Elizabeth ta Rasha

Tufafin bikin Elizabeth, Fadar Catherine, Tsarskoye Selo; hoto. Ivonna Nowicka

Elizabeth ta Rasha
Emperor of all the Russias (en) 25 Nuwamba, 1741 (Julian) - 25 Disamba 1761 (Julian) ← Ivan VI of Russia (en) - Peter III of Russia (en) → Head of the House of Romanov (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Kolomenskoye (en) , 18 Disamba 1709 (Julian)
ƙasa	Russian Empire (en) Tsardom of Russia (en)
Harshen uwa	Rashanci
Mutuwa	Saint-Petersburg, 25 Disamba 1761 (Julian)
Makwanci	Peter and Paul Cathedral (en)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Peter the Great
Mahaifiya	Catherine I of Russia
Abokiyar zama	Charles Augustus of Holstein-Gottorp (en) Alexey Razumovsky (en)  (1750 -
Ma'aurata	Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (en)
Ahali	Anna Petrovna of Russia (en) , Natalia Petrovna (en) , Pyotr Petrovich (en) da Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia (en)
Yare	House of Romanov (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Rashanci Italiyanci Jamusanci Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	sarki, ɗan siyasa da aristocrat (en)
Mahalarcin Palace coup of 1741 (en)
Wurin aiki	Saint-Petersburg
Kyaututtuka	gani Order of the Black Eagle Order of the White Eagle Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky Order of St. Andrew Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Imani
Addini	Eastern Orthodoxy (en)

Elizabeth ko Elizaveta Petrovna (Russian; 29 Disamba [ 18 Disamba] - 5 Janairu [ 25 Disamba] ) ta kasance Sarauniyar Rasha daga 1741 har zuwa mutuwarta a 1762. – Ta kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun gini" data-linkid="114" href="./List_of_Russian_rulers" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of Russian rulers">Sarakunan Rasha saboda shawarar da ta yanke na kada ta kashe mutum daya a lokacin mulkinta, ayyukanta da yawa na gine-gine, da kuma adawa mai karfi ga manufofin Prussian.[1]

Yarinya ta biyu mafi girma ta Tsar Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725), Elizabeth ta rayu ta hanyar rikice-rikice na zuriyar mahaifinta bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwanta Alexei a cikin 1718. Kursiyin ya fara wucewa ga mahaifiyarta Catherine I ta Rasha (r. 1725-1727), sAnna ga dan uwanta Peter II, wanda ya mutu a 1730 kuma dan uwan Elizabeth na farko Anna (r. Bayan taƙaitaccen mulkin dan uwan Anna, Ivan VI, Elizabeth ta kwace kursiyin tare da goyon bayan sojoji kuma ta ayyana dan uwanta, Peter III na gaba, magajinta.

A lokacin mulkinta Elizabeth ta ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinta kuma ta kawo wani zamani mai ban mamaki a Rasha. Manufofinta na cikin gida sun ba da damar manyan mutane su sami rinjaye a cikin kananan hukumomi yayin da suke taƙaita wa'adin aikinsu ga jihar. Ta karfafa kafawar Mikhail Lomonosov na Jami'ar Moscow, babbar makarantar ilimi ta Rasha. Kotunta ta zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun a duk Turai, musamman game da gine-gine: ta sabunta Hanyoyi Rasha, ta karfafa tushen Ivan Shuvalov na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Imperial, kuma ta ba da kuɗin manyan ayyukan Baroque na masanin gine-ginen da ta fi so, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, musamman a Fadar Peterhof. Gidan sarauta na Winter da Cathedral na Smolny a Saint Petersburg suna daga cikin manyan abubuwan tunawa na mulkinta.

Elizabeth ta jagoranci Daular Rasha a lokacin manyan rikice-rikicen Turai guda biyu na lokacinta: Yaƙin Succession na Austrian (1740-1748) da Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai (1756-1763). Ita da diflomasiyya Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin sun warware taron farko ta hanyar kafa kawance da Austria da Faransa, amma a kaikaice ya haifar da na biyu. Sojojin Rasha sun ji daɗin nasarori da yawa a kan Prussia kuma sun mamaye Berlin na ɗan lokaci, amma lokacin da Frederick the Great ya yi la'akari da mika wuya a watan Janairun shekara ta 1762, Sarauniyar Rasha ta mutu. Ita ce memba na karshe na Gidan Romanov da ya yi mulki a kan Daular Rasha.

Rayuwa ta farko

Yaron yaro da shekarunsa

Matashi Elizabeth a cikin shekarun 1720, wanda Ivan Nikitich Nikitin ya zana.

An haifi Elizabeth a Kolomenskoye, kusa da Moscow, Rasha, a ranar 18 ga Disamba 1709 (O.S.). Iyayenta sune Peter the Great, Tsar na Rasha da Catherine. Catherine 'yar Samuel Skowroński ce, mai kula da Grand Duchy na Lithuania . Kodayake babu wani rikodin rubuce-rubuce, an ce iyayenta sun yi aure a asirce a Cathedral of the Holy Trinity a Saint Petersburg a wani lokaci tsakanin 23 ga Oktoba da 1 ga Disamba 1707. Auren su na hukuma ya kasance a Cathedral na Saint Isaac a Saint Petersburg a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1712. A wAnna rana, 'ya'ya biyu da aka haifa a baya ga ma'auratan (Anna da Elizabeth) mahaifinsu ya halatta su kuma ya ba su taken Tsarevna ("gimbiya") a ranar 6 ga Maris 1711. Daga cikin 'ya'ya goma sha biyu da Peter da Catherine suka haifa (ya'ya maza biyar da mata bakwai), 'yan'uwa mata ne kawai suka tsira har zuwa balaga. Suna da ɗan'uwa ɗaya da ya tsira, yarima Alexei Petrovich, wanda ɗan Bitrus ne da matarsa ta farko, mai daraja Eudoxia Lopukhina .  

