Dutsen Lu'u-lu'u

 

Dutsen Lu'u-lu'u
General information
Tsawo	0.324 km
Fadi	0.29 km
Yawan fili	0.07 km²
Labarin ƙasa
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa	14°26′35″N 61°02′20″W
Bangare na	Windward Islands (en)
Kasa	Faransa
Territory	Le Diamant (mul)
Flanked by	Caribbean Sea (mul)
Ƙasantuwa a yanayin ƙasa	Windward Islands (en)
Hydrography (en)
Mountaineering (en)
Geology
Material (en)	basalt (en)

Dutsen Diamond ( French Tsibirin basalt ne 175 metres (574 ft) dake kudu da "Grande Anse du Diamant" kafin ya isa daga kudu a Fort-de-Faransa, babban tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Martinique na Caribbean . Tsibirin da ba a zaune ba yana da nisan 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) daga Pointe Diamant kuma yankinsa ya kai 5.3 ha (acres 13.1).

Tsibirin ya sami sunansa daga tunanin da bangarorin sa suka jefa a wasu lokutan rana, wanda ke haifar da hotuna na dutse mai daraja. Yana da sananne saboda an ba da izini a cikin Royal Navy a matsayin Jirgin ruwa na dutse HMS Diamond Rock a watan Fabrairun 1804 a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon . A tsakiyar 1805, ƙungiyar Franco da Spanish ta kama dutsen a Yaƙin Diamond Rock kuma ta riƙe shi har sai Birtaniya ta sake kama shi a mamaye Martinique a 1809. An mayar da Diamond Rock ga ikon Faransa a matsayin wani ɓangare na cinikin Martinique bayan yaƙi a cikin 1815, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Martinique.

HMS Diamond RockDutsen Lu'u-lu'u

Ana fitar da bindiga daga Centaur zuwa dutse ta hanyar igiyoyi

sansanin Burtaniya a kan Diamond Rock a cikin 1805

Diamond Rock yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a arewacin ƙarshen Saint Lucia Channel">Tashar Saint Lucia. Samun dutsen ya ba da izinin hana zirga-zirga tsakanin Martinique da maƙwabcinta ta kudu, Saint Lucia.

A watan Satumbar 1803 Commodore Sir Samuel Hood ya tashi zuwa dutse a cikin Centaur (Kapitan Murray Maxwell). Hood ya sami aikin don toshe bays a Fort Royal da Saint Pierre, Martinique.

Centaur yana kwance a tashar a Fort Royal Bay, Martinique, a safiyar 1 ga Disamba lokacin da masu kallo suka ga jirgin ruwa tare da jirgin ruwa a cikin kaya kimanin kilomita shida (9.7) daga zuwa Saint Pierre. Hood ya aika da jirgin shawararsa, Saratu, bayan jirgin ruwa, ya sa Maxwell ya tashi Centaur don bin jirgin ruwa. Bayan bin wasu leagues 24 leagues (120 km; 63 nmi) km; 63 , Centaur ya kama jirgin ruwa, wanda ya zama mai zaman kansa Ma Sophie, daga Guadeloupe. Tana da ma'aikata 45, kuma tana dauke da bindigogi takwas, wanda ta jefa yayin bindigogi.

Hood ya ɗauki Ma Sophie cikin aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa, yana cajin kyaftin dinta, Lieutenant William Donnett, tare da kallon tashar tsakanin Diamond Rock da Martinique don jiragen abokan gaba. Donnett ya ziyarci dutsen akai-akai don tattara ciyawa mai kauri, mai laushi mai laushi don a sa shi cikin hular ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da kuma shuka mai kama da spinach da ake kira callaloo, wanda lokacin da aka dafa shi kuma aka yi amfani da shi kowace rana, ya kiyaye ma'aikatan Centaur da Ma Sophie daga scurvy kuma ya kasance mai kyau ƙari ga menu mai tsawo wanda ya mamaye naman sa.[3]

