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Edgar Bear Runner

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Edgar Bear Runner
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Porcupine (en) Fassara, 28 Mayu 1951
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mazauni Porcupine (en) Fassara
Harshen uwa Turanci
Mutuwa Rapid City (en) Fassara, 4 ga Yuli, 2021
Karatu
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a jarumi
IMDb nm0063838

Edgar Donroy Bear Runner (28 ga Mayu 1951 - 4 ga Yuli 2021) ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar 'Yan asalin Amurka. Wataƙila an fi saninsa da yunkurin tattaunawa cikin lumana game da abin da ya faru a gidan Ranch na Jumping Bull a 1975 ta hanyar tattaunawa da masu gwagwarmayar Indian Movement na Amurka.[1]

Rayuwa ta farko

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An haifi Edgar Bear Runner a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1951 a Porcupine, Dakota ta Kudu, ga mahaifiyar Winnifred "Winni" Alice Janis [2] da mahaifinsa Oscar Bear Runner . [3][4] Edgar Bear Runner dalibi ne a Jami'ar Utah.

Pine Ridge Sarautar Ta'addanci

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Pine Ridge Reign of Terror lakabi ne da aka saba sanyawa a lokacin a ƙarshen karni na ashirin bayan abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee, wanda aka yi tashin hankali a kan mabiyan AIM da 'Yan asalin Amurka gabaɗaya a yankin Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . [5] A wannan lokacin, FBI ta gudanar da sa ido mai zurfi a cikin gida, maimaita kamawa, cin zarafi da kuma mummunar shari'a a kan shugabannin AIM da magoya baya. A lokacin wannan "Mulkin Ta'addanci," an tsananta wa 'yan asalin Amurka ɗari uku, an yi musu duka, an yi masa cin zarafi kuma an kashe akalla' yan asalin Amurka sittin da hudu (kusan dukansu suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da ko kuma abokan AIM ne daga Lakota Nation). [6]

Bear Runner ya kasance a farkon shekarunsa na 20 a lokacin Wounded Knee da mulkin ta'addanci, wanda ya ce, " dattawanmu, iyayensu da kakanninmu a cikin al'ummarmu sun yi kira ga wannan iyali, wanda aka sani da mu a matsayin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka. Ƙungiyar Indiya ta Amurka ta gayyace ta al'ummar gargajiya daga Pine Ridge Indian Reservation don samar da taimako, don samar da ma'anar tsaro ga mutanen da suka ji cewa doka ta watsar da su. Mutane sun ji wani farin ciki na tsaro lokacin da Ƙungiyar Indiyawararrun su.[7]

Tsalle-tsalle na Bull Ranch Shootout

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FBI ta gudanar da "bincike" na abin da AIM ke buƙata ta hanyar sa Bear Runner ya tattauna waɗannan batutuwa cikin zurfi tare da su. Ya shiga cikin fili tare da hannayensa da aka ɗaga don ya hana wani mai harbi na FBI ya harbe shi.[8] Lokacin da Bear Runner ya koma Highway 18 kimanin minti talatin bayan haka, ya sanar da mai kula da BIA Kendall Cummings cewa jami'an biyu sun mutu, kuma dukiyar Jumping Bull da alama an bar ta.[8] An "ba da izinin" Bear Runner da Cummings su koma ciki, tare da duka hannayensu da aka ɗaga sama da kawunansu, don tabbatar da cewa jami'an ba su da rai.[8]

Dangane da harbi na 26 Yuni 1975, Edgar Bear Runner an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin arba'in da takwas daga cikin wadanda ake zargi na asali.[9]

A cikin mako na 10 ga Nuwamba 1975, shekaru biyu bayan mamayewar Wounded Knee, Bear Runner ya zama wanda aka yi ƙoƙari a kashe shi. Edgar Bear Runner ya kai hari a cikin Sioux Nation Supermarket da Manny Wilson (ɗan mai cin hanci da rashawa Oglala Lakota Sioux tribal shugaban Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Richard Wilson) da wasu GOON guda biyu waɗanda suka tsere daga wurin lokacin da manajan ya kira 'yan sanda.[10][11]

