Egungun
Egungun, yaren Yoruba: egúngún, wanda aka fi sani da Ará Ọ̀run (Matattu gaba ɗaya) a cikin ma'anar mafi girma shine duk wani masquerade na Yoruba ko masked, adadi mai sutura. Fiye da haka, masquerade ne na Yoruba don girmama kakanninmu, ko kakanninmu da kansu a matsayin karfi na hadin gwiwa. Eégún shine raguwa (abbreviation ta hanyar syllable elision) na kalmar egúngún kuma yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya. Akwai kuskuren ra'ayi cewa Eegun / Egun (Yoruba language: Eégún) shine nau'i ɗaya, ko kuma yana wakiltar kakanninmu yayin da Egúngún shine masquerade ko nau'i na jam'i. Wannan kuskuren ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka ta masu bautar Orisa waɗanda ba sa magana da yaren Yorùbá a matsayin yaren gargajiya. Egungun bayyanar bayyanar ruhohin kakannin da suka mutu waɗanda ke sake komawa cikin al'ummar ɗan adam lokaci-lokaci don tunawa, biki, da albarka.[1]
Rarraba nau'ikan Egungun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rarraba nau'ikan Egun ko Egungun, na iya zama aiki ne mai sauƙi, amma a zahiri yana da matukar rikitarwa wajen fassara fahimtar ilimin asalin asali.[2]
Waɗannan matsaloli sun haɗa da: wahalar bambance sunayen Egun na mutum ɗaya da kalmomin gama-gari da ake amfani da su don nau’o’i; matsalar tantance “rukuni” inda abin kwaikwayo guda ɗaya zai iya kasancewa cikin nau’o’i da dama a lokaci guda; al’adar “layering”, wato lokacin da abin kwaikwayo ke sanya wani irin kaya a kan wani kuma yana canza su yayin gudanar da wasa; da kuma bambancin ka’idojin da ake amfani da su wajen rarrabe Egungun, tare da yawan sauye-sauye da ke cikin kowane rukuni. Irin waɗannan abubuwa suna nuna rikitarwa wajen nazarin tsarin rarrabuwa na gargajiya da kuma tantance nau’o’in abin kwaikwayo. Waɗannan matsaloli iri ɗaya suna bayyana a cikin ma’anar da kuma amfani da kalmar Egungun kanta.[3] Duk da haka, bisa ga alaƙar al’adu a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya na Yorubaland, ana iya gano waɗannan sunayen egungun: Danafojura da Awodagbese a Ogbomoso, Alapansanpa a Ibadan, da Feleru a Ilobu, Jihar Osun.
Matsayin iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin addinin Yoruba, bukukuwan shekara-shekara don girmama matattu suna aiki ne a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da kakanninsu wuri tsakanin masu rai. Sun yi imanin cewa kakanninmu suna da alhakin tilasta masu rai su riƙe ka'idojin ɗabi'a na tsararraki da suka gabata na danginsu, gari ko iyali. Ana yin bikin Egungun a cikin bukukuwan, wanda aka sani da Odun Egungun, da kuma al'adar iyali ta hanyar al'adar masquerade.
A cikin yanayin iyali, dattijo na iyali da aka sani ko dai a hukumance ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar "Alagba" yana jagorantar al'adun kakanninmu. Zai iya ko kuma ba za a fara shi ba a cikin al'ummar Egungun ta gida. A cikin al'amuran da suka shafi al'ummomi duka, ana ba da firistoci da masu farawa na Egungun waɗanda aka horar da su a cikin sadarwa ta kakanninmu, ɗaukaka kakanninmu da bukukuwan jana'iza don kiran da fitar da kakanninmu. Suna sa kayan ado masu kyau kamar masquerades. Ta hanyar drumming da rawa, an yi imanin cewa ruhohin kakanninmu sun mallaki masu wasan kwaikwayo na Egungun, kamar yadda aka bayyana a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya. Egungun suna tsaftace al'umma ta ruhaniya; ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki da kwaikwayon firistocin da ke sanye da tufafi, suna nuna halayyar ɗabi'a da lalata da ta faru tun ziyararsu ta ƙarshe. Ta wannan hanyar, suna fallasa ƙarfin da raunin al'umma don ƙarfafa halayyar da ta dace da zuriyarsu. Lokacin da aka kammala wannan wasan kwaikwayon, masu wasan kwaikwayon kamar Egungun suna ba da saƙonni, gargadi da albarka ga masu kallo da suka taru.
Muhimman Egungun sun hada da Oloolu da Alapansanpa, duka biyu na Ibadanland. Elewe na dangi Ìgbómìnà Yoruba, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a garuruwan Òkè-Ìlá Òràngún, Ìlá Òrángún, da Arandun, shi ma yana da daraja sosai.
A Brazil, babban addinin Egungun yana samuwa a tsibirin Itaparica, a Jihar Bahia . Gidajen ibada da aka keɓe ga Egungun suma suna nan a wasu jihohi.
Ƙungiyoyin Egungun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tufa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duniyar Yoruba. Bangaskiyarsu ta daidaita tsirara da jariri, hauka, ko rashin alhakin zamantakewa.[4] Kyakkyawan tufafi suna nuna ikon zamantakewa da daraja. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon girmama kakanninmu, zane mai kyau shine babban matsakaici don canjin masks. Kayan ado na Egungun ya ƙunshi yadudduka masu yawa na zane da aka yi daga kayan ado masu tsada da daraja, suna nuna wadata da matsayi na iyali da kuma ikon kakanninmu.
Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙungiyar Egungun suna da siffofi masu yawa. Layer ɗin da aka sa mafi kusa da fatar abin rufe fuska, a ƙarƙashin jaka, dole ne a yi shi da Aso-Oke, indigo da fararen sutura (Hoto 6). Ya yi kama da mayafin da aka lulluɓe matattu.[5] Wannan jakar, tare da netting don fuska da hannaye, dole ne ya rufe jikin masks gaba ɗaya. Rashin net ɗin yana ɓoye fuska da siffofin hannu waɗanda zasu iya bayyana ainihinsa.
A saman wannan tushe an sanya yadudduka na lappets. Yayin da abin rufe fuska ke juyawa, ana aika lappets suna tashi, suna haifar da "hasken albarka. " Saboda haka ƙirar kayan ado tana da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayon. Henry Drewal ya yi la'akari da cewa iska ta albarka da Egungun suka kirkira na iya danganta da Oya, matar Shango, sarki na huɗu na Oyo da allahn tsawa.[5][6] Oya ita ce guguwa, an dauke ta iska ta albarka, wanda ke gaba da Shango, guguwar.
Don yin kayan ado kyakkyawa, kuma ta haka ne mai ƙarfi, ana yin ado da lappets tare da alamu na patchwork, sutura, sequins, takalma, da amulet. Amulets suna riƙe da shirye-shiryen magani waɗanda ke da ikon aiki (ase), suna ba da kariya daga abokan gaba a lokacin da mutumin da ya canza yana da rauni. Babban amulet na kariya, duk da haka, suna cikin kayan ado, ba waje ba. Ana kuma sa kayan ƙarfe a kan tufafi. Wadannan suna kama haske yayin da mai sa shi ke motsawa, suna haifar da walƙiya wanda ke nuna haɗin kai ga duniyar ruhu, Orun . [5]
Yawancin ɓoyayyun yadudduka masu ganuwa da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar kayan ado na Egungun suna nuna tsarki da na duniya, bi da bi.[5] Layer, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a hade, yana nuna haɗuwa da waɗanda suka tashi da masu rai.[5]
Ana gyara wani rukuni kuma ana gyara shi don amfani shekara bayan shekara, tare da yadudduka na sabbin lappets da amulet da aka kara don nuna tunawa da girmamawa. Ta hanyar duba, duk da haka, kakanninmu na iya neman sabon kayan ado gaba ɗaya. Mai shi da mai kula, firist na duba, mai gyaran tufafi, mai kula da magunguna wanda ke shirya fakitin magunguna, da dukan zuriyar suna aiki tare wajen kirkirar rukuni. Dangane da dukiyarta, iyali na iya mallakar nau'ikan kayan ado na Egungun, wanda zai iya wakiltar takamaiman ko kakannin gaba ɗaya na zuriyar.