Yayinda take yarinya, Elizabeth ita ce ƙaunatacciyar mahaifinta, wanda ta yi kama da shi a jiki da kuma halin kirki. Ko da yake yana son 'yarsa, Bitrus bai ba da lokaci ko kulawa ga iliminta ba; yana da ɗa da jikansa daga aurensa na farko ga mace mai daraja, bai yi tsammanin cewa 'yar da aka haifa wa tsohuwar baiwarsa za ta gaji kursiyin Rasha ba, wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ba a taɓa zama mace ba; saboda haka, an bar Catherine ta tayar da' yan mata, aikin da wahala sosai saboda rashin ilimi. Duk da wannan, har yanzu ana ɗaukar Elizabeth yarinya mai haske, idan ba mai basira ba, kuma tana da mai kula da Faransa wanda ke ba da darussan lissafi, zane-zane, harsuna, da wasanni. Ta yi sha'awar gine-gine, ta zama mai iya magana da Italiyanci, Jamusanci, da Faransanci, kuma ta zama fitacciyar mai rawa da mahaya. Kamar mahaifinta, tana da ƙwazo a jiki kuma tana son hawan doki, farauta, sledging, tsalle-tsalle, da lambu.

Tun tana ƙarama, an san Elizabeth a matsayin matashiya mai kuzari, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin babbar kyakkyawar Daular Rasha . Matar jakadan Birtaniya ta bayyana Grand Duchess Elizabeth a matsayin "mai fara'a, mai gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, manyan idanu masu shuɗi masu haske, haƙora masu kyau da kuma kyakkyawan baki. Tana da sha'awar zama mai kiba, amma tana da kirki kuma tana rawa fiye da duk wanda na taɓa gani. Tana magana da Jamusanci, Faransanci da Italiyanci, tana da 'yan luwaɗi sosai, kuma tana magana da kowa..."

Shirye-shiryen Aure

Elizabeth mai yiwuwa ta auri Alexei Razumovsky a asirce, wani mawaƙi da aka haifa a Ukraine

Tare da yawancin shahararsa da ke dogara da kokarinsa na zamani na Rasha, Tsar Peter ya so ya ga 'ya'yansa sun yi aure a cikin gidajen sarauta na Turai, wani abu da magabata suka yi da gangan sun guje wa. Dan Peter Aleksei Petrovich, wanda aka haifa daga aurensa na farko ga wata mace mai daraja ta Rasha, ba shi da matsala wajen samun amarya daga tsohon gidan Brunswick-Lüneburg. Koyaya, Tsar ya sami matsala wajen shirya irin wannan auren ga 'ya'ya mata da aka haifa daga matarsa ta biyu. Lokacin da Bitrus ya miƙa kowanne daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata a aure ga Louis XV na gaba, Bourbons na Faransa sun yi masa watsi da shi saboda halattacciyar' yan mata bayan halatta.

A shekara ta 1724, Peter ya yi wa 'ya'yansa mata alkawari ga samari biyu, 'yan uwan juna, wadanda suka fito ne daga karamin yankin arewacin Jamus na Holstein-Gottorp kuma danginsu suna fuskantar rikici na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Anna Petrovna (mai shekaru 16) ta auri Charles Frederick, Duke na Holstein-Gottorp, wanda ke zaune a gudun hijira a Rasha a matsayin baƙon Bitrus bayan ya kasa a ƙoƙarinsa na cin nasarar kawunsa na mahaifiyarsa a matsayin Sarkin Sweden kuma wanda dukiyarsa ta kasance a wannan lokacin a ƙarƙashin mamayar Danish. Duk da wannan, yarima ya kasance mai haihuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta da yawa; yana da daraja kuma yana da amfani a siyasa. A cikin wannan shekarar, Elizabeth ta yi riƙo don auren dan uwan Charles Frederick, Charles Augustus na Holstein-Gottorp, ɗan fari na Kirista Augustus, Yarima na Eutin. An yi bikin auren Anna Petrovna a shekara ta kamar yadda aka shirya, duk da cewa mahaifinta ya mutu (8 Fabrairu [ 28 Janairu] 1725) 'yan makonni kafin bikin aure. A cikin yanayin Elizabeth, duk da haka, saurayinta ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1727, kafin a yi bikin aurenta. Wannan ya zo ne a matsayin mummunan rauni ga Elizabeth, saboda mahaifiyarta (wanda ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin Catherine I) ta mutu makonni biyu da suka gabata, a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1727.  