Tare da taimakon yanayi mai natsuwa, 'yan Burtaniya sun sami damar gudu da layi a bakin teku kuma su ɗaga bindigogi biyu na 18-pound zuwa taron dutsen. Birtaniya sun gina ganuwa da sauri kuma sun samar da matsayi tare da abinci da ruwa ga garuruwan mataimakan biyu da mutane 120 a karkashin umurnin Lieutenant James Wilkes Maurice, mataimakin Hood na farko. Hood ya ba da izini ga tsibirin a matsayin "sloop" HMS Diamond Rock (a "stone frigate"). Wani jirgin ruwa mai bindiga shida, wanda aka sanya HMS Fort Diamond, ya goyi bayan sansanin. Don girmama admiral dinsa, Maurice ya sanya shi a matsayin "Hood Battery" wanda ya sanya fam 24 wanda ya sanya don wuta daga kogo a tsakiyar gefen dutsen. Har ila yau, Birtaniya ta sanya bindigogi biyu na 24 a cikin batura ("Centaur" da "Queen's") a gindin dutsen, da kuma carronade na 24 don rufe wurin saukowa kawai. Ɗaya daga cikin asusun ya sanya fam 24 guda biyu a taron, amma duk sauran asusun sun sanya fam 18 a can. A wani lokaci a lokacin wannan, Ma Sophie ta fashe saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, ta kashe kowa sai dai daya daga cikin ma'aikatanta.[9]

Tare da aikin da aka kammala a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, Hood ya yanke shawarar tsara gwamnatin tsibirin, kuma ya rubuta wa Admiralty, yana sanar da cewa ya ba da umarnin dutsen a matsayin jirgin yaki, a ƙarƙashin sunan Diamond Rock.[10] Lieutenant Maurice, wanda ya burge Hood da kokarinsa yayin da yake kafa matsayin, an ba shi lada ta hanyar sanya shi kwamandan.[11]

Yayinda HMS Diamond Rock ke cikin kwamiti a matsayin Jirgin ruwa na dutse, ana buƙatar jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy, yayin da suke wucewa tsibirin, don nuna girmamawa, ma'aikata a saman bene suna tsaye a hankali kuma suna fuskantar dutse yayin da gadar ta gaishe. koguna a kan dutse sun zama wuraren kwana ga maza; jami'an sun yi amfani da alfarwa. Kotun soji za ta tsawata wa Lieutenant Roger Woolcombe a Plymouth a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1805 don "halayyar da ba ta dace da mutumin ba" saboda ya lalace (ya ci) a saman dutsen tare da wani ɓangare na kamfanin jirgin.[13] Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa sun yi amfani da pulleys da igiyoyi don ɗaga kayan aiki zuwa taron. Don kara yawan abincin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba, dakarun suna da karamin garken awaki da garken kaji da kaji waɗanda suka tsira a kan ƙananan ganye. Har ila yau, 'yan Burtaniya sun kafa asibiti a cikin kogo a gindin dutsen wanda ya zama sanannen wuri don sanya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da' yan ruwa suna murmurewa daga zazzabi ko rauni.[14]

Kafin Centaur ya bar dutsen, wani bangare na bayi sun ziyarci dutsen da dare don cinikin 'ya'yan itace da ayaba. Sun kawo labarai cewa wani kwamandan injiniyoyi na Faransa ya isa gonar su don bincika tsaunuka da ke gaban batir turmi wanda za a harba dutsen. Ɗaya daga cikin bayi ya sayar da shi daga mai shi na Ingila ga Faransanci lokacin da mai shi ya bar tsibirin. Ba ya son sabon maigidansa kuma ya yi ikirarin kariya ga tutar Burtaniya. Hood ya ba shi wannan kariya, kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa mutumin zai iya aiki a cikin Royal Navy a matsayin mutum mai 'yanci don dawo da jagorancin ƙungiyar saukowa zuwa gidan tsohon maigidansa na yanzu. Wani rukuni na saukowa na mutum 23, ciki har da jagora, kuma a karkashin Lieutenant Reynolds, ya sauka da tsakar dare, ya yi tafiya kilomita huɗu zuwa gidan shuka, kuma ya ɗauki injiniya da sojoji 17 a kurkuku, kafin ya koma lafiya zuwa Centaur. A bayyane yake Lieutenant Colonel shine kawai injiniya a Martinique, don haka babu batirin turmi da ya bayyana.[15]

