Egyptian Arabic

Larabci na Masar, wanda akɦa fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] HaRubutu mai gwaɓir ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4]

Sunayen

Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1]

Yankin da aka rarraba

Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3]

Tarihi

Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4]

Matsayi

Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language in Egypt.[1][2] Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional Masu goyon bayan sake fasalin harshe a Misira sun hada da Qasim Amin, wanda kuma ya rubuta rubutun mata na farko na Masar; tsohon Shugaban Jami'ar Masar, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed; kuma sanannen mai ilimi Salama Moussa. Sun karɓi tsarin zamani, na duniya kuma ba su yarda da zaton cewa Larabci yare ne wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da Alkur'ani. Littafin Masar na zamani na farko wanda aka rubuta tattaunawar a cikin yaren shine Zaynab na Muhammad Husayn Haykal a cikin 1913. A shekarar 1966 ne kawai aka saki littafin Mustafa Musharafa wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, littafi na farko da za a rubuta gaba ɗaya a cikin Larabci na Masar.[1] Sauran sanannun marubuta, kamar su Ihsan Abdel Quddous da Yusuf Idris, da mawaƙa, kamar su Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi da Ahmed Fouad Negm, sun taimaka wajen karfafa wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a matsayin nau'in wallafe-finai na musamman.[2]Masu sharhi na harshe [waɗanda?] sun lura da tsarin da yawa na masu juyin juya halin Masar zuwa harshen Larabci.  Ganin cewa Naguib, shugaban farko na Masar, ya nuna fifiko don amfani da Larabci na zamani a cikin jawabinsa na jama'a, magajinsa Gamal Abdel Nasser ya shahara da yin amfani da yaren gargajiya da kuma sanya jawabinsa tare da kalmomin gargajiya na Masar. Sabanin haka, Larabci na zamani shine al'ada ga kafofin watsa labarai na jihar, gami da jaridu, mujallu, talabijin, da rediyo. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Masar, Ƙungiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta Larabawa, wanda aka kafa tare da niyyar samar da abun ciki ga dukan Duniyar Larabawa, ba kawai Masar ba, saboda haka buƙatar watsa shirye-aikace a cikin daidaitattun, maimakon yaren gargajiya. Tashar rediyo ta Muryar Larabawa, musamman, tana da masu sauraro daga ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma amfani da wani abu banda Larabci na zamani an dauke shi da rashin daidaituwa.A cikin binciken jaridu uku na Masar (Al-Ahram, Al-Masry Al-Youm, da Al-Dustour) Zeinab Ibrahim ya kammala cewa jimlar adadin manyan labarai a cikin Larabci na Masar a kowace jarida ya bambanta. Al-Ahram bai haɗa da wani ba. Al-Masry Al-Youm yana da matsakaicin kashi 5% na manyan labarai a Masar, yayin da Al-Dustour ke da matsakaitan kashi 11%.[1]