Peter II da Gimbiya Elizabeth Petrovna suna hawa zuwa Hound ta Valentin Serov

A ƙarshen Mayu 1727, Elizabeth mai shekaru 17 ta rasa ango da iyayenta biyu. Bugu da ƙari, dan uwanta Peter II ya hau gadon sarauta. Fatawar aurenta ta ci gaba da kasa inganta shekaru uku bayan haka, lokacin da dan uwanta ya mutu kuma dan uwan Elizabeth na farko Anna, 'yar Ivan V, ya gaji shi a kan kursiyin. Akwai ɗan soyayya da ya ɓace tsakanin 'yan uwan kuma babu wani fata na ko dai dan kasar Rasha ko wani yarima na waje da ke neman hannun Elizabeth a aure. Ba za ta iya auren talakawa ba saboda hakan zai kashe matsayinta na sarauta, haƙƙin mallaka da kuma da'awar kursiyin.[1] Gaskiyar cewa Elizabeth wani abu ne mai kyau bai inganta damar aure ba, amma a maimakon haka ya sami fushi. Lokacin da Sarauniyar Anna ta tambayi ministan kasar Sin a Saint Petersburg don gano kyakkyawar mace a kotun ta, sai ya nuna wa Elizabeth, abin da ya sa Anna ba ta gamsu ba.[1]

Amsar Elizabeth ga rashin damar aure ita ce ta ɗauki Alexander Shubin, wani sajen a cikin Rundunar Tsaron Rayuwa ta Semyonovsky, a matsayin masoyinta. Lokacin da Sarauniya Anna ta gano wannan, ta kore shi zuwa Siberia . Bayan ta kwantar da hankalinta, Elizabeth ta juya ga masu horarwa da masu tafiya don jin daɗin jima'i. Daga ƙarshe ta sami abokiyar zama ta dogon lokaci a cikin Alexei Razumovsky, wani Cossack na Ukraine mai kirki mai muryar bass mai kyau. An kawo Razumovsky daga ƙauyensu zuwa Saint Petersburg ta hannun wani babban mutum don ya rera waƙa ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci, amma Babbar Duchess ta sayi mai baiwa daga mai martaba don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kanta. Razumovsky, mutum mai sauƙin kai, bai taɓa nuna sha'awar harkokin gwamnati ba a duk tsawon shekarun dangantakarsa da Elizabeth, wanda ya fara daga zamanin duhunta zuwa mafi girman ƙarfinta. Yayin da ma'auratan suka sadaukar da kansu ga juna, akwai dalilin yin imani. cewa wataƙila sun yi aure a wani biki na sirri. A shekara ta 1742, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki ya sanya Razumovsky a ƙidayar Daular Roma Mai Tsarki . A shekara ta 1756, Elizabeth ta naɗa shi yarima kuma shugaban filin .

Juyin mulkin mallaka

Sojojin Preobrazhensky Regiment sun ayyana Elizabeth a matsayin Sarauniyar Rasha.

Yayinda Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov ya kasance a mulki (har zuwa Satumba 1727), gwamnatin dan uwan Elizabeth Peter II (ya yi sarauta 1727-1730) ta bi da ita da karimci da bambanci. Koyaya, Dolgorukovs, dangin Boyar na dā, sun yi fushi da Menshikov sosai. Tare da haɗin Peter II ga Yarima Ivan Dolgorukov da biyu daga cikin danginsu a Majalisar Koli ta Jiha, suna da ikon yin nasara. An kama Menshikov, an cire shi daga dukkan girmamawa da dukiyarsa, kuma an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa arewacin Siberia, inda ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1729. Dolgorukovs sun ƙi ƙwaƙwalwar Peter the Great kuma kusan sun kori 'yarsa daga Kotun.

A lokacin mulkin 'yar uwarta Anna (1730–1740), Elizabeth tana tara goyon baya a baya. Kasancewarta 'yar Peter the Great, ta sami goyon baya sosai daga rundunonin tsaron Rasha. Sau da yawa tana ziyartar rundunonin tsaro na musamman, tana yin bikin abubuwan da suka faru na musamman tare da jami'ai kuma tana aiki a matsayin uwa ga 'ya'yansu. Bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Anna, mulkin Anna Leopoldovna ga jaririyar Ivan VI ya kasance cike da haraji mai yawa da matsalolin tattalin arziki. Jakadan Faransa a Saint Petersburg, Marquis de La Chétardie ya shiga cikin shirin juyin mulki don sauke sarkin, wanda manufofinsa na ketare suka saba wa muradun Faransa, kuma ya ba da cin hanci ga jami'ai da yawa a cikin Rundunar Tsaron Daular don tallafawa juyin mulkin Elizabeth. Ɗan wasan kasada na Faransa Jean Armand de Lestocq ya taimaka mata bisa ga shawarar marquis de La Chétardie da jakadan Sweden, waɗanda suka fi sha'awar hambarar da gwamnatin Anna Leopoldovna.

A daren 25 ga Nuwamba, 1741 (OS), Elizabeth ta karɓi mulki tare da taimakon Rundunar Tsaron Rayuwa ta Preobrazhensky . Ta isa hedikwatar runduna sanye da rigar soja mai ƙarfe a kan rigarta kuma ta riƙe gicciyen azurfa, ta ƙalubalanci su: "Wa kuke so ku bauta wa: ni, mai mulkinku na halitta, ko waɗanda suka sace gadona?" Sun yi nasara, rundunan ta yi tattaki zuwa Fadar Lokacin hunturu suka kama jaririyar Sarkin, iyayensa, da kuma laftanar kanar, Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich . Juyin mulki ne mai ƙarfin hali kuma, abin mamaki, ya yi nasara ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Elizabeth ta yi alƙawarin cewa idan ta zama Sarauniya, ba za ta sanya hannu kan hukuncin kisa ɗaya ba, alkawari mai ban mamaki a lokacin amma wanda ta riƙe a tsawon rayuwarta.

Duk da alƙawarin Elizabeth, har yanzu akwai zalunci a gwamnatinta. Duk da cewa da farko ta yi tunanin barin ƙaramin tsar da mahaifiyarsa su bar Rasha, ta daure su daga baya a wani sansanin soja na Shlisselburg, tana cikin damuwa cewa za su tada mata matsala a wasu sassan Turai. Saboda tsoron juyin mulki a kan Ivan, Elizabeth ta fara lalata duk takardu, tsabar kuɗi ko wani abu da ke nuna ko ambaton Ivan. Ta bayar da umarni cewa idan aka yi wani yunƙuri na ganin babban Ivan ya tsere, za a kawar da shi. Catherine Mai Girma ta amince da umarnin, kuma lokacin da aka yi yunƙurin, an kashe shi aka binne shi a ɓoye a cikin sansanin soja.

Wata shari'ar kuma ita ce Countess Natalia Lopukhina . Daga baya abokan hamayyarta na siyasa suka yi amfani da yanayin haihuwar Elizabeth don ƙalubalantar haƙƙinta na kan karagar mulki bisa dalilan rashin halattacciya. Lokacin da ɗan Countess Lopukhina, Ivan Lopukhin, ya yi ƙara game da Elizabeth a cikin gidan giya, ya shigar da mahaifiyarsa, da kansa da wasu a cikin wani makirci na mayar da Ivan VI a matsayin tsar. An ji Ivan Lopukhin kuma an azabtar da shi don neman bayani. An yanke wa duk masu haɗa kai hukuncin kisa. An sauya hukuncin ɗaurin mata masu haɗa kai zuwa cire harsunansu kuma a yi musu bulala a bainar jama'a. An karya mazan .

Sarki

Taron nadin Sarauta na Sarauniya Elizabeth, Moscow a shekarar 1742

Elizabeth ta naɗa wa kanta Sarauniya a Cathedral na Dormition a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1742 (OS), wanda zai zama misali ga dukkan sarakunan Rasha har zuwa 1896. Tana da shekaru talatin da uku, ba tare da wata ƙwarewa ta siyasa ba, ta sami kanta a kan babbar daular a ɗaya daga cikin mawuyacin lokaci na wanzuwarta. Sanarwar da ta fitar ta bayyana cewa sarakunan da suka gabata sun sa Rasha ta lalace: "Mutanen Rasha suna nishi a ƙarƙashin maƙiyan addinin Kirista, amma ta 'yantar da su daga zaluncin ƙasashen waje."

Rasha ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon masu ba da shawara na Jamus, don haka Elizabeth ta kori waɗanda suka fi kowa farin jini daga cikinsu, ciki har da Andrey Osterman da Burkhard Christoph von Münnich . Ta zartar da wasu dokoki da suka rage yawancin aikin da mahaifinta ya yi don iyakance ikon cocin.

Duk da kurakuran da take da su (takardu galibi suna jiran watanni kafin su sa hannu), Elizabeth ta gaji baiwar mahaifinta a fannin gwamnati. Yawancin lokaci hukuncinta mai zurfi da dabarun diflomasiyyarta suna tunawa da Peter the Great. Abin da wani lokacin ya bayyana a matsayin rashin yanke shawara da jinkiri shine mafi yawan dakatar da hukunci a ƙarƙashin mawuyacin hali. Daga mahangar Rasha, girmanta a matsayinta na mace 'yar ƙasa ya ƙunshi yadda take girmama muradun ƙasa da kuma ƙudurinta na tallata su a kan dukkan cikas.

• 
  The Elizabeth portrait by Charles-André van Loo in Peterhof Palace
• 
  The Elizabeth portrait by Ivan Vishnyakov in Tretyakov Gallery
• 
  The Elizabeth portrait in Rostov museum

Gyaran ilimi

Elizabeth ta ziyarci masanin kimiyya na Rasha Mikhail Lomonosov .

Duk da manyan canje-canjen da Peter Mai Girma ya yi, bai yi wani tasiri mai kyau ga halayen ilimi na ajin masu mulki gaba ɗaya ba. Duk da cewa Elizabeth ba ta da ilimin farko da ake buƙata don bunƙasa a matsayin mai ilimi (da zarar ta ga cewa karanta littattafan duniya yana da "mummunan illa ga lafiya"), ta kasance mai wayo ta san fa'idodinsa kuma ta yi babban tushe ga magajinta, Catherine Mai Girma. Ta ba da ilimi kyauta ga dukkan azuzuwan zamantakewa (ban da masu hidima), ta ƙarfafa kafa jami'a ta farko a Rasha wanda Mikhail Lomonosov ya kafa a Moscow, kuma ta taimaka wajen samar da kuɗi ga kafa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Imperial .

Zaman lafiya na ciki

Monogram na sarki, wanda galibi ana gabatar da shi a cikin yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya.

Elizabeth, wacce take da hazaka a fannin diflomasiyya, ta ƙi jinin jini da rikici, kuma ta yi iya ƙoƙarinta don sauya tsarin hukunci na Rasha, har ma da haramta hukuncin kisa . A cewar masanin tarihi Robert Nisbet Bain, ɗaya daga cikin "manyan abubuwan alfaharinta ne, gwargwadon iyawarta, ta dakatar da wannan mummunan jayayya game da burin abokan hamayya a Kotu, wanda ya ɓata wa mulkin Peter II, Anna da Ivan VI rai kuma ya ba wa ƙasashen waje damar tsoma baki cikin harkokin cikin gida na Rasha cikin 'yanci."

Ayyukan gini

An gina Fadar Lokacin Sanyi ta Bartolomeo Rastrelli, wacce mai ginin gidanta ya gina, kuma ita ce mafi shaharar wurin tarihi na Elizabeth kuma gidan magajinta.

Tsabar kudin Elizabeth ta Rasha, wanda gine-ginensa masu amfani amma da yawa ke buƙatar haraji mai yawa.

Elizabeth ta ji daɗin kuma ta yi fice a fannin gine-gine, tana kula da ayyukan gine-gine da dama a lokacin mulkinta. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da mai ginin gine-gine na Italiya Bartolomeo Rastrelli ya yi shi ne sake gina Fadar Peterhof, inda ya ƙara fikafikai da dama tsakanin 1745 da 1755. Shahararrun ayyukanta su ne Smolny Convent da Fadar Lokacin Hunturu, kodayake ta mutu kafin kammala shi. An ce Fadar tana da ɗakuna 1,500, ƙofofi 1,786, da tagogi 1,945, gami da ofisoshin gwamnati da kuma gidajen zama na Iyalan Sarki da aka shirya a cikin enfilades biyu, daga saman Matattakalar Jordan. Game da Smolny Convent, masanin tarihi Robert Nisbet Bain ya ce "Babu wani babban basaraken Rasha da ya taɓa gina majami'u da yawa haka."

Kammala gine-gine cikin sauri ya zama muhimmin abu ga Sarauniya kuma aikin ya ci gaba a duk shekara, har ma a cikin watanni mafi tsanani na hunturu. An ware ruble 859,555 don aikin, adadin da aka tara ta hanyar haraji kan gidajen giya mallakar gwamnati, amma aikin ya tsaya na ɗan lokaci saboda rashin albarkatu. Daga ƙarshe, an ƙara haraji kan gishiri da barasa don biyan ƙarin kuɗaɗen gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, almubazzarancin Elizabeth mai ban mamaki ya haifar da amfani ga kayayyakin more rayuwa na ƙasar. Ana buƙatar jigilar kayayyaki daga ko'ina cikin duniya, hanyoyi da yawa a duk faɗin Rasha an sabunta su bisa umarninta.

Zaɓin magaji

Gudunmawar Elisabeth ga Laftanar Janar na Rasha Balthasar Freiherr von Campenhausen, 27 Mayu 1756

A matsayinta na sarauniya mara aure kuma ba ta da ɗa, ya zama dole ga Elizabeth ta sami magaji na halal don tabbatar da daular Romanov . Ta zaɓi ɗan uwanta, Peter na Holstein-Gottorp . Saurayin Peter ya rasa mahaifiyarsa jim kaɗan bayan an haife shi, da kuma mahaifinsa yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Elizabeth ta gayyaci ƙaramin ɗan uwanta zuwa Saint Petersburg, inda aka karɓe shi cikin Cocin Orthodox na Rasha kuma ta ayyana magaji a kan karagar mulki a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1742. Da yake sha'awar ganin an tabbatar da daular, Elizabeth ta ba wa Peter mafi kyawun malaman Rasha kuma ta zauna tare da Gimbiya Sophie ta Anhalt-Zerbst a matsayin amarya ga magajinta. Abin mamaki, mahaifiyar Sophie, Joanna Elisabeth ta Holstein-Gottorp, 'yar'uwar saurayin Elizabeth ce, wacce ta mutu kafin bikin auren. Bayan ta koma Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, an ba Sophie suna Catherine don tunawa da mahaifiyar Elizabeth. An yi auren a ranar 21 ga Agusta 1745. Shekaru tara bayan haka aka haifi ɗa, wanda zai zama Paul I a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1754.

Akwai jita-jita mai yawa game da ainihin ubancin Bulus. Ana nuna cewa ba ɗan Peter ba ne kwata-kwata, sai dai mahaifiyarsa ta shiga wata harka, wadda Elizabeth ta amince da ita, tare da wani matashin jami'i, Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov, wanda zai zama uban Paul. Peter bai taɓa ba da wata alama ba cewa ya yi imani cewa kowa ne ya haifi Bulus sai shi kaɗai amma bai damu da zama iyaye ba. Elizabeth ta ɗauki sha'awa sosai ta yi kamar ita ce mahaifiyarsa, maimakon Catherine. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar Paul, Sarauniya ta umarci ungozoma ta ɗauki jaririn ta bi ta, kuma Catherine ba ta sake ganin ɗanta ba na tsawon wata guda, don wani ɗan gajeren bikin coci. Bayan watanni shida, Elizabeth ta bar Catherine ta sake ganin yaron. Yaron, a zahiri, ya zama ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma, a ma'ana mafi girma, mallakar gwamnati.

Manufofin ƙasashen waje

Taswirar iyakokin siyasa na Turai a shekarar 1740

Elizabeth ta soke tsarin majalisar ministocin da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin Anna, ta kuma sake kafa Majalisar Dattawa kamar yadda take a zamanin Peter the Great, tare da shugabannin ma'aikatun gwamnati (babu ɗaya daga cikinsu Jamusawa) da ya halarta. Aikinta na farko bayan wannan shine magance yaƙin da Sweden . A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1743, an buɗe tattaunawa kai tsaye tsakanin ƙasashe biyu a Åbo . A cikin Yarjejeniyar Åbo, a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1743 (OS), Sweden ta miƙa wa Rasha dukkan kudancin Finland gabas da Kogin Kymmene, wanda ya zama iyaka tsakanin jihohin biyu. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba wa Rasha katangar Villmanstrand da Fredrikshamn .