Yunkurin fafutuka

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An kira Bear Runner a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'o'in kotu na Dakota ta Kudu da Edgar Bear Runner da Ted Means da kuma wanda ake tuhumar a Nebraska da Edgar Bear runner da Leon Adams, Maris 1976. [12] An kama Bear Runner, tare da wasu masu kallo da yawa, saboda "rashin hankali don hana adalci", bayan da ya shiga cikin Custer, Dakota ta Kudu, zanga-zangar a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1973 game da kisan Wesley Bad Heart Bull .[13] A cikin shirin PBS, We Shall Remain, an nakalto Bear Runner yana cewa game da abin da ya faru na Custer House, "Na kasance daidai a kan matakai, ka sani, kuma abubuwa suna faruwa. Mun zubar da jini ga mutumin; mun ɗauki kwalkwali. Sa'an nan kuma na gudu don taimakawa samun gas a cikin tashar cikawa. Muna cikawa da yin Molotov cocktails da kuma fashe kwalabe a kan ginin, kuma wuta ta fara a bangon da komai. Daga baya za a wanke Bear Runner da juri.[14][13]

Har ila yau, Bear Runner na daya daga cikin masu shigar da kara da dama da suka shigar da kara a kokarinsu na maido da diyya sakamakon turawa da kuma amfani da jami'an soji da na sama domin tabbatar da doka da oda bisa wani makirci da masu daukaka kara suka yi. [15] A cikin Case No. 84-2617, Gladys BISSONETTE, Ellen Moves Camp, Eugene White Hawk, Marvin Ghost Bear, Edgar Bear Runner, Oscar Bear Runner, Severt Young Bear, Rachel White Dress, Helen Red Feather, Eddie White Dress, Vicki Little Moon, Madonna, Madonna da Gilberti, Madonna, da Madonna Masu gabatar da kara, v. Alexander HAIG, Richard G. Kleindienst, Joseph T. Sneed, Charles D. Ablard, Joseph H. Trimbach, Ralph E. Erickson, Harlington Wood, Jr., Kenneth Belieu, Rolland Gleszer, Edmund Edwards, John Hay, da Volney F. Warner, Kotun Kotu, [16] United States of Appellees, [16, 2] Amurka Kotun Koli ta takwas ta yi watsi da karar da masu shigar da kara suka gabatar a kan wata kariyar da ta cancanta . [17] [18] [19]

Bear Runner ya shirya abubuwan tunawa da kuma gina manyan duwatsu ga Anna Mae Pictou Aquash [20] da Joseph "Killsright" Bedell Stuntz, [21] don girmama gudummawarsu da kuma kiyaye sadaukarwar da suka yi. [22]

Game da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka wanda ya bayyana yadda gwamnati ta keta yarjejeniyarta ta 1868 tare da Sioux lokacin da kasar ta mallaki Black Hills da kuma sasantawar kudi da ba a yarda da ita ba a yau, Bear Runner, a matsayin jami'in adana tarihin kabilanci, ya bayyana matsayinsa: "Ba za mu taba karɓar kuɗin ba. Mu kasance mafi talauci daga cikin kabilun. Amma ba za mu taba son karɓar wannan kuɗin ba. "[23]

Bear Runner ya kasance mai goyon bayan rashin laifi na Leonard Peltier. A cikin 1999, Bear Runner ya fitar da wata sanarwa a wani taro a madadin mutanen Pine Ridge don 'yantar da Peltier, "Saboda sanannen goyon baya da goyon baya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na Leonard, ikon mallakar 'yan asalin ƙasar, adalci da juriya ga cikakken mulkin mallaka na Amurka tabbas an hukunta shi kuma ya ci gaba da sha wahala a yau a hannun zalunci na Amurka. Yulin 1976 da aka yi wa 'yan Adam Rlander ya yi magana da kansa. Duk wani abu da ke aiki don haƙƙin mallaka na haƙƙin mallaki su zai iya fuskantar kansa.[24][25] Bear Runner ya kuma ba da shaida a Leonard Peltier's 1976 Extradition Hearing a British Columbia . [26] Bear Runner kuma ya gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka tsara don samun jinƙai ga Peltier.[27]

Hotunan fina-finai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fim din
Shekara Fim din Matsayi Bayani
1994 Mace Lakota: Siege a Raunin Knee Mutumin da ya dace
Talabijin
Shekara Taken Matsayi Bayani

