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Elgin Marbles

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Elgin Marbles
art collection (en) Fassara da group of sculptures (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na British Museum
Farawa 440s "BCE"
Suna a harshen gida Elgin Marbles
Al'ada Ancient Greece (en) Fassara
Mamallaki British Museum
Maƙirƙiri Phidias (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi Pentelic marble (en) Fassara
Collection (en) Fassara British Museum
Location of discovery (en) Fassara Acropolis of Athens (en) Fassara
Fabrication method (en) Fassara relief sculpture (en) Fassara
Shafin yanar gizo britishmuseum.org…
Ground level 360 degree view URL (en) Fassara goo.gl…
Wuri
Map
 51°31′09″N 0°07′42″W / 51.5192°N 0.1283°W / 51.5192; -0.1283
Yammacin Yamma, II, 2

Elgin Marbles (/ˈɛlɡɪn/ Samfuri:Respell) tarin siffofin Girka ne na Dā daga Parthenon da sauran gine-gine daga Acropolis na Athens, an cire su daga Ottoman Girka a farkon ƙarni na 19 kuma an tura su zuwa Burtaniya ta hanyar wakilan Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, kuma yanzu ana gudanar da su a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a London. Yawancin siffofin an halicce su ne a karni na 5 BC a karkashin jagorancin mai zane-zane da masanin gine-gine Phidias.

Kalmar Parthenon Marbles na Parthenon Sculptures (Girkanci) tana nufin siffofi - frieze, metopes da pediments - daga Parthenon da aka gudanar a cikin tarin daban-daban, musamman Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihin Acropolis a Athens.[1]

Daga shekarar 1801 zuwa 1812, wakilan Elgin sun cire kusan rabin siffofin Parthenon da suka tsira, da kuma siffofi daga Erechtheion, Haikali na Athena Nike da Propylaia, sun tura su zuwa Burtaniya don ƙoƙarin kafa gidan kayan gargajiya mai zaman kansa. Elgin ya bayyana cewa ya cire siffofin tare da izinin jami'an Ottoman waɗanda ke da iko a Athens a lokacin. An yi jayayya game da halattaccen ayyukan Elgin.[2]

Kasancewarsu a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya shine batun jayayya ta duniya. A Burtaniya, wasu sun goyi bayan sayen tarin, [3] yayin da wasu, kamar Lord Byron, suka kwatanta ayyukan Elgin da lalata ko fashi. Wani bincike na majalisar dokokin Burtaniya a cikin 1816 ya kammala cewa Elgin ya sami marmara bisa doka. Elgin ya sayar da su ga gwamnatin Burtaniya a wannan shekarar, bayan haka suka shiga cikin amincin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1983, gwamnatin Girka ta nemi gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mayar da su Girka kuma ta lissafa takaddamar tare da UNESCO. Gwamnatin Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da tayin UNESCO na sulhu. A cikin 2021, UNESCO ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da ta warware matsalar a matakin gwamnati.[4]

Gwamnatin Girka da magoya bayan dawowar marmara zuwa Girka sun yi jayayya cewa an samo su ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma ba bisa ka-ida ba, cewa suna da muhimmancin al'adu na musamman ga Girka, kuma za a fi godiya da darajar al'adunsu a cikin nuni na jama'a tare da sauran manyan kayan tarihi na Parthenon a Gidan Tarihin Acropolis. Gwamnatin Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya sun yi jayayya cewa an samo su bisa doka, cewa dawowarsu za ta kafa misali wanda zai iya lalata tarin manyan gidajen tarihi na al'adun duniya, kuma tarin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya yana ba su damar kallo a cikin mahallin wasu manyan al'adun tsohuwar kuma ta haka ne ya cika hangen nesa da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Acropolis ya bayar. Tattaunawar tsakanin jami'an Burtaniya da Girka suna ci gaba.

Sunan

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An sanya sunan Elgin Marbles ne bayan 7th Earl na Elgin, wanda, tsakanin 1801 da 1812, ya kula da cire su daga Parthenon, Erechtheion, Haikali na Athena Nike da Propylaia da jigilar su zuwa Ingila.[5] Ta hanyar dokar majalisa, Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Burtaniya ta 1816, an canja tarin zuwa Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a kan yanayin da za a kiyaye shi tare kuma a kira shi "Elgin Marbles". Kalmar "Parthenon Marbles" ko "Parthenor Sculptures" tana nufin siffofi da siffofin gine-gine da aka cire musamman daga Parthenon.[1] Wadannan a halin yanzu ana gudanar da su a gidajen tarihi bakwai a duniya, musamman Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Kalmar "Parthenon Sculptures" ana amfani da ita a wannan ma'anar ta Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da gwamnatin Girka.[5]

Mario Trabucco della Torretta ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da "Elgin Marbles" shine sunan doka na tarin, waɗanda ke ba da shawarar maidowa sun fi son "Parthenon Sculptures".[6]

Tarihi

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An gina Parthenon a kan Acropolis na Athens daga 447 KZ a matsayin haikalin allahiya Athena . Wataƙila Phidias ne ke da alhakin ƙirar siffar. A cikin ƙarni masu zuwa an canza ginin zuwa coci da masallaci kuma an lalata siffofin sosai, kodayake ginin ya kasance mai kyau.[7] A lokacin Yaƙin Ottoman-Venetian na shida (1684-1699) , Turks masu karewa sun karfafa Acropolis kuma sun yi amfani da Parthenon a matsayin kantin sayar da bindiga. A ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1687, wani bindigogi na Venetian ya kunna gunpowder, kuma fashewar da ta haifar ta hura yankin tsakiya na Parthenon kuma ta sa ganuwar cella ta rushe cikin rushewa.[8] Uku daga cikin ganuwar huɗu sun rushe, ko kusan haka, kuma kusan kashi uku cikin biyar na siffofin daga frieze sun fadi.[9] Kimanin mutane 300 ne suka mutu a fashewar, wanda ya zubar da raguwar marmara a wani muhimmin yanki.[10] A cikin ƙarni na gaba da rabi, an cire ɓangarorin sauran tsarin don kayan gini kuma an cire abubuwa masu daraja da yawa.[11]