Bestuzhev

Ana iya danganta sassaucin da aka bai wa Rasha da ikon diflomasiyya na sabon mataimakin shugaban gwamnati, Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, wanda ke da goyon bayan Elizabeth. Ta sanya Bestuzhev a matsayin shugaban harkokin waje jim kaɗan bayan hawanta mulki. Ya wakilci ɓangaren adawa da Franco-Prussian na majalisarta, kuma manufarsa ita ce haɗin gwiwa da Ingila da Austria . A wancan lokacin, wataƙila ya zama mai amfani ga Rasha. Duk da rikicin Lopukhina da sauran yunƙurin Frederick the Great da Louis XV na kawar da Bestuzhev sun gaza. Madadin haka, sun sanya kotun Rasha cikin tsakiyar rikici a farkon shekarun mulkin Elizabeth. A ƙarshe, goyon bayan ministar daga Sarauniya ya yi nasara.

Tafiya ta Elizaveta Petrovna ta titunan Saint Petersburg (1903), ruwan launi na Alexandre Benois

Bestuzhev ya samu nasarori da yawa. Diflomasiyyarsa mai inganci da kuma sojoji 30,000 da aka aika zuwa Rhine sun hanzarta tattaunawar zaman lafiya, wanda ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Aix-la-Chapelle (18 Oktoba 1748). Ya kori ƙasarsa daga ƙabilar Sweden kuma ya sulhunta uwargidansa da kotunan Vienna da London. Ya ba wa Rasha damar tabbatar da kanta a Poland, Daular Ottoman, Sweden kuma ya ware Sarkin Prussia ta hanyar tilasta masa shiga kawancen abokan gaba. Duk wannan ba zai yiwu ba tare da goyon bayan Elizabeth mai ɗorewa wadda ta amince da shi gaba ɗaya duk da maƙiyan Chancellor da yawa, waɗanda yawancinsu abokanta ne na sirri.

Duk da haka, a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1758, an cire Bestuzhev daga mulki. Makomar Catherine ta biyu ta rubuta, "An cire shi daga dukkan kayan adonsa da matsayinsa, ba tare da wata rai da za ta iya bayyana laifuka ko keta haddi da aka yi wa mutumin farko na Daular ba, aka mayar da shi gidansa a matsayin fursuna." Babu wani takamaiman laifi da aka taɓa yi wa Bestuzhev. Madadin haka, an yi hasashen cewa ya yi ƙoƙarin haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin Sarauniya da magajinta da kuma matarsa. Maƙiyan Bestuzhev masu goyon bayan Austriya su ne abokan hamayyarsa; dangin Shuvalov, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a Mikhail Vorontsov, da jakadan Faransa.  

Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai

Elizabeth tana kan doki yayin da wani shafi ke halarta.

Babban abin da ya faru a shekarun baya na Elizabeth shine Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai . Elizabeth ta ɗauki Yarjejeniyar Westminster (16 ga Janairu 1756) inda Burtaniya da Prussia suka amince su haɗa sojojinsu don adawa da shigar da sojojin kowace ƙasa ta Jamus ko kuma wucewa ta Jamus, a matsayin wani abu da ya kawo cikas ga yarjejeniyoyin da suka gabata tsakanin Burtaniya da Rasha. Elizabeth ta goyi bayan Prussia saboda ƙin Frederick the Great. Tana so a rage shi cikin iyaka mai kyau don kada ya sake zama haɗari ga daular. Elizabeth ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta Biyu, don haka ta shiga kawance da Faransa da Austria a kan Prussia. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1757, Sojojin Rasha na Daular, 85,000, sun yi yaƙi da Königsberg .

Mummunan rashin lafiya na Sarauniya, wanda ya fara da suma a Tsarskoe Selo (19 ga Satumba 1757), faduwar Bestuzhev (21 ga Fabrairu 1758) da kuma makircin ƙasashen waje daban-daban a Saint Petersburg, bai yi tasiri ga ci gaban yaƙin ba. Kayar da Kunersdorf mai tsanani (12 ga Agusta 1759) a ƙarshe ya kawo Frederick ga ƙarshen yaƙin. Tun daga wannan rana, ya yanke ƙauna daga nasara, amma kishin kwamandojin Rasha da Austria ya cece shi a yanzu, wanda ya lalata shirin soja na ƙawayen.

Daga ƙarshen 1759 zuwa ƙarshen 1761, sha'awar Sarauniyar Rasha ita ce kawai ta hana ƙarfin siyasa wanda ya haɗa abubuwa daban-daban, masu tayar da hankali na haɗin gwiwar adawa da Prussia. Daga mahangar Rasha, girmanta a matsayinta na mace 'yar siyasa ya ƙunshi yadda take girmama muradun Rasha da kuma ƙudurinta na tallata su a kan dukkan cikas. Ta dage a ko'ina cewa dole ne a rage Sarkin Prussia zuwa matsayin Yarima mai zaɓe .