A ranar 23 ga Yuni 1804, yayin da Fort Diamond ke kan balaguron samar da kayayyaki a Roseau Bay, St. Lucia, wata ƙungiya ta shiga Faransa daga jirgin ruwa ta zo mata a cikin jirage biyu, ta shiga ta da dare yayin da yawancin ma'aikatan ke barci a ƙasa. Wani kotun soji na gaba a cikin HMS Galatea a English Harbour, Antigua, ya yanke masa hukunci na mukaddashin Lieutenant Benjamin Westcott na barin a kama jirginsa.[16] Kwamitin ya kore shi daga Royal Navy, ba za a sake ba shi izinin yin aiki a cikin rundunar sojan ruwa ba. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka bayan shekaru uku.

Har tsawon watanni 17, sansanin ya sami damar tayar da jigilar kayayyaki na Faransa da ke ƙoƙarin shiga Fort-de-France. Manyan bindigogi a kan dutsen sun mamaye tashar tsakanin shi da babban tsibirin, kuma saboda girman su, sun sami damar harba har zuwa teku. Wannan ya tilasta jiragen ruwa su ba da dutsen wuri mai faɗi, tare da sakamakon cewa raƙuman ruwa da iska mai ƙarfi za su sa ba su yiwu su isa Fort Royal a cikin guda ɗaya ba, suna ba su damar sauran jiragen ruwa masu toshewa su tsayar da su.[19] A wannan lokacin sojojin Faransa a Martinique sun yi ƙoƙari da yawa da ba su yi nasara ba don sake dawo da dutsen.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon

Rundunar sojojin Faransa a karkashin Kyaftin Cosmao suna kai hari kan Diamond Rock. Hoton da Auguste Étienne François Mayer ya zana.

Lokacin da Admiral Villeneuve ya fara tafiyarsa ta 1805 zuwa Martinique, yana ƙarƙashin umarni daga Napoleon don sake kama Diamond Rock. Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Faransa da Spain ta jiragen ruwa 16 a karkashin Kyaftin Cosmao-Kerjulien na Faransa sun kai hari kan Diamond Rock . Tsakanin 16 ga Mayu da 29 ga Mayu, rundunar sojojin Faransa ta toshe dutsen gaba ɗaya. A ranar 25, Faransanci sun sami damar yankewa daga ƙarƙashin bindigogin Maurice wani jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya wanda ya zo daga St. Lucia tare da wasu kayayyaki.[21]

Ainihin hari ya zo ne a ranar 31 ga Mayu, kuma Faransanci sun sami damar sauka da wasu dakarun a kan dutse. Maurice ya yi tsammanin saukowa kuma ya motsa mutanensa daga ƙananan ayyukan da ba za a iya karewa ba zuwa matsayi mafi girma, da kuma a kan taron. Da zarar Faransanci sun sauka, wutar Burtaniya ta kama ƙungiyar saukowa a cikin koguna biyu kusa da matakin teku.[22]

Abin takaici ga garuruwan, ramin dutsen su ya fashe saboda girgizar ƙasa. Wannan yana nufin ba su da ruwa kuma bayan musayar wuta tare da Faransanci, sun kuma kusan rasa harsashi.[23] Bayan ya jimre da mummunar bama-bamai, Maurice ya mika wuya ga manyan sojoji a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1805, bayan ya yi tsayayya da jiragen ruwa biyu na Faransa saba'in da hudu, jirgin ruwa, jirgin ruwa mai suna corvette, da jirgin ruwa guda goma sha ɗaya. Birtaniya sun rasa mutane biyu da aka kashe kuma daya ya ji rauni, kuma Faransanci 20 sun mutu kuma 40 sun ji rauni (asusun Ingilishi), ko 50 sun mutu kuma sun ji rauni.

Faransanci sun dauki garuruwan mutane 107 a matsayin fursunoni, suka raba su tsakanin jiragensu biyu masu bindiga 74, <i id="mw_A">Pluton</i> da tsohon <i id="mw_g">Berwick</i> na Burtaniya.[26] Faransanci sun dawo da fursunoni zuwa Barbados a ranar 6 ga Yuni.[27] Kotun Soja ta gaba ta Kwamandan Maurice saboda asarar "jirgi" (watau sansanin) ta wanke shi, jami'ansa, da maza kuma ya yaba masa saboda kare kansa. Maurice ya dauki sakonni zuwa Ingila, inda ya isa ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, kuma an ba shi umurni na brig-sloop Savage.

Dutse ya kasance a hannun Faransanci har zuwa 1809, lokacin da Birtaniya suka sake kama shi a mamaye Martinique. Lokacin da aka sayar da Martinique zuwa Faransa a 1815, an haɗa Diamond Rock, kuma ba ta sayar da hannu ba tun lokacin.

Yaƙin Diamond Rock a cikin wallafe-wallafen

Akwai waka mai ban mamaki a yanzu na wasu layi arba'in da hudu bisa ga abin da ya faru, mai taken "The Diamond Rock".

Marubucin "Sea Lion" (sunan Geoffrey Bennett, jami'in sojan ruwa), ya kafa littafinsa na 1950 The Diamond Rock a kan taron 1804, kamar yadda Dudley Pope ya yi a cikin littafinsa na 1976 Ramage's Diamond .

Waƙar da ake kira "The Island of Diamond Rock" da aka fitar a watan Janairun 2024, ta Keyes, tana da rarrabawar Burtaniya na tsibirin a matsayin jirgin ruwa a matsayin babban batun sa.

Tarihin halitta

Dutse shine matattarar dutsen wuta, ragowar aikin dutsen wuta mai ƙarfi wanda ya shafi yankin kimanin shekaru miliyan daya da suka gabata. Koyaya, Kyaftin Hansen na jirgin ruwa na Norwegian Talisman ya ba da rahoton cewa a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1902, ya lura da abin da ya ɗauka ya zama fashewar dutse daga rami a cikin dutse. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin fashewar dutsen dutse na Dutsen Pelée wanda ya lalata Saint Pierre. Hansen bai ci gaba da bincike ba.

Kamar sauran tsibiran 47 da ke da'irar Martinique, dutsen yana da nasa halayen muhalli. Ya fi rana fiye da babban tsibiri, ya fi bushewa, kuma yana ƙarƙashin dogon lokacin bushewar yanayi. Yau rufe shi a cikin ƙasa da kuma cacti.

Da yake ba a iya isa ba kuma ba a iya karɓar ba, tsibirin ba shi da mazauna, wanda ya ba shi damar kasancewa wuri mai tsarki ga jinsin da aka yi imanin sun ƙare. Binciken yanayi ya ba da shawarar cewa Diamond Rock tabbas shine mafaka ta ƙarshe ga nau'in dabba mai rarrafe da aka taɓa zama a Martinique, maciji mai ciyawa (Liophis cursor). An ga wannan maciji na karshe a Martinique a 1962 kuma ba a taɓa haɗuwa da shi ba tun daga lokacin. Yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin wanda ya ƙare.

Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye

An amince da dutsen a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan kiwo na launin ruwan kasa, launin ruwan kasa da kuma bridled terns.

Ruwa a kusa da tsibirin

A ƙasan ruwa, kogon Dutsen Diamond, kogon triangular mai zurfi, sanannen jan hankali ne ga masu ruwa da tsaki . An ce kogon yana ƙunshe da ɗimbin kyawawan magoya bayan teku da murjani, kodayake igiyoyin ruwa masu ƙarfi sun sa ruwa a kusa da tsibirin ya zama abin haɗari.

Ɗaya daga cikin bindigogin dutsen da Faransanci suka rushe daga taron an ruwaito cewa an same shi a cikin nutsewa.[37]