Samun

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Parthenon Selene Horse
Metope daga Elgin Marbles wanda ke nuna Centaur da Lapith suna fada

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1798, an nada Earl na Elgin a matsayin "Ambassador na Musamman da Minista Plenipotentiary na Mai Girma na Britaniya zuwa Babban Ƙofar Selim III, Sultan na Turkiyya" (Greece a lokacin wani ɓangare ne na Daular Ottoman). Kafin ya tashi don ɗaukar mukamin, ya kusanci jami'an gwamnatin Burtaniya don yin tambaya idan za su yi sha'awar daukar masu zane-zane don ɗaukar zane-zane da zane-zane na sassan da aka sassaƙa na Parthenon. A cewar Elgin, "amsawar Gwamnati ... gaba ɗaya ba ta da kyau. "[3] 

Elgin ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da aikin da kansa, kuma ya yi amfani da masu zane-zane don ɗaukar zane-zane da zane-zane a ƙarƙashin kulawar mai zane-zane na kotu na Neapolitan, Giovanni Lusieri . [3] Kodayake ainihin niyyarsa shine kawai don yin rubuce-rubuce, a cikin 1801 Elgin ya fara cire kayan daga Parthenon da gine-ginen da ke kewaye da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Lusieri. A cewar wani dan kasar Turkiyya, ana ƙone siffofin marmara da suka fadi don samun lemun tsami don gini, kuma idan aka kwatanta da zane-zanen da aka buga a baya ya rubuta yanayin saurin lalacewar ragowar.[3] An kuma cire ɓangarori daga Erechtheion, Propylaia, da Haikali na Athena Nike, duk a cikin Acropolis.[5]

An kawo su daga Girka zuwa Malta, sannan kuma mai kula da Burtaniya, inda suka kasance shekaru da yawa har sai an kai su Burtaniya. An kammala tonowa da cirewa a cikin 1812 a farashin kansa ga Elgin na £ 74,240 [3] (daidai da £ Samfuri:Inflation a cikin fam Samfuri:Inflation-year). Elgin ya yi niyyar amfani da marmara don inganta fasahar Burtaniya, kuma burinsa na ƙarshe shine Gwamnati ta saya musu.

Don gina shari'ar don kashe kuɗin jama'a, Elgin ya sayi gida a London kuma ya kafa siffofin a can a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya mai zaman kansa, yana mai da su ga masu zane-zane, kuma a ƙarshe, jama'a. Elgin ya ci gaba da tattaunawa don sayar da tarin ga Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a 1811, amma tattaunawar ta gaza lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da £ 30,000 kawai; kasa da rabin kuɗin da ya kashe game da su. Shekaru masu zuwa sun nuna karuwar sha'awar Girka ta gargajiya, kuma Elgin ya sami shaidu daga Ennio Quirino Visconti, darektan Louvre, da Antonio Canova na Gidan Tarihi na Vatican, waɗanda suka tabbatar da babban darajar fasaha na marmara. A cikin 1816, Kwamitin Zaɓin House of Commons, wanda aka kafa a buƙatar Ubangiji Elgin, ya gano cewa suna da ƙimar fasaha kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayi su don £ 35,000 don ci gaba da noma zane-zane a Burtaniya. A watan Yunin 1816, bayan ci gaba da muhawara, majalisa ta amince da sayen marmara ta hanyar kuri'un 82-30. An canja marmara zuwa Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta.

Bayani

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Rubutacciyar zane ta Parthenon tare da ɓangarorin da aka rufe a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya

Duwatsun marmara da Elgin ya mallaka sun haɗa da adadi kusan 21 daga sassaka-sassaka daga gabas da yammacin pediment, 15 daga cikin asali 92 metope panels da ke nuna yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Lapiths da centaurs, da kuma mita 75 na Parthenon frieze wanda ya yi waɗanda aka shimfida a sama da ciki na ginin haikalin ado. A saboda haka, suna wakiltar fiye da rabi na abin da ya rage na kayan ado na sassaka na Parthenon.[12]

Kayan mallakar Elgin sun kuma haɗa da abubuwa daga sauran gine-gine a kan Acropolis na Athens – wani caryatid daga Erechtheion; allunan huɗu daga shinge frieze na Haikalin Athena Nike; da kuma wasu gungu na sauran gutsuttsarin gine-gine na Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, da Haikalin Athena Nike – da kuma Taskar Atreus a Mycenae.[12]

Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya kuma riƙe ƙarin gutsuttsari daga Acropolis, wanda aka samu daga tarin daban-daban ba tare da alaƙa da Elgin ba, kamar na Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois,[13] William Cavendish, Duke na Devonshire na 6,[14] da kuma Society of Dilettanti.[15]

Halascin Cirewa daga Athens

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A watan Fabrairun 1816, Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisar Dokoki ya gudanar da sauraron jama'a kan ko Elgin ya mallaki duwatsun marmara a bisa doka kuma ko ya kamata gwamnati ta saye su.[16] A cikin shaidar sa ga kwamitin,[17] Elgin ya bayyana cewa aikin wakilansa a Acropolis, da kuma cire duwatsun marmara, an ba da izini ta hanyar firman (kalmar da matafiya na Yamma ke amfani da ita don nuna duk wani umarni na Ottoman) daga gwamnatin Ottoman da aka samu a watan Yulin 1801, kuma an gudanar da shi tare da amincewar voivode (gwamnan farar hula na Athens) da dizdar (kwamandan sojoji na sansanin Acropolis). A watan Maris na 1810, an sami wani firman, wanda ya ba da izinin jigilar duwatsun marmara na biyu daga Athens zuwa Biritaniya.[18] Elgin ya gaya wa kwamitin, "an yi wannan abu a fili a gaban dukan duniya... kuma dukan hukumomin yankin suna da hannu a ciki, haka kuma gwamnatin Turkiyya".[19]

Kwamitin ya wanke Elgin daga dukkan zarge-zargen cewa ya mallaki duwatsun marmara ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma ya yi amfani da ikonsa a matsayin jakada.[16] Labarin Elgin na abubuwan da suka faru, duk da haka, ya kasance mai rikitarwa. Ba a sami rikodin hukuma na firman na Yuli 1801 a cikin rumbunan adana bayanai na Turkiyya ba.[20] Fassarar Italiyanci na firman da aka ce tana hannun Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, kuma an gabatar da fassarar Ingilishi ga Kwamitin Zaɓe na 1816.[21][22] Takardar ta bayyana a wani ɓangare,[23]

cewa a rubuta kuma a umurce cewa waɗancan masu zane [mutanen Elgin] yayin da suke shiga da fita ta ƙofar Gidan Gari, wanda shine wurin lura da su, wajen kafa scaffolder a kusa da tsohuwar haikalin Gumaka [Parthenon], da ɗaukar hotuna a cikin farar ƙasa (wato plaster) na waɗancan kayan ado iri ɗaya, da kuma lambobi masu bayyane, wajen auna ragowar sauran gine-gine da suka ruguje, kuma a cikin shiga don tono, gwargwadon buƙata, tushe don samun duk wani tubalin da aka rubuta, wanda wataƙila an adana shi a cikin tarkace, kada a dame su, ko kuma a hana su ta kowace hanya ta Kwamandan Gidan, ko wani mutum, kuma kada wani ya tsoma baki da scaffolderinsu, da kayan aiki, waɗanda suka iya yi a wurin; kuma idan suna son ɗauke wasu gutsutsuren dutse tare da tsoffin rubutu, da lambobi, kada a yi musu hamayya.

Vassilis Demetriades, na Jami'ar Crete, ya nuna cewa takardar ba firman ba ce (dokar daga Sultan), ko buyuruldi (umarni daga Babban Vizier), amma mektub (wasika ta hukuma) daga Babban Vizier mai riƙo na Sultan wanda ba shi da ƙarfin doka.[24] Dyfri Williams ya bayyana cewa ko da yake takardar ba firman ba ce a ma'anar fasaha, an yi amfani da kalmar sosai a cikin da'irar diflomasiyya da kotu don nufin takardun hukuma daban-daban na Ottoman. Ya nuna cewa takardar wataƙila buyuruldi ce, amma "Duk abin da takardar ta kasance, a fili dole ne a bi ta, kuma an bi ta."[25] Mai tarihi Edhem Eldem ya kuma goyi bayan yiwuwar ingancin takardar kuma ya kira ta firman a ma'anar kalmar mai faɗi.[26]

Sassaka daga gabas pediment

Akwai muhawara kan ko takardar ta ba da izinin wakilan Elgin su cire sassaka da aka haɗa da Parthenon da sauran gine-gine. Demetriades, David Rudenstine da sauran sun nuna cewa takardar ta ba da izinin ƙungiyar Elgin su cire kayan tarihi da aka samu daga tono da aka yarda da su, ba waɗanda har yanzu an haɗa su da gine-gine ba.[24][27] Williams ya nuna cewa takardar ta kasance "mai buɗaɗɗiya" kuma gwamnan farar hula ya yarda da fassarar limamin coci Philip Hunt—wanda aka haɗa da ƙungiyar a matsayin limamin Elgin—wanda ya ba su damar cire sassaka da aka haɗe da gine-gine.[28] Beard ya kammala, "Babu yadda za a yi a sami amsa ta hanyar nazarin rubutun. Kamar yadda yake faruwa sau da yawa tare da takardun da aka aiko daga babban ofis, ainihin fassarar zai dogara ga mutanen da ke aiwatar da umarnin a wurin."[29]

Masani a fannin shari'a John Henry Merryman ya nuna cewa takardar ta samar da "karamin ikon" kawai don cire sassaka, amma a bisa doka an tabbatar da ayyukan Elgin ta hanyar halin jami'an Ottoman. A cikin 1802, jami'an Ottoman a Constantinople sun ba da takardu ga gwamnan farar hula da kwamandan sojoji na Athens suna tabbatar da halinsu kuma, a watan Maris na 1810, sun ba da umarni wanda ya ba Elgin damar jigilar kayan marmara daga Girka zuwa Biritaniya.[30]

Masani a fannin shari'a Catharine Titi ta bayyana cewa Sir Robert Adair ya ruwaito cewa Ottoman a cikin 1811 "gaba ɗaya sun musanta" cewa Elgin yana da wata kadara a cikin sassaka.[31] Masanin shari'a Alexander Herman da mai tarihi Edhem Eldem sun bayyana cewa takardun da ke cikin rumbunan adana bayanai na Turkiyya sun nuna cewa wannan musantawa ta kasance kawai dabarar jinkiri ce saboda dalilai na diflomasiyya, kuma Porte daga baya ya ba da izinin jigilar duwatsun marmara zuwa Biritaniya daga baya a cikin 1811.[32][33]

Wasu shaidu da suka ga cire duwatsun marmara daga Acropolis, ciki har da membobin ƙungiyar Elgin, sun bayyana cewa ana buƙatar cin hanci mai tsada da kyauta ga jami'an yankin don tabbatar da ci gaban aikin su.[34] An ba da shawarar cewa "ɗan kuɗi kaɗan" aka biya wa disdar, kuma kawai don jawo shi ya ci gaba da aikin. Ba a taɓa ambaton kuɗi don fara aikin ba, wanda shine saboda izini na hukuma.[35] Merryman ya nuna cewa cin hanci ba zai sa mallakar duwatsun marmara ta zama ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar ƙa'idodin lokacin:[36]

Ottoman da aka ci hanci su ne jami'an da ke da alhakin. Ko menene dalilinsu, suna da ikon doka don aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan. A lokaci da kuma a cikin al'ada inda jami'ai ke buƙatar cin hanci a kai a kai don aiwatar da ayyukansu na doka (kamar yadda har yanzu yake faruwa a yawancin duniya a yau), gaskiyar cewa an yi cin hanci ba wani babban la'akari na doka bane.

Rudenstine, ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko, a lokacin, cin hanci zai zama muhimmiyar la'akari ta doka a irin waɗannan hada-hadar hukuma a ƙarƙashin dokar Ottoman ko ta Biritaniya.[37] Herman ya nuna cewa cin hancin jami'ai ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Biritaniya da ta Ottoman a lokacin, amma cewa Porte bai ɗauki mataki a kan jami'ansa a Athens ba kuma saboda haka ya jure ayyukansu a hankali.[38]

A watan Mayun 2024, wani kakakin Turkiyya, wanda shine magajin ko jihar Ottoman mai ci,[39] ya musanta sanin firman kuma ya bayyana cewa Turkiyya tana goyon bayan dawo da duwatsun marmara. Kakakin ya bayyana cewa "masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya" ne suka cire duwatsun marmara, ya ƙara da cewa: "Ba na tunanin akwai wani wuri don tattauna halascin sa, har ma a lokacin kuma a ƙarƙashin dokar lokacin."[40] A martani, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Mario Trabucco della Torretta ya bayyana cewa masana sun ɗauka cewa kwafin firman na Biritaniya na gaske ne kuma ana iya jayayya cewa ya ba Elgin izinin cire sassakan.[41]

Martani a zamanin Elgin

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A shekarar 1807, lokacin da Elgin ya nuna jigilar farko ta marmara a birnin London[42], an karɓe su da hannu biyu a wurin da yawa[3] waɗanda suka yaba da sassaken kuma suka goyi bayan isowar su. Mai sassaka John Flaxman ya ce sun fi "dukiyar Italiya" kyau,[43], yayin da Benjamin West ya kira su da "misalan gwanancewar sassaka mafi tsarki".[44] Henry Fuseli ya nuna farin ciki sosai, kuma abokinsa Benjamin Haydon ya zama mai rajin bayyana muhimmancin su.[45] Amma masana tarihin gargajiya kamar Richard Payne Knight sun ce marmaran ayyukan mutanen Romawa ne ko kuma na ƙananan masu fasaha, yayin da mai zane Ozias Humphrey ya ce su "tarkace ne kawai".[43]

Lord Byron, bayan shekaru kaɗan, ya ƙi amincewa da dauke marmaran daga Girka, inda ya kira Elgin da mai lalata tarihi.[46] A cikin waƙarsa Childe Harold's Pilgrimage da aka buga a shekarar 1812, ya rubuta game da Parthenon:[47]

Samfuri:Poemquote

Byron ba shi kaɗai ne ya soki cire marmaran ba a lokacin. Sir John Newport ya ce:[48]

Mai daraja Lord ya ci gajiyar wata hanya marar adalci kuma ya aikata wata babbar fashin kaya. Da alama, abin bakin ciki ne cewa wakilin ƙasarmu ne ya kwashe abubuwan da Turawa da wasu barbarai suka ɗauka a matsayin tsarkaka.

Edward Daniel Clarke wanda ya shaida cire metopes ya kira aikin "lalata", inda ya ce "hakanan ginin haikalin ya sami rauni fiye da wanda ya sha daga harin sojojin Venice", kuma cewa "ba wani daga cikin ma’aikatan da suka yi aikin ba... da bai nuna damuwarsa ba kan irin wannan lalacewar da aka yi bayan an riga an yi kwafin duk sassaken da ake son cirewa."[34]

Lokacin da Sir Francis Ronalds ya ziyarci birnin Athens da Giovanni Battista Lusieri a 1820, ya rubuta cewa "Da Lord Elgin na da ɗanɗano na gaskiya maimakon son mallakar dukiya, da ya cire tarkace ne kawai ya bar kayan tarihi".[49][50]

The Trustees in the Temporary Elgin Room, 1819, by Archibald Archer, depicts the Elgin Marbles at the British Museum surrounded by museum staff, a trustee, and visitors

A shekarar 1810, Elgin ya fitar da wata kariya ga aikinsa, inda ya bayyana cewa bai yanke shawarar cire marmaran ba sai da ya gane cewa jami'an Daular Ottoman ba sa kula da su yadda ya kamata kuma suna fuskantar barazanar fada hannun sojojin Napoleon.[51][52]

Felicia Hemans ta goyi bayan sayen marmaran, a cikin waƙarta Modern Greece: A Poem (1817), ta kalubalanci Byron da tambaya: Samfuri:Poemquote

ta kuma ambaci Haydon da wasu masu goyon bayan samun damar kallon su a cikin bayaninta.[53]

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ya yi imanin cewa shawarar gwamnati ta Burtaniya na sayen marmaran zai buɗe sabon zamani na fasaha mai kyau.[54] An fara nuna marmaran a cikin ɗakin wucin gadi a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya a 1817 kuma sun kafa sabon tarihin yawan baƙi.[55] John Keats ya ziyarci gidan tarihin a 1817, ya bayyana yadda ya ji a cikin sonnet mai taken "On Seeing the Elgin Marbles". Ana ɗaukar wasu baitocin "Ode on a Grecian Urn" nasa cewa sun samo asali daga wannan ziyarar.[54][56] William Wordsworth shima ya kalla marmaran kuma ya bayyana jin daɗinsa game da kyawun su a cikin wata wasiƙa da ya aike wa Haydon.[57]

Daga baya, an nuna marmaran a cikin ɗakin da aka gina musamman mai suna Elgin Saloon (1832), kuma suka zama samfurin da ake amfani da su wajen horar da masu fasahar zane. Ana buƙata sosai ga kwafin su na filasta kuma an raba su ga gidajen tarihi, masu tarin kayan tarihi masu zaman kansu da shugabannin ƙasashe a duniya.[58][59] An ƙara mayar da su zuwa Duveen Gallery, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Joseph Duveen, a 1939, inda suka ci gaba da jawo yawancin baƙi.[3]

