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Elk na Irish

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Elk na Irish
Scientific classification
ClassMammalia (mul) Mammalia
OrderArtiodactyla (mul) Artiodactyla
DangiCervidae
TribeCervini (mul) Cervini
GenusMegaloceros (mul) Megaloceros
jinsi Megaloceros giganteus
Blumenbach, 1799

The Irish elk ( Megaloceros giganteus ), [1] kuma ana kiransa katuwar barewa ko dan Irish, wani nau'in barewa ne da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin jinsin Megaloceros kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi girma da aka taɓa rayuwa. Yankinsa ya mamaye arewacin Eurasia a lokacin Pleistocene, daga Ireland (inda aka san shi daga yawancin ragowar da aka samu a cikin bogs) zuwa tafkin Baikal a Siberiya . Ragowar jinsunan na baya-bayan nan shine radiocarbon da aka yi kwanan watan kimanin shekaru 7,700 da suka gabata a yammacin Rasha. [2] [3] Its tururuwa, wanda zai iya tsawon 3.5 metres (11.5 ft) fadin su ne mafi girma da aka sani na kowane barewa. [4] Ba ya da alaƙa da ko wane nau'in halittu da ake kira elk, tare da yarda cewa danginsa na kusa su ne barewa ( Dama ). [4] [5] [6] [7]

Taxonomy

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Tarihin bincike

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skeletal sake ginawa daga 1856

Likitan ɗan ƙasar Irish Thomas Molyneux ne ya yi bayanin farko na kimiyya game da ragowar dabbar a shekara ta 1695, wanda ya gano manyan tururuwa daga Dardistown - waɗanda galibi ana gano su a Ireland - a matsayin na ƙwaya (wanda aka fi sani da moose a Arewacin Amirka), yana ƙarasa da cewa ta taɓa yin yawa a tsibirin. [8] An fara kiran shi da sunan Alce gigantea ta Johann Friedrich Blumenbach a cikin Handbuch der Naturgeschichte a cikin 1799, tare da Alce kasancewar bambancin Alces, sunan Latin don elk. Asalin bayanin Blumenbach na Alce gigantea yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da nau'in, yana ƙayyadaddun kawai cewa wannan nau'in "burbushin burbushin" ya fito ne daga Ireland kuma yana da girman girman jiki. A cewar Blumenbach, [9] nisa tsakanin kololuwar manyan tururuwa na iya kaiwa 14 feet (4.3 m) . Wannan musamman fasalin da Blumenbach ya ambata ya ba da izini ga Roman Croitor don gano nau'in samfurin ƙaton barewa [10] wanda aka kwatanta kuma aka bayyana a karon farko a Louthiana na Thomas Wright . Holotype na Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799) wani kwanyar namiji ne mai kyau wanda aka kiyaye shi tare da manyan tururuwa na musamman da aka samu a kewayen Dunleer ( County Louth, Ireland ). [10] A halin yanzu ana fallasa nau'in samfurin ƙaton barewa a Barmeath Castle inda Thomas Wright ya fara gani kuma ya bayyana shi. [10]

Masanin kimiyya dan kasar Faransa Georges Cuvier ya rubuta a shekara ta 1812 cewa dan kasar Irish ba ya cikin kowane nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa a halin yanzu, yana bayyana shi " le plus célèbre de tous les ruminans burbushin halittu " (wanda ya fi shahara a cikin dukkanin burbushin halittu). [11] A cikin 1827 Joshua Brookes, a cikin jerin tarin tarin dabbobinsa, ya sanya wa sabon jinsin suna Megaloceros (wanda aka rubuta Megalocerus a bugu na farko) a cikin nassi mai zuwa:

Etymology daga Girkanci : μεγαλος megalos "mai girma" + κερας keras "kaho, antler". [12] Nau'in kuma kawai nau'in mai suna a cikin bayanin shine Megaloceros antiquorum, bisa ga Irish ragowar yanzu ana la'akari da shi na M. giganteus, wanda ya sa tsohon ya zama ƙaramin junior . Adrian Lister yayi la'akari da ainihin bayanin a cikin 1987 don rashin isa ga ma'anar haraji. [1] A cikin 1828 Brookes ya buga jerin faɗaɗa a cikin nau'i na kasida don gwanjo mai zuwa, wanda ya haɗa da kalmar Latin " Cornibus deciduis palmatis" (ma'ana" tururuwa na dabino") a matsayin bayanin ragowar. The 1828 bugu da aka amince da International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) a 1977 a matsayin samuwan bugu don tushen zoological nomenclature. [1] Adrian Lister a cikin 1987 ya yanke hukunci cewa "lokacin " Cornibus deciduis palmatis" ya ƙunshi ma'anar da ta isa a ƙarƙashin [ Ka'idar Zoological Nomenclature ta Duniya ] (lashi na 12) don tabbatar da Megalocerus ." [1] Asalin rubutun Megalocerus ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba bayan fitowar ta ta asali.

An sabunta 1897 na sake gina doe da stag Irish elk ta Joseph Smit

A cikin 1844, Richard Owen ya ambaci wani ma'anar ma'anar ɗan Irish elk, gami da shi a cikin sabon sunan subgenus Megaceros, Cervus ( Megaceros ) hibernicus . An ba da shawarar cewa za a samo wannan daga wani ƙaramin ma'ana na ɗan Irish elk wanda J. Hart ya bayyana a cikin 1825, Cervus megaceros . [13] Duk da kasancewar ƙaramin ma'ana, Megaloceros ya kasance a cikin duhu kuma Megaceros ya zama sunan gama gari na taxon. [14] Haɗin " Megaceros giganteus" an yi amfani da shi ta 1871. [15] George Gaylord Simpson a 1945 ya sake farfado da ainihin sunan Megaloceros, wanda ya zama ci gaba da amfani da shi, har sai wani yanke shawara na haraji a 1989 ta ICZN ya tabbatar da fifikon Megaloceros akan Megaceros, kuma Megalo spelling.

Kafin karni na 20, elk na Irish, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙananan kakanni tare da ƙananan tururuwa, an ɗauke shi a matsayin babban misali na orthogenesis (juyin halitta wanda aka jagoranci), tsarin juyin halitta wanda ya sabawa juyin halitta na Darwiniyanci wanda nau'in nau'in jinsin da ke cikin zuriyarsu ke ƙara gyaggyarawa a hanya guda maras karkata, juyin halitta yana tafiya a cikin madaidaiciyar layin zaɓi na zaɓi na halitta . An yi iