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Elizabeth Marsh

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Elizabeth Marsh
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Portsmouth, 1735
ƙasa Kingdom of Great Britain (en) Fassara
Mutuwa 1785
Makwanci South Park Street Cemetery (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Yara
Karatu
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a marubuci da diarist (en) Fassara

Elizabeth Marsh (1735 – 1785) ’yar Ingila ce da aka yi garkuwa da ita a Maroko na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan jirgin da take tafiya daga Gibraltar zuwa Ingila don haɗa kai da angonta wani ɗan ƙasar Moroko ya kama shi kuma ma’aikatansa suka kama shi.[1]

Marsh ya rubuta The Female Captive: Labarin Gaskiya wanda ya faru a Barbary a cikin shekara ta 1756, Rubutu da Kanta, wanda aka buga fiye da shekaru goma bayan dawowarta daga bauta. Ya tattara abubuwan da ta faru bayan da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Morocco suka kama ita da abokan aikinta, kuma ita ce labarin barkwanci na farko da wata marubuciya ta rubuta cikin Turanci.[2]A cikin sigar da aka buga, Marsh ta ƙara dalla-dalla dalla-dalla waɗanda suka taimaka wajen sake fasalin labarinta a cikin wani sabon salo[3] wanda hakan ya ƙara ma'anar haɗarin da ta ji tare da haifar da tashin hankali mai ban mamaki game da tambayar ko za ta tsere ko a'a.[4] labarin Marsh yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga mafi girman nau'in labarun ƙaura na mata na Turai, wanda akai-akai yana nuna juriyar mace ga zaman talala da cin zarafin jima'i.[5]

Kama

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Marsh ta ƙaura zuwa Gibraltar don shiga jirgi a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1756, da nufin haɗawa da angonta a gida don aure shi. Bayan Ann ya kasance "ba shi da farin ciki" ta hanyar Gosport, an ɗauke shi cikin sauƙi a ranar 8 ga Agusta ta hanyar wani jirgin ruwa na Moroccan na kimanin bindigogi 20 da masu ruwa 130, sannan suka tafi da shi zuwa Salé. Wadanda aka kama sun kasance "an gudanar da su" zuwa Marrakech kuma Marsh ya fara ƙin ra'ayin da ake yi wa jima'i. Ta yanke shawarar canza kanta a matsayin matar wani James Crisp, dan kasuwa daga Landan, a cikin labarinta na labarin. Duk da haka, shi ne ainihin kyaftin na jirgin a cikin wasiƙun da ya aika.[bayani da ake bukata] Bayan an gabatar da shi ga Yarima Sidi Mohammed, komai ya gangara zuwa Marsh. An shigo da ita a matsayin kuyangiyar Yarima, aka yaudare ta ta bar Kiristanci ta musulunta, aka kusan yi mata duka ta mika wuya. Bayan watanni hudu kuma tare da ci gaba da tattaunawar zaman lafiya da Morocco, Marsh ta sami 'yanci da ake so kuma ta koma gida.[6]