Lalacewa

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Zamanin Farko da Zamanin Byzantine

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Wani lokaci bayan an mayar da Parthenon coci a ƙarni na 6 AD, Kiristoci sun ɓata metopes na arewa, yamma da gabas na Parthenon don cire hotunan gumakan arna. Lalacewar ta kasance mai girma har ba za a iya gano hotunan da ke kan metopes da abin ya shafa ba tare da tabbaci ba.[60][61]

Venetians

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Sassaka daga Gabas Pediment

Harbin Venetian na Parthenon a 1687 ya lalata yawancin sassaka, ciki har da wasu daga cikin waɗanda Elgin ya cire daga baya.[62] Ƙarin lalacewa ga fasahar Parthenon ta faru lokacin da janar na Venetian Francesco Morosini ya yi ƙoƙarin cire wasu manyan sassaka. A lokacin aikin, sassaka na Poseidon da dawakai biyu na keken Athena sun faɗi kuma sun farfashe. An cire sassaka da gutsutsuri da yawa ta hanyar Venetians.[11]

Elgin

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Elgin ya tattauna da mai sassaka ɗan ƙasar Italiya Antonio Canova a 1803 kan yadda za a gyara duwatsun marmara. Wasu sun ɗauki Canova a matsayin mafi kyawun mai gyaran sassaka a duniya a lokacin; Elgin ya rubuta cewa Canova ya ƙi yin aiki a kan duwatsun marmara saboda tsoron ƙara lalata su.[3]

Don sauƙaƙe jigilar kayayyaki ta Elgin, an yanke manyan ginshiƙan ginshiƙai da yawa na metopes da frieze slabs daga babban tsarin ko kuma an yanke su zuwa ƙananan sassa, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa maras gyaruwa ga Parthenon kanta.[63][64] Jirgin ruwa ɗaya na duwatsun marmara a cikin jirgin ruwan Burtaniya Mentor[65] an kama shi a cikin guguwa a gabar Tekun Matapan a kudancin Girka kuma ya nutse kusa da Kythera, amma an ceto shi da kuɗin Earl na kansa;[66] ya ɗauki shekaru biyu kafin a dawo da su saman ruwa.

Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya

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Fayil:Tools used for the cleaning of the Elgin Marbles.JPG
Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su don tsaftace duwatsun marmara a 1937–38[67]

Abubuwan tarihi da aka ajiye a London sun sha wahala daga gurɓataccen yanayi na ƙarni na 19 wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kuma sun sha wahala maras gyaruwa ta hanyar tsoffin hanyoyin tsaftacewa da ma'aikatan Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya suka yi amfani da su.[68]

Tun farkon 1838, an nemi masanin kimiyya Michael Faraday ya samar da mafita ga matsalar lalacewar saman duwatsun marmara. Sakamakon an bayyana shi a cikin wannan sashin daga wasikar da ya aiko wa Henry Milman, kwamishinan National Gallery.[69][70]

Duwatsun marmara gabaɗaya sun kasance marasa tsafta sosai... daga tarin ƙura da hayaƙi.... Na sami jikin marmara a ƙarƙashin saman fari.... Amfani da ruwa, wanda aka shafa da soso ko zane mai laushi, ya cire datti mafi girma.... Amfani da laushi, gauraye mai yashi, tare da ruwa da gogewa, ko da yake ya fi sauri cire datti na sama, ya bar yawancin ciki a cikin saman marmara. Sa'an nan na shafa alkalis, duka carbonated da caustic; waɗannan sun hanzarta sassauta datti na sama... amma sun yi nisa da dawo da saman marmara zuwa launi da yanayin tsafta na asali. A ƙarshe na yi amfani da diluted nitric acid, kuma har wannan ya kasa.... Binciken ya sa na fidda rai game da yiwuwar gabatar da duwatsun marmara a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya a cikin wannan yanayin tsabta da fari wanda suka mallaka tun asali.

Wani ƙarin ƙoƙari na tsaftace duwatsun marmara ya biyo baya a 1858. Richard Westmacott, wanda aka naɗa mai kula da " motsi da tsaftace sassaka" a 1857, a cikin wasika da Kwamitin Tsayawa na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya amince da shi a ranar 13 ga Maris 1858 ya kammala[71]

Ina ganin wajibi ne in ce an lalata wasu daga cikin ayyukan sosai ta hanyar rashin sani ko rashin kulawa - da mai da alade - da kuma gyare-gyare a cikin kakin zuma da resin. Waɗannan kurakurai sun haifar da lalacewar launi. Zan yi ƙoƙari in gyara wannan ba tare da, duk da haka, neman kowane hadin gwiwa da zai iya lalata saman marmara ba.

An yi wani ƙarin ƙoƙari na tsaftace duwatsun marmara a 1937–38. A wannan lokacin an samar da kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar gina sabon Gidan Tarihi don ajiye tarin. Pentelic marmara da aka haƙa daga Dutsen Pentelicus arewacin Athens, daga abin da aka yi sassaka, a zahiri yana samun launi mai ruwan goro mai kama da zuma idan aka fallasa shi ga iska; wannan launi ana yawan kiransa da "patina" na marmara[72] amma Lord Duveen, wanda ya ba da kuɗin daukacin aikin, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin cewa duwatsun marmara asali fari ne[73] wataƙila ya shirya wa ƙungiyar masu aikin dutse da ke aiki a aikin don cire lalacewar launi daga wasu sassaka. Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su sune bakwai masu gogewa, chiseli ɗaya da yanki na dutsen carborundum. Yanzu an ajiye su a Sashen Kula da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya.[73][74] Tsarin tsaftacewa ya goge wani ɓangare na cikakkun bayanai na yawancin sassaka.[75] A cewar Harold Plenderleith, saman da aka cire a wasu wurare yana iya kasancewa har zuwa 1/10 na inci.[73]

Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya amsa ta hanyar cewa "an yi kuskure a lokacin."[76] A wani lokaci kuma, an ce "an wuce gona da iri wajen lalatawa saboda dalilai na siyasa" kuma "Girka ta yi laifi na wuce gona da iri wajen tsaftace duwatsun marmara kafin a kawo su Biritaniya."[74] A lokacin taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan tsaftace duwatsun marmara, wanda Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya shirya a 1999, mai kula Ian Jenkins, mataimakin mai kula da kayan tarihi na Girka da Roman, ya bayyana cewa "Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ba zai iya yin kuskure ba, ba Paparoma ba ne. Tarihin sa ya kasance jerin niyyoyi masu kyau waɗanda aka lalata ta hanyar kuskure lokaci-lokaci, kuma tsaftace na shekarun 1930 ya kasance irin wannan kuskuren." Duk da haka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa babban dalilin lalacewar da aka yi wa duwatsun marmara shine yanayin da ya dade na shekaru 2000 a Acropolis.[77]

A wata jarida, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Amurka Dorothy King ta rubuta cewa Girkawa ma sun yi amfani da dabarun kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a 1937–1938 a cikin shekaru goma na baya fiye da Biritaniya, kuma ta tabbatar da cewa har yanzu Italiyanci suna ɗaukar su abin yarda.[78] Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya ce an yi irin wannan tsaftacewa na Haikalin Hephaestus a cikin Tsohuwar Agora na Athens ta ƙungiyar kiyayewa ta Makarantar Amurka ta Nazarin Gargajiya a Athens[79] a 1953 ta amfani da chisels na ƙarfe da waya ta tagulla.[66] A cewar Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Girka, an iyakance tsaftacewa sosai ga ɓawon gishiri na saman.[77] Rahoton Amurka na 1953 ya kammala cewa dabarun da aka yi amfani da su sun nufin cire baƙar fata da ruwan sama ya samar kuma "ya bayyana ingancin fasaha na zane" yana bayyanawa a lokaci guda "wasu 'yan gutsutsarin launi da suka rage".[79]

Yankin frieze daga Elgin (Parthenon) Marbles

Wani binciken 2023 na Emma Payne ya kammala cewa lalacewar daga tsaftace na shekarun 1930 ba ta da muhimmanci kuma yana buƙatar a yi la'akari da shi a cikin mahallin lokacin.[80] Nazarin saman sassaka tare da dabarun nazarin kayan tarihi, ciki har da Visible-Induced Luminescence (VIL), sun bayyana alamun launuka na tsohuwar polychromy a kan sassaka, suna tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa lalacewar tsaftacewa ba ta da yawa fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya.[81]

Takardun da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya fitar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yancin Bayani ta 2000 sun bayyana cewa jerin ƙananan haɗari, sata da ayyukan ɓarnata da baƙi suka yi sun haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga sassaka.[82] Wannan ya haɗa da wani lamari a 1961 lokacin da yara maza biyu suka buge wani ɓangare na ƙafar centaur, kuma a 1966 an zana layuka huɗu masu zurfi a bayan ɗaya daga cikin adadi ta hanyar ɓarayi. A 1970, an zana haruffa a kan cinya na dama na sama na wani adadi. Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, an lalata rami na dowel a cikin ƙafar centaur ta hanyar ɓarayi da ke ƙoƙarin cire gutsutsarin gubar.[82] A watan Yuni na 1981, wani adadi na pediment na yamma ya ɗan farfashe ta hanyar faɗuwar gilashin skylight.

Rigingimun maido da kayan tarihi

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Buƙatun Girka na Maido da Kayan Tarihi

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A shekarar 1836, Sarki Otto na Girka, wanda ya sami 'yancin kai kwanan nan, ya nemi gwamnatin Biritaniya a hukumance ta dawo da wasu daga cikin Elgin Marbles (allunan frieze huɗu na Haikalin Athena Nike). A shekarar 1846, biyo bayan buƙatar Girka, Biritaniya ta aika da cikakken saitin simintin frieze na Parthenon, kuma a shekarar 1890 birnin Athens ya nemi maido da ainihin frieze, amma bai yi nasara ba. A shekarar 1927, ministan Girka a London ya nemi a dawo da wasu gutsuttsarin gine-gine, amma bai yi nasara ba.[83] A shekarar 1983, gwamnatin Girka ta nemi gwamnatin Biritaniya a hukumance ta dawo da "dukan sassakan da aka cire daga Acropolis na Athens kuma a halin yanzu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya", kuma a shekarar 1984, ta lissafa rikicin da UNESCO.[4][84] A shekarar 2000, wani kwamiti na musamman na majalisar dokokin Biritaniya ya gudanar da bincike kan cinikin kayan tarihi na al'adu ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya yi la'akari da rikicin game da duwatsun marmara. Kwamitin ya saurari shaidu daga ministan harkokin waje na Girka na lokacin, George Papandreou, wanda ya bayar da hujjar cewa batun mallakar doka ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da hujjojin ɗabi'a da al'adu na maido da sassakan. Kwamitin, duk da haka, bai bayar da wata shawarwari ba game da makomar duwatsun marmara.[85]

A shekarar 2000, gwamnatin Girka ta ba da umarnin gina sabon Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 2009.[86] An tsara gidan tarihin ne, a wani ɓangare, don shirya sassakan Parthenon da suka rage (ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin tarin Elgin) kamar yadda suke tsaye a ainihin Parthenon, da kuma tunkarar hujjojin cewa Elgin Marbles za a kiyaye su da kyau kuma a nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya.[87] Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis yana nuna wani ɓangare na ragowar frieze (kusan kashi 30% ya ɓace ko ya lalace), wanda aka sanya shi a ainihin yanayin sa kuma a gaban Parthenon. An bayyana matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin London a fili tare da simintin fari, kuma an bar wuri inda sassakan ba su wanzu ba.[88][89]