Daga Louis Tocqué

Frederick da kansa ya san haɗarin da ke tattare da shi. "Ina ƙarshen albarkatuna," ya rubuta a farkon 1760. "Ci gaba da wannan yaƙin yana nufin a gare ni halaka gaba ɗaya. Wataƙila abubuwa na iya ci gaba har zuwa watan Yuli, amma dole ne bala'i ya zo." A ranar 21 ga Mayu 1760, an sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya tsakanin Rasha da Austria, wani sashe na sirri wanda, ba a taɓa sanar da shi ga kotun Versailles ba, ya tabbatar wa Gabashin Prussia ga Rasha a matsayin diyya ga kuɗaɗen yaƙi. Rashin nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1760, wanda Count Buturlin mara ƙwarewa ya yi amfani da shi, ya sa kotun Versailles a daren 22 ga Janairu 1761 ta gabatar wa kotun Saint Petersburg sanarwar cewa sarkin Faransa, saboda yanayin mulkinsa, yana son zaman lafiya. Amsar sarauniyar Rasha ta isa ga jakadun biyu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu. An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta daga ƙiyayya mai ƙarfi ga sarkin Prussia. Elizabeth ba za ta amince da duk wani taron da za a yi a yankin pacific ba har sai an cimma burin farko na gasar.

A lokaci guda, Elizabeth ta isar wa Louis XV wata wasiƙa ta sirri inda ta gabatar da shawarar sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar ƙawance mai cike da cikakkun bayanai fiye da yarjejeniyoyin da suka gabata tsakanin ƙasashe biyu ba tare da sanin Austria ba. Manufar Elizabeth a cikin tattaunawar sirri da alama ita ce ta sulhunta Faransa da Burtaniya, a madadin haka Faransa za ta jefa dukkan sojojinta cikin harin kan Prussia. Wannan aikin, wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa ko ƙarfin hali, ya samo asali ne sakamakon kishin Louis XV na ci gaba da tasirin Rasha a Gabashin Turai da kuma tsoronsa na ɓata wa Porte rai. A ƙarshe, ƙawayen sun shirya cewa wakilansu a Paris su sanya ranar da za a yi taron zaman lafiya kuma a halin yanzu, ya kamata a gurfanar da yaƙin da Prussia. A shekara ta 1760, wani rukunin jiragen sama na Rasha ya mamaye Berlin na ɗan lokaci. Nasarorin Rasha sun sanya Prussia cikin haɗari mai tsanani.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1761 ya kusa zama kamar yaƙin 1760. Frederick ya yi aiki a kan kariya da ƙwarewa mai kyau, kuma kama sansanin soja na Prussian na Kolberg a ranar Kirsimeti ta 1761, ta hannun Rumyantsev, shine kawai nasarar Rasha. Duk da haka, Frederick yanzu yana cikin hayyacinsa na ƙarshe. A ranar 6 ga Janairu 1762, ya rubuta wa Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, "Ya kamata mu yi tunanin adana wa ɗan'uwana, ta hanyar tattaunawa, duk wani yanki na yankina da za mu iya ceto daga sha'awar maƙiyana." Bayan makonni biyu, ya rubuta wa Yarima Ferdinand na Brunswick, "Sama ta fara sharewa. Jarumtaka, ƙaunataccena. Na sami labarin wani babban lamari." Mu'ujizar Gidan Brandenburg da ta kwace shi daga halaka ita ce mutuwar sarauniyar Rasha, a ranar 5 ga Janairu 1762 ( NS ).

Siberia

  A shekara ta 1742, gwamnatin daular Saint Petersburg ta ba da umarnin a yi wani balaguron soja na Rasha don mamaye Chukchi da Koryaks, amma balaguron ya gaza kuma an kashe kwamandanta, Manjo Dmitry Pavlutsky, a shekara ta 1747. A ranar 12 ga Maris 1747, wani ɓangare na mayaƙan Chukchi 500 ya kai hari kan sansanin sojojin Rasha na Anadyrsk . A shekara ta 1750, ya bayyana cewa Chukchi zai yi wuya a ci nasara. Daga nan sai Sarauniya ta canza tsarin dabarunta ta kuma kafa zaman lafiya da su.

Kotu

Elizaveta Petrovna a Tsarskoe Selo (1905), zane na Eugene Lanceray, wanda yanzu haka yake cikin Tretyakov Gallery .

Tafiyar Elizabeth daga Fadar Anichkov

Fadar Elizabeth tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a duk faɗin Turai. Kamar yadda masanin tarihi Mikhail Shcherbatov ya faɗa, kotun "an yi mata ado da zane na zinariya, manyanta sun gamsu da tufafi mafi tsada, abinci mafi tsada, abubuwan sha mafi wahala, da kuma mafi yawan bayi kuma sun yi amfani da wannan mizani na alfarma ga tufafinsu". An samar da kayayyaki da yawa na azurfa da zinariya, mafi yawan abubuwan da ƙasar ta gani a tarihinta. Ya zama ruwan dare a yi odar fiye da kwalaben shampagne da giya na Faransa dubu don a yi musu hidima a wani taro kuma a ba da abarba a duk liyafar, duk da wahalar siyan 'ya'yan itacen a irin wannan adadi.

Wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa ya zama mafi shahara da sauri kuma galibi ana yin sa sau biyu a mako. A lokaci guda, kiɗa ya zama mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Mutane da yawa sun danganta shahararsa da mijinta da ake kira Elizabeth, "Sarkin Dare", Alexei Razumovsky, wanda aka ruwaito yana son kiɗa. Elizabeth ba ta kashe kuɗi wajen shigo da manyan hazikan kiɗa daga Jamus, Faransa, da Italiya ba. An ruwaito cewa ta mallaki riguna 15,000, takalma dubu da yawa da kuma safa marasa iyaka.