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Testimony of FBI Special Agent Gary Adams in the Leonard Peltier Trial (17-18 March 1977)". University of Missouri-Kansas City. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  2. ↑ "Winnifred "Winni" Alice Janis Obituary". Obits for Life. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "Obituary for Winnifred Janis". Sioux Funeral Home. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  4. ↑ "LEONARD PELTIER FREEDOM MONTH - NOVEMBER 1999". Proposition 1. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  5. ↑ Michael Ray, Charles (18 August 2012). "Pine Ridge Reservation Deaths To Be Reinvestigated". NPR. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  6. ↑ "Statement of Bobby Castillo - Leonard Peltier Defense Committee". Commission on Human Rights. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  7. ↑ Lang, Debbie (23 January 2000). "Reign of Terror After 1973 Wounded Knee Resistance Stories of the Lakota People". RevCom. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 Schmidt, Janis (9 January 2005). "Bob's Troubled Dream". IndyBay. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  9. ↑ O'Driscoll, Patrick. "Annie Mae Pictou Aquash - Time Line An Investigation by News From Indian Country". DickShovel. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  10. ↑ Damage, Brian (14 January 2010). "The Reign of Terror in South Dakota". University of Missouri-Kansas City. Retrieved 2 July 2015.[permanent dead link]
  11. ↑ "Chronology of Oppression at Pine Ridge". WordPress. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  12. ↑ "WOUNDED KNEE LEGAL DEFENSE/OFFENSE COMMITTEE: An Inventory of Its Records at the Minnesota Historical Society". Minnesota Historical Society. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  13. 1 2 "UNITED STATES of America, ex rel. Ted MEANS, Petitioner, v. Hon. Herman SOLEM, Warden, South Dakota State Penitentiary, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Respondent". Plain Site. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  14. ↑ "We Shall Remain" (PDF). Plain Site. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  15. ↑ "10/16/78 Agnes Lamont, Gladys v. Alexander Haig - UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT - October 16, 1978 BLAKLEY, APPELLANTS v. ALEXANDER HAIG, LIEUTENANT GENERAL, UNITED STATES ARMY, ET AL". Plain Site. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  16. ↑ "Gladys Bissonette, Ellen Moves Camp, Eugene White Hawk, Marvin Ghost Bear, Edgar Bear Runner, Oscar Bear Runner, Severt Young Bear, Rachel White Dress, Helen Red Feather, Eddie White Dress, Vicki Little Moon, Madonna Gilbert, Lorelei Means, and Carla Blakey v. Alexander Haig, Richard G. Kleindienst, Joseph T. Sneed, Charles D. Ablard, Joseph H. Trimbach, Ralph E. Erickson, Harlington Wood, Jr., Kenneth Belieu, Rolland Gleszer, Edmund Edwards, John Hay, and Volney F. Warner". Plain Site. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  17. ↑ "United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit". Open Jurist. F2d (800): 812. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  18. ↑ "800 F.2d 812 - 55 USLW 2204". Law Resource. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  19. ↑ "LAMONT v. HAIG - No. 75-2006". Leagle. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  20. ↑ Summers, Chris (2 February 2014). "Murder mystery on the reservation". Leagle. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  21. ↑ "Joe Killsright Stuntz – "Today You Can Be Warriors"". Leagle. 21 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  22. ↑ "Joe Stuntz and Anna Mae - Honored Memorial held at Aquash and Stuntz gravesites by Jean Roach Indian Country Today Volume 16 Issue 10 Week of September 2 through 9, 1996". DickShovel. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  23. ↑ Moscou, Jim (24 May 2007). "TV: Did HBO Mangle 'Wounded Knee'?". NewsWeek. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  24. ↑ "Native Americans (Sioux) by US Army cannon fire at a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South". Slide Player. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  25. ↑ "President visits Pine Ridge". Fremont Tribune (AP). 8 July 1999. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  26. ↑ "THE WRONGFUL EXTRADITION OF LEONARD PELTIER FROM CANADA BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF THE GRANT OF EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY THE INNOCENCE PROJECT, OSGOODE HALL LAW SCHOOL, YORK UNIVERSITY". Innocence Project. Retrieved 3 July 2015.[permanent dead link]
  27. ↑ "Pine Ridge, SD: Leonard Peltier Day: 39 Years of Suffering. 26-27 June 2015". Who Is Leonard Peltier?. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
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