A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin Girka ta nemi UNESCO ta shiga tsakani tsakanin hukumomin Girka da Biritaniya kan maido da duwatsun marmara, amma gwamnatin Biritaniya da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya sun ƙi tayin UNESCO na shiga tsakani. A shekarar 2021, UNESCO ta kammala cewa gwamnatin Biritaniya tana da wajibcin dawo da sassakan kuma ta kira Ƙasar Ingila da ta fara tattaunawa da Girka.[4]

A ƙarshen shekarar 2022, hukumomin Biritaniya da Girka sun ci gaba da tattaunawa kan makomar duwatsun marmara.[90][91] Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da yiwuwar maido da Marbles, Sakatariyar Al'adu ta Biritaniya, Michelle Donelan ta amsa: "Zan iya tausayawa wasu daga cikin hujjojin amma ina jin cewa hanya ce mai haɗari da zamewa don tafiya a kai,"[92] tana nuna damuwar cewa sauran abubuwan al'adu da ke hannun Biritaniya yanzu ana iya buƙatar a dawo da su zuwa wuraren da aka samo su.

A watan Nuwambar 2023, Firayim Minista Rishi Sunak ya soke taro da Firayim Ministan Girka Kyriakos Mitsotakis kan kalaman jama'a da Mitsotakis ya yi game da duwatsun marmara.[93][94]

Dalilan da suka sa aka dawo Athens

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Masu jayayya kan dawo da duwatsun sun kawo dalilai na shari'a, ɗabi'a, al'adu, kiyayewa da fasaha. Dalilansu sun haɗa da:

  • An samo duwatsun ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko kuma aƙalla ba bisa ɗabi'a ba, saboda haka ya kamata a mayar da su ga mai mallakarsu na gaskiya.[95]
  • Duk da cewa duwatsun suna da ƙima ta al'adu ta duniya baki ɗaya, amma kuma wani ɓangare ne na musamman na al'adun Girka, kuma wannan shine wuri mafi dacewa don nuna su.[85]
  • Ya kamata a sake haɗa sassaken Parthenon a duk faɗin duniya domin dawo da "abubuwan halitta" waɗanda "a halin yanzu suka kasance ba tare da haɗin kai ba, kama da juna da tarihi na abin tunawa da suke ciki" kuma su baiwa baƙi damar fahimtar su gaba ɗaya.[96][97][98]
  • Nuna duk Parthenon Marbles da ke akwai kusa da ainihin muhallinsu na tarihi da al'adu, kuma a cikin mahallin sauran kayan tarihi na Girka, zai ba da damar "cikakken fahimta da fassararsu".[97][99]
  • Za a tabbatar da kiyaye duwatsun a Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis, saboda an sanye shi da fasaha ta zamani don kariya da kiyaye kayan tarihi.[100]
  • Elgin Marbles sun sha wahala sosai daga rashin kiyayewa da hatsarori a London kuma ba za a iya ɗauka cewa za a kiyaye su da kyau a can ba.[101]
  • Dawo da sassaken Parthenon ba zai kafa misali ga sauran da'awar mayar da su ba saboda "ƙimar duniya" ta musamman ta Parthenon.[102]

Dalilan Ci Gaba da Zama a London

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Malaman tarihi, shugabannin siyasar Biritaniya, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya sun gabatar da hujjoji daban-daban don ci gaba da riƙe Elgin Marbles a London.[48] Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu zuwa:

  • Samuwar Halacci: Elgin ya sami duwatsun marmara bisa ka'ida, kuma babu wata kotun shari'a da za ta yanke hukunci a kan mai ƙarar Girka.[103][104]
  • Ceto daga Lalacewa: Elgin ya ceci duwatsun marmara daga lalacewa, kuma waɗanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya suna cikin yanayi mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda aka bari a baya. Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya yana da haƙƙin riƙewa da nuna wa jama'a abin da ya kiyaye daga lalacewa.[105]
  • Rashin Yiwuwar Haɗa Duk Sassakan: Ba zai yiwu a haɗa dukkan sassakan Parthenon a matsayin cikakken guda ɗaya ba tunda rabi sun ɓace ko sun lalace kafin shekarar 1800.[106]
  • Nuni a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya: Nuni na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya yana ba da damar ganin duwatsun marmara da kyau a cikin mahallin sauran manyan al'adun gargajiya, don haka yana cika ra'ayin da tarin Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis ya bayar.[5]
  • Sakamakon Maido da Duk Kayayyaki: Cika dukkan buƙatun maido da kayayyaki zai zubar da yawancin manyan gidajen tarihi na duniya—wannan kuma ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin sauran gidajen tarihi na Turai da Amurka, tare da wata manufa da ake iya niyya ita ce Nefertiti Bust a Neues Museum na Berlin; ban da haka, wasu sassan duwatsun marmara na Parthenon suna cikin yawancin sauran gidajen tarihi na Turai.[105]
  • Mafi girman adadin masu ziyara: Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya yana karɓar kusan baƙi miliyan 6 a shekara idan aka kwatanta da baƙi miliyan 1.5 zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis. Cire duwatsun marmara zuwa Girka zai rage adadin mutanen da ke da damar ziyartar duwatsun marmara sosai.[107]
  • Tarihin Al'adun Biritaniya: Elgin Marbles sun kasance a nune a bainar jama'a a Ingila tun 1807[42] kuma a cikin wannan lokacin sun zama wani ɓangare na gadon al'adun Biritaniya.[108]

Kamfen na Jama'a don Maido da Kayan Tarihi

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A wajen Girka, an fara kamfen na maido da duwatsun marmara a shekarar 1981 tare da kafa Kwamitin Shirya na Duniya – Australia – don Maido da Parthenon Marbles,[109] kuma a shekarar 1983, tare da kafa Kwamitin Birtaniya don Haɗuwar Parthenon Marbles.[110] Ƙungiyoyin kamfen kuma suna wanzu a Girka da kuma duniya baki ɗaya.[111] Wasu shahararrun 'yan Birtaniya da na duniya, irin su ɗan wasan barkwanci Stephen Fry[112] da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Liam Neeson da George Clooney,[113] sun nuna goyon bayansu ga maido da duwatsun marmara.[114]

