ya goyi bayan jam'iyyar da ba ta dace ba, duk da haka, ya haifar da rikici da Darakta Janar Jan Pranger da kuma gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin Appa a shekarar 1732. An tsawaita wurin kasuwancin Holland a wannan tsibirin a matsayin sabuwar cibiyar cinikin bayi. A cikin shekarar 1733, Hertog ya koma Jaquim, wannan lokacin yana ƙaddamar da wurin ciniki zuwa Fort Zeelandia. Farfaɗo da cinikin bayi a Jaquim na ɗan lokaci ne kawai, duk da haka, kamar yadda manyansa a Kamfanin Yammancin Indiya suka lura cewa bayin Hertog sun fi tsada fiye da na Gold Coast. Daga shekarar 1735, Elmina ya zama wurin da aka fi so don cinikin bayi. [6]
Yawan mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cinikin bayin da ke ƙetare Atlantika ya haifar da hasarar rayuka masu yawa kuma har yanzu ba a sani ba ga fursunonin Afirka a ciki da wajen Amurka.[7] "Sama da mutane miliyan ɗaya ake tunanin sun mutu" a lokacin da suke tafiya zuwa sabuwar duniya a cewar wani rahoton BBC. More sun mutu jim kaɗan bayan isowarsu. Adadin rayukan da aka yi hasarar sayan bayi ya kasance abin ban mamaki amma yana iya kai ko wuce adadin waɗanda suka tsira daga bauta.[8]
Mummunan yanayi na cinikin ya haifar da lalatar mutane da al'adu. Masanin tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo ya lura cewa tsarin bautar bai ƙare ba tare da isowa kan iyakar Yammacin Yammacin Turai; Hanyoyi daban-daban da ɗaiɗaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da fataucin bayi na Tekun Atlantika suka rinjayi abubuwa daban-daban-da suka haɗa da yankin da ke tashi daga jirgin, ikon sayar da su a kasuwa, irin aikin da aka yi, jinsi, shekaru, addini, da harshe.[9][10]
Patrick Manning ya kiyasta cewa kimanin bayi miliyan 12 sun shiga kasuwancin Atlantic tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 19, amma kimanin miliyan 1.5 sun mutu a cikin jirgin. Kimanin bayi miliyan 10.5 sun isa Amurka. Baya ga bayi da suka mutu a Tsakiyar Tsakiya, yawancin 'yan Afirka sun mutu a lokacin hare-haren bayi a Afirka kuma sun tilasta tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Manning ya kiyasta cewa miliyan 4 sun mutu a cikin Afirka bayan an kama su, kuma da yawa sun mutu da ƙuruciya. Kimanin Manning ya rufe miliyan 12 waɗanda aka ƙaddara don Atlantic, da kuma miliyan 6 da aka ƙaddara ga kasuwannin bayi na Asiya da miliyan 8 da aka ƙaddamar don kasuwannin Afirka.[11] Daga cikin bayi da aka tura zuwa Amurka, mafi girman rabon ya tafi Brazil da Caribbean.[12]
Tashoshin kasuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Atlas of Mutual Heritage. "Plaats: Allada (Ardra, Ardres, Arder, Allada, Harder)". Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ Atlas of Mutual Heritage. "Plaats: Offra (Pla, Cleen Ardra, Klein Ardra, Offra)". Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ Den Heijer 2002.
- 1 2 Atlas of Mutual Heritage. "Plaats: Ouidah (Fida, Whydah, Juda, Hueda, Whidah)". Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "AMH-Ouidah" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Delepeleire 2004, section 3.c.2.
- ↑ Atlas of Mutual Heritage. "Plaats: Jaquim (Jaquin, Jakri, Godomey, Jakin)". Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ Quick guide: The slave trade; Who were the slaves? BBC News, 15 March 2007.
- ↑ Stannard, David. American Holocaust. Oxford University Press, 1993.
- ↑ Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images.
- ↑ American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission report, page 43-44
- ↑ Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds), The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe (Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 117–44, online at pp. 119–120.
- ↑ Maddison, Angus. Contours of the world economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in macro-economic history. Oxford University Press, 2007.
Bayanan kula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Delepeleire, Y. (2004). Nederlands Elmina: een socio-economische analyse van de Tweede Westindische Compagnie in West-Afrika in 1715. Gent: Universiteit Gent.
- Den Heijer, Henk (2002). "David van Nyendael: the first European envoy to the court of Ashanti". In Van Kessel, W. M. J. (ed.). Merchants, missionaries & migrants: 300 years of Dutch-Ghanaian relations. Amsterdam: KIT publishers. pp. 41–49.