Elizabeth Blackburn
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Elizabeth Helen Blackburn (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1948) 'yar asalin Australiya ce wacce ta lashe kyautar Nobel wacce ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Salk . [1] A shekara ta 1984, Blackburn ya gano telomerase, enzyme wanda ke cika telomere, tare da Carol W. Greider. Don wannan aikin, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2009 a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani, tare da Carol W. Greider da Jack W. Szostak, ta zama mace ta farko ta Australiya da ta lashe kyautar Nobel.
Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya, kuma an kore ta daga Majalisar Shugaban Bush kan Bioethics. Masana kimiyya 170 sun sanya hannu kan wata wasika ga shugaban kasa don tallafawa, suna mai cewa an kore ta ne saboda adawa da shawararta.
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, ta biyu cikin yara bakwai, an haife ta ne a Hobart, Tasmania, a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1948, tare da iyayenta duka biyu likitocin iyali.[2] Iyalinta sun koma garin Launceston lokacin da take da shekaru hudu, inda ta halarci makarantar Grammar ta Broadland House Church of England Girls (daga baya ta haɗu da makarantar Grammar School of Launcestons Church) har zuwa shekara goma sha shida.
Bayan da iyalinta suka koma Melbourne, ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'a, kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami manyan maki a jarrabawar karatun karshe na jihar.[3] Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1970 da kuma Master of Science a shekarar 1972, duka daga Jami'ar Melbourne a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Blackburn daga nan ta tafi karbar digirinta na PhD a 1975 daga Kwalejin Darwin a Jami'ar Cambridge, don aikin da ta yi tare da Frederick Sanger a Laboratory na MRC na Molecular Biology yana haɓaka hanyoyin tsara DNA ta amfani da RNA, da kuma nazarin kwayar cuta Phi X 174. [2][4]
Ayyuka da bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin aikinta na postdoctoral a Yale, Blackburn tana gudanar da bincike kan protozoan [./<i id= Tetrahymena]_thermophila" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tetrahymena thermophila">Tetrahymena thermophila kuma ta lura da maimaita codon a ƙarshen rDNA na layi wanda ya bambanta da girman.[5] Blackburn ya lura cewa wannan hexanucleotide a ƙarshen chromosome ya ƙunshi jerin TTAGGG wanda aka maimaita shi, kuma ƙarshen ƙarshen chromosomes sun kasance palindromic. Wadannan halaye sun ba da damar Blackburn da abokan aiki don gudanar da ƙarin bincike kan protozoan. Yin amfani da ƙarshen telomeric da aka maimaita na Tetrahymena, Blackburn da abokin aiki Jack Szostak sun nuna cewa an kare plasmids na yisti daga lalacewa, yana tabbatar da cewa waɗannan jerin sun ƙunshi halaye na telomeres.[5] Wannan binciken ya kuma tabbatar da maimaitawar telomeric na Tetrahymena an kiyaye su ta hanyar juyin halitta tsakanin jinsunan.[5] Ta hanyar wannan binciken, Blackburn da abokan aiki sun lura cewa tsarin kwafin chromosomes ba zai iya ƙarawa ga tsawo na telomere ba, kuma cewa ƙarin waɗannan hexanucleotides zuwa chromosomes mai yiwuwa ne saboda aikin enzyme wanda ke iya canja takamaiman ƙungiyoyin aiki.[5]
Shirin yiwuwar enzyme mai kama da transferase ya jagoranci Blackburn da ɗaliban PhD Carol W. Greider zuwa gano wani enzyme tare da aikin transcriptase wanda ya iya cika ƙarshen telomeres ba tare da barin chromosome ba cikakke ba kuma ba zai iya raba ba tare da asarar ƙarshen chromosome bane.[1] Wannan binciken na 1985 ya haifar da tsarkakewar wannan enzyme a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, yana nuna enzyme mai kama da transferase ya ƙunshi duka RNA da sunadarai.[2] Sashe na RNA na enzyme ya yi aiki a matsayin samfurin don ƙara maimaitawar telomeric zuwa ga telomere mara cikakke, kuma furotin ya kara aikin enzymatic don ƙara waɗannan maimaitawa. Ta hanyar wannan ci gaba, an ba da kalmar "telomerase" ga enzyme, yana warware tsarin ƙididdigar ƙarshe wanda ya dame masana kimiyya a lokacin.[1]
Telomerase
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1984, Blackburn ya kasance mai bincike na ilmin halitta kuma farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta da ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar California, San Francisco, yana nazarin telomere, tsari a ƙarshen chromosome wanda ke kare chromosome.
Telomerase yana aiki ta hanyar ƙara nau'ikan tushe zuwa overhang na DNA a ƙarshen 3', yana faɗaɗa igiya har sai DNA polymerase da RNA na farko zasu iya kammala igiya mai dacewa kuma su sami nasarar haɗa DNA mai laushi biyu. Tunda DNA polymerase kawai yana hada DNA a cikin jagorancin layin, gajartaccen sakamakon telomere.[6] Ta hanyar binciken su, Blackburn da abokan aiki sun iya nuna cewa enzyme telomerase yana sake cika telomere yadda ya kamata, wanda ke kiyaye rarrabawar sel ta hanyar hana saurin asarar bayanan kwayar halitta na ciki ga telomere, wanda ke haifar da tsufa na sel.[5]
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2016, an yi hira da Blackburn game da karatunta, gano telomerase, da kuma bincikenta na yanzu. Lokacin da aka tambaye ta ta tuna lokacin binciken telomerase ta ce: [7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Nobel laureate Elizabeth Blackburn named Salk Institute President". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- 1 2 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". NobelPrize.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 10 December 2018. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "NobelPrize.org" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Brady 2007
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Elizabeth Blackburn". www.nobelprize.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Valera, E (2010). "2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: telomeres and telomerase". Oncogene. 29 (11): 1561–1565. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.15. PMID 20237481. S2CID 11726588. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Valera-2010" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak's Telomere and Telomerase Experiments (1982–1989) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ↑ "Elizabeth Blackburn Interview". American Academy of Achievement. 17 November 2009.