Kungiyar Egungun tana aiki ne a matsayin matsakaici don sauya fashewar masks zuwa kakanninsa. Al'ummar Egungun ta kunshi maza da mata waɗanda zuriyarsu ke da damar gabatar da masquerade. Maza suna yin abin rufe fuska. Mata ba sa sa tufafi, kodayake suna shiga cikin mawaƙa da ke raira waƙoƙin yabo da tarihin iyalai. Tsofaffin mata masu matsayi suna yin addu'o'i, addu'o-otal, da hadayu. A bukukuwan shekara-shekara, ana ba da kowane ɗayan zuriya da yawa rana daban don yin. Ana kiyaye abin rufe fuska a nesa da taron da ke kewaye da shi tare da taimakon masu halarta da suka yi ado da kayan ado na nau'o'i daban-daban. Bayan duk Egungun sun yi rawa, ana adana ƙungiyoyi har zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na gaba.[6]
Bikin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bikin Egungun wani biki ne da ake yi bikin tsakanin Yoruba people, Mutanen Yoruba, wanda ake yin bikin a kowace shekara kuma an ba da shi ga tsararraki. "Bikin da ya biyo baya ya ci gaba da kwanaki da yawa kuma ya ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke haɗa iyalai da al'ummomi tare da kakannin da suka mutu. " [1] An yi imanin cewa yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa kasuwanci da kasuwanci kuma gabaɗaya yana haɗa mutanen Yorubaland tare ba tare da la'akari da imanin addininsu ba. [7] Membobin al'umma suna rawa zuwa kasuwanni, suna sanye da abin rufe fuska don wakiltar ruhohin da suka mutu na kakanninsu, ruhun da za a bauta wa Ifa Oracle ne kawai ya yanke shawarar.
Matsayin mata a Egungun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masquerades na Egungun maza ne a cikin aikin kuma maza ne kawai ake ba da izinin haɗi tare da ruhohi a Egungun ta hanyar canzawa zuwa adadi mai rufe fuska. Mata suna da yawa wajen kirkirar kayan, wasan kwaikwayo, raira waƙa, rawa da kallo. Dattawa sun ce rabuwa ta zama dole saboda haɗarin ikon mata.[8]
A cewar Ifa corpus, mata sun taɓa sarrafa Egungun. Al'adar ta samo asali ne daga kwarewar addini ta mata a Yoruba . [9] An kuma yi jayayya cewa mata ne masu kula da Egungun kuma bisa ga babi na Odu Irantegbe na Ifa corpus, maza ne suka yaudare su kuma an kwashe ikonsu a kan addinin Egungun.[9]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Egungun Masquerade Dance Costume: Ekuu Egungun". www.africa.si.edu. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ReferenceA" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ [Rowlands, E.C. (1973-01-01) "Yoruba (Teach Yourself Books", chapter 7, page 39
- ↑ Drewal, H.T. (April 1978). "The Arts of Egungun among Yoruba Peoples". African Arts. 11 (3): 18–19+97–98. doi:10.2307/3335409. JSTOR 3335409.
- ↑ Bascom, W.R. (1951). "Social Status, Wealth and Individual Differences among the Yoruba" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 53 (4): 490–505. doi:10.1525/aa.1951.53.4.02a00040.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Egungun Masquerade Costume · Michael C. Carlos Museum Collections Online". carlos.digitalscholarship.emory.edu (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2018-10-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fitzgerald, Mary Ann; Henry J. Drewal; Moyo Okediji (Spring 1995). "Transformation through Cloth: An Egungun Costume of the Yoruba". African Arts. 28 (2): 54–57. doi:10.2307/3337226. JSTOR 3337226. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Fitzgerald" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ [Rowlands, E.C. (1973-01-01) "Yoruba (Teach Yourself Books", chapter 7, page 39
- ↑ [Rowlands, E.C. (1973-01-01) "Yoruba (Teach Yourself Books", chapter 7, page 39
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Olajubu, Oyeronke (2004). "Seeing through a Woman's Eye: Yoruba Religious Tradition and Gender Relations". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (in Turanci). 20 (1): 41–60. JSTOR 25002489.