Ra'ayoyin Jama'a

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Wani bincike na Ipsos MORI da aka gudanar a kan masu jefa kuri'a na Birtaniya a shekarar 1998, ya gano cewa kashi 39% sun goyi bayan maido da duwatsun marmara zuwa Girka kuma kashi 15% sun goyi bayan riƙe su a Birtaniya; kashi 45% ba su da ra'ayi ko kuma ba za su jefa kuri'a ba idan aka gabatar da tambayar a wani zabe.[115] Wani bincike na Mori a shekarar 2002 ya nuna irin waɗannan sakamakon.[116] Wani bincike na YouGov a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 59% na masu amsa na Birtaniya sun yi tunanin cewa Parthenon marbles na Girka ne, kashi 18% cewa na Birtaniya ne, kuma kashi 18% ba su sani ba.[117]

Jaridun Birtaniya

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The Guardian ta buga wani edita a shekarar 2020 tana sake jaddada goyon bayanta ga maido da Parthenon marbles.[118] A watan Janairun 2022, The Times ta janye goyon bayanta na dade wa ga riƙe duwatsun marmara, ta buga wani edita da ke kira ga maido da su zuwa Girka.[119] The Daily Telegraph ta buga wani edita a watan Janairun 2023 tana jayayya cewa duk wani yanke shawara kan maido da Elgin Marbles zuwa Girka ya kamata majalisar dokokin Birtaniya ce ta yanke shi.[120]

Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Birtaniya ta 1963

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Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Birtaniya ta 1963[121] wata Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasar Ingila ce wacce ke hana Gidan Tarihi na Birtaniya zubar da kayan sa, sai dai a cikin ƴan ƙananan yanayi na musamman. Duk wani canji ga Dokar dole ne Majalisar ta zartar da shi.

Aro da Kwafi

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Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya yi kwafin filasta na duwatsun marmara kuma ya rarraba su ga gidajen tarihi da yawa a duniya.[58][59] A shekarar 2022, Cibiyar Nazarin Dijital ta Oxford (IDA) ta nemi Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da ta binciko duwatsun marmara daga Parthenon don yin kwafin robobi da aka sassaka. Duk da haka, gidan tarihin ya ƙi buƙatar kuma gwamnatin Girka ta ƙi yin sharhi game da aikin.[122]

Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya ba da aro wani siffar allahn kogi, wataƙila kogin Ilisus, ga Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage a Saint Petersburg don murnar cika shekaru 250 da kafuwar sa.[123] An nuna shi a can daga 6 ga Disamba 2014 har zuwa 18 ga Janairu 2015. Wannan shine karo na farko da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya ba da aro wani ɓangare na tarin Parthenon Marbles kuma ya haifar da wasu cece-kuce.[124] Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya bayyana cewa a shirye yake ya ba da aro duwatsun marmara daga Parthenon zuwa Girka amma gwamnatin Girka ba ta son amincewa da ka'idar yarda da mallakar Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya na kowane abu da aka aro ba.[122]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Jenkins 2016.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Casey, Christopher (30 October 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism". Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 "Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation Twenty-Second SessionParis, UNESCO Headquarters, Room XI27-29 September 2021DECISIONS". UNESCO. September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "The Parthenon Sculptures". The British Museum. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  6. ↑ Trabucco della Torretta, Mario (1 December 2023). "What's in a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures' name?". The Critic. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ Mommsen, Theodor E. (1941). "The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687". American Journal of Archaeology. 45 (4): 544–556. doi:10.2307/499533. JSTOR 499533.
  9. ↑ Chatziaslani, Kornilia. "Morosini in Athens". Archaeology of the City of Athens. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  10. ↑ Tomkinson, John L. "Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684–1689)". Anagnosis Books. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  11. 1 2 Empty citation (help)
  12. 1 2 "Sassan Sassaka na Parthenon". The British Museum. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  13. ↑ "Rubutun Katalo na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya don abu 1840.1111.5". The British Museum. 24 September 2024.
  14. ↑ "Rubutun Katalo na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya don abu 1854.0513.1". The British Museum. 24 September 2024.
  15. ↑ "Rubutun Katalo na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya don abu 1816.0610.29-30a". The British Museum. 24 September 2024.
  16. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  17. ↑ "Rahoto daga Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisar Dokoki kan tarin duwatsun marmara na Earl na Elgin; &c". Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  18. ↑ Williams (2009). p. 23
  19. ↑ Williams, Dyfri (2009). "Firman Lord Elgin". Journal of the History of Collections: 1–28.
  20. ↑ David Rudenstein (29 May 2000). "Shin Elgin Ya Ci Gaba da Marnar?". Nation. 270 (21): 30. Duk da haka babu wani mai bincike da ya taɓa gano wannan takarda ta Ottoman kuma lokacin da nake Istanbul na bincika a banza don shi ko kowane kwafi na shi, ko kowane nassi a gare shi a cikin wasu nau'ikan takardu ko bayanin sharuɗɗan sa na asali a cikin kowane takarda na hukuma mai alaƙa. Ko da yake wani takarda na wani nau'i na iya wanzu, da alama ya ɓace cikin iska, duk da cewa rumbunan adana bayanai na Ottoman suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na irin waɗannan takardu daga lokacin.
  21. ↑ St Clair, William: Lord Elgin and the Marbles. Oxford University Press, US, 3rd ed., (1998)
  22. ↑ "firman". newmentor.net.
  23. ↑ Williams (2009). pp. 6–7
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  72. ↑ Gardner, Ernest Arthur: Jagoran Sassakan Helenanci. An buga 1896 Macmillan;
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