Yin magudi a matsayin dabarar tsira ta bayin mata da aka kama

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Marsh ba ta yawan nuna yadda take ji a labarinta na kama, The Female Captive, game da abin da ke faruwa da ita a lokacin da ake tsare da ita. Duk da haka, ta tabbatar da nuna sha'awar da take da shi na yin duk wani abu da Yarima Sidi Mohammed ya umarce ta da ta yi. Ta nanata cewa ta fi son mutuwa da yin duk wani jin dadi da ake nema[7] Mutane suna yi mata [8] hukunci don yin amfani da magudi a cikin labarinta, [bayani da ake buƙata] ko da ta yi amfani da su don rayuwarta. Marsh yana amfani da dabarar dogaro mai ƙarfi, dabarar wanda aka azabtar akai-akai, da dabarar masu laifi da yawa[bayani da ake buƙata] [9] don taimaka mata ta tsira a matsayin fursuna. A cikin 'Yan Matan da aka kama an ce, "Cikin yanke kauna na yin garkuwa da shi don mika wuya, Yarima ya ba ta 'yanci da izinin barin kasar cikin fushi, amma ba kafin Biritaniya ta amince da komawa tattaunawar zaman lafiya da Maroko ba." Sauran labarin ya ba da misalai da yawa na Marsh ta yin amfani da magudi don rayuwarta. [10] Duk da matsayin Marsh a matsayin mace mai bauta, har yanzu tana da iko akan ƴan uwanta fararen fata maza da aka kama, tunda duk lokacin da take son masauki, takan karɓi ɗaya. Labarin nata yana nuna iyawarta na guje wa yanayi na wulakanci da wahala da mazan da aka kama suka jimre da kuma yadda aka kula da ita da kuma jin daɗin lokacin da ta yi zaman fursuna. Marsh tana da bautar da ba ta dace ba, ta yadda ta kasance fursuna a zahiri, amma ba a bautar da ita kamar yadda maza suke ba.[[11] Ba a taɓa ba ta ayyuka masu tsauri kamar na maza ba, kuma za ta iya karkatar da wani yanayi a gare ta ta hanyar bayyana gaskiyar lamarin.[12] [13]

Rayuwa bayan bauta

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Elizabeth Marsh ta fuskanci bincike bayan ta koma gida bayan kama ta. Ta bayyana a cikin bayanin marubucin The Female Captive cewa, "Ko da yake na kasance ba kasafai na fuskanci wadannan Sa'o'i (Natsuwa da Kwanciyar Hankali) ba, wadanda za su iya cewa, tare da Gaskiya mai yawa, cewa Masifun da na hadu da su a Barbary sun fi daidai da wadanda na fuskanta a wannan ƙasa ta 'Yancin Jama'a da Addini."[14] [15] Shakku ya taso a game da kiyaye tsaftarta yayin da take tsare saboda yawan ziyarar da ta yi da sarkin. A lokacin, ƙwararrun jama’ar Turai sun yi imanin cewa za a iya shawo kan mata cikin sauƙi don yin ayyuka dabam-dabam saboda ƙaƙƙarfan sha’awar Gabas. An ƙarfafa waɗannan ra'ayoyin ta hanyar buga fassarar fassarar The Arab Nights na Faransanci na gabas Antoine Galland (an fara buga sigar Turanci na littafin a cikin 1795, kodayake ana samun kwafin Faransanci ga Marsh).[16] [17]

Matsaloli tare da bugawa

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Duk da cewa kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na duk bayin da aka shigo da su duniyar Musulunci mata ne, amma an binciko labarin da aka yi garkuwa da su fiye da yadda maza suka rubuta. Hujja a kan halaccin maganganun fursunonin da mata suka yi ya samo asali ne daga raunin da ake kyautata zaton na mata ne wanda aka yi imani da cewa zai hana mata yin tsayin daka ga wadatar yankin Gabas[18] Marsh ta fuskanci wannan suka a lokacin da ta dawo gida, inda ya hana ta buga labarinta saboda tsoron koma baya da zai haifar. Ko da irin karfin da ta yi a baya a lokacin da Sultan Sidi Mohammad Ben Abdallah ya yi mata tayin kuyangi, an zarge ta da zama makaryaci da barin kyawawan dabi'unta a gare shi[19]

Rashin damuwa bayan tashin hankali

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Marsh ya nuna alamomi da yawa na rashin damuwa bayan tashin hankali. Ta nuna kadaici, kau da kai daga kanta da na kusa da ita, da rashin yarda.[20] Bayar da labarinta wata hanya ce da Marsh ya bijiro da abin da ya faru da ita da kuma yadda za ta shawo kan lamarin, ko da an matsa mata ta yi rubutu a kai.