Elizabeth, wacce take da kyau a lokacin ƙuruciyarta kuma ba ta da amfani a lokacin da take girma, ta zartar da dokoki daban-daban da nufin ta fito fili: ta fitar da doka kan duk wanda ke sanye da salon gyaran gashi, riga, ko kayan haɗi iri ɗaya da Sarauniya. Wata mata ta saka kaya iri ɗaya da Sarauniya kuma an yi mata duka saboda hakan. Wata doka ta buƙaci masu sayar da kayan zane na Faransa su fara sayarwa ga Sarauniya, kuma waɗanda suka yi watsi da wannan dokar an kama su. Wani labari mai shahara wanda ke misalta girman kanta shine cewa da zarar Elizabeth ta sami ɗan foda a gashinta kuma ba ta iya cire shi ba sai ta hanyar yanke wani yanki na gashinta. Ta sa duk matan kotun su yanke faci daga gashinsu, wanda suka yi "da hawaye a idanunsu". Wannan girman girman kai ya zama abin koyi a kotun a duk tsawon mulkinta, musamman yayin da take girma. A cewar masanin tarihi Tamara Talbot Rice, "Daga baya a rayuwa, fushinta ya kasance ko dai ga mutanen da ake tunanin sun jefa tsaron Rasha cikin haɗari ko kuma ga mata waɗanda kyawunsu ya yi daidai da nata".

Duk da martanin da take mayarwa game da wasu game da kamanninta, Elizabeth ta kasance mai fara'a a mafi yawan al'amura, musamman idan ana maganar nishaɗin kotu. An ruwaito cewa tana jefa ƙwallo biyu a mako; ɗaya zai zama babban biki tare da matsakaicin baƙi 800 da ke halarta, waɗanda yawancinsu manyan 'yan kasuwa ne na ƙasar, membobin ƙananan sarakuna da masu gadi da ke zaune a ciki da wajen birnin taron. Ɗayan wasan ƙarami ne da aka tanada wa abokanta na kud da kud da kuma membobin manyan sarakuna. Ƙananan tarurrukan sun fara ne a matsayin ƙwallo da aka rufe da abin rufe fuska, amma sun rikide zuwa shahararrun ƙwallo da aka yi da metamorphoses a shekarar 1744. A waɗannan ƙwallo da aka yi da metamorphoses, ana sa ran baƙi za su yi ado kamar jinsi ɗaya, inda Elizabeth sau da yawa take yin ado a matsayin Cossack ko kafinta don girmama mahaifinta. Kayan da ba a yarda da su a taron ba su ne na mahajjata da harlequins, waɗanda ta ɗauki su a matsayin marasa tsarki da kuma marasa tsarki bi da bi. Yawancin masu fada ba su son wasannin sosai, domin yawancin baƙi bisa ga doka sun yi kama da abin dariya, amma Elizabeth ta yi musu sha'awa; kamar yadda mai ba Catherine Great shawara Potemkin ta gabatar, wannan ya faru ne saboda ita ce "mace ɗaya tilo da ta yi kama da kyakkyawa kuma cikakkiyar namiji.... Ganin cewa tana da tsayi kuma tana da jiki mai ƙarfi, kayan maza sun dace da ita". Kazimierz Waliszewski ya lura cewa Elizabeth tana da kyawawan ƙafafu, kuma tana son sanya kayan maza saboda wando mai tsauri. Duk da cewa wasannin sun fi burge ta kuma sun fi burge ta, Elizabeth sau da yawa tana shirya bukukuwan ranar haihuwa na yara da liyafar aure ga waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Kotunta, har ma ta kai ga samar da sadaki ga kowace daga cikin matanta da ke jiran ta.

Mutuwa

A ƙarshen shekarun 1750, lafiyar Elizabeth ta fara raguwa. Ta sha fama da wasu lokuttan jiri kuma ta ƙi shan maganin da aka rubuta mata. Sarauniya ta hana kalmar "mutuwa" a gabanta har sai da ta kamu da bugun jini a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1761 (OS). Da sanin cewa za ta mutu, Elizabeth ta yi amfani da ƙarfinta na ƙarshe don yin ikirari, ta yi addu'ar mutuwa tare da mai shaidanta, da kuma yin bankwana da mutane kaɗan da ke son kasancewa tare da ita, ciki har da Peter da Catherine da Counts Alexei da Kirill Razumovsky .

Sarauniya ta mutu washegari, Kirsimeti na Orthodox, 1761. Saboda kwancenta a cikin yanayi, an yi mata ado da riga mai sheƙi ta azurfa. An ce tana da kyau a cikin mutuwa kamar yadda take a rayuwa. An binne ta a cikin cocin Peter and Paul da ke Saint Petersburg a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1762 (OS) makonni shida bayan ta kwanta a cikin yanayi.

 

Duba kuma

• Itacen iyali na Tsars na Rasha
• Littattafan tarihin Rasha (1613–1917)

Nassoshi

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•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Elizabeth Petrovna". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–285.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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• Romanovs. The fourth film. Anna Ioannovna; Elizabeth Petrovna on YouTube – Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design (Russia, 2013)

Elizabeth ta Rasha House of Romanov Born: 29 December 1709 Died: 5 January 1762
Regnal titles
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