Rashin damuwa bayan tashin hankali shine babban ɓangare na fahimtar dalilin da yasa Marsh ta rubuta labarinta. Wasu masu sukar waɗannan labaran bawa suna da'awar cewa abin da ta rubuta ba gaskiya ba ne. Duk wani magudi na labarinta na iya nuna cewa tana mai da hankali kan magance PTSD ba tare da sanin yana faruwa ba. Fadakarwa game da tabin hankali da cututtuka wani sabon fannin kiwon lafiya ne da ya fara fitowa fili a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Don mace ta yi reshe ta rubuta labarin abubuwan da suka faru da ita ta ɓarna abu ne da ba a saba gani ba.[[21]

Tasirin zaman talala

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Bayan da aka yi garkuwa da ita, Marsh ta auri James Crisp, mutumin da ta yi kama da cewa ta yi aure yayin da take bawa. Ta yi haka ne da fatan kar a yi mata hari da sauran mazan da take tafiya tare. Hakan ya yi nasara, amma an shiga cikin shakku kan ingancin aurenta bayan sakin ta. Bayan nacewa daga iyayenta, Marsh ya auri Crisp kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu tare da shi.

Rayuwar Marsh ta canza lokacin da ta bar danginta tsawon watanni 18. Ana iya jayayya cewa Marsh ta yi hakan ne sakamakon lokacin da ta kasance a cikin bauta kuma tana ƙoƙarin yin rayuwa mai zaman kanta. [22]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ The ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh : a woman in world history
  2. ↑ MacLean, Gerald (2007). "Slavery and Sensibility: A Historical Dilemma". Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807. Eds. Brycchan Carey and Peter Kitson. Boydell and Brewer, 2007.: 173–194
  3. ↑ MacLean, Gerald (2007). "Slavery and Sensibility: A Historical Dilemma". Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807. Eds. Brycchan Carey and Peter Kitson. Boydell and Brewer, 2007.: 173–194
  4. ↑ Bekkaoui, Khalid (2011). White women captives in North Africa : narrative of enslavement, 1735–1830. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 121–122. ISBN 9780230221987. OCLC 428030675
  5. ↑ Tucker, Judith E. (2014). "She Would Rather Perish: Piracy and Gendered Violence in the Mediterranean". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 10 (3): 8–39. doi:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.10.3.8. JSTOR 10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.10.3.8. S2CID 144840618. Project MUSE 552281
  6. ↑ Bekkaoui, Khalid (2011). White women captives in North Africa : narrative of enslavement, 1735–1830. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230221987. OCLC 428030675.[page needed]
  7. ↑ Bekkaoui, Khalid (2011). White women captives in North Africa : narrative of enslavement, 1735–1830. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 121–122. ISBN 9780230221987. OCLC 428030675.
  8. ↑ El Hamel, Chouki (2013). Black Morocco. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18.
  9. ↑ "Manipulation & Relationship Triangles"
  10. ↑ El Hamel, Chouki (2013). Black Morocco. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18.
  11. ↑ Bekkaoui, Khalid (2011). White women captives in North Africa : narrative of enslavement, 1735–1830. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
  12. ↑ Pal, Julie. In the hands of savages : representations of female Barbary captivity in Anglo-American narratives, 1722–1818. OCLC 65184251
  13. ↑ Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press. p. 107.
  14. ↑ .Bekkaoui, Khalid. (2011). White women captives in North Africa : narrative of enslavement, 1735–1830. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 9780230221987. OCLC 428030675
  15. ↑ women and the middle east, 17181918. Palgrave Macmillan.
  16. ↑ Bekkaoui, Khalid (2008). The Arabian nights in historical context : between East and West. Makdisi, Saree., Nussbaum, Felicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 153–66. ISBN 9780191564963
  17. ↑ Slavery in the Maghrib". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.99. ISBN 978-0-19-027773
  18. ↑ Slavery in the Maghrib". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.99. ISBN 978-0-19-027773
  19. ↑ .Bekkaoui, Khalid (2011). White women captives in North Africa : narrative of enslavement, 1735–1830. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230221987. OCLC 428030675.[page needed
  20. ↑ The ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh : a woman in world history
  21. ↑ ten, Gregory. Trauma, ethics, and the Political beyond
  22. ↑ 10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.10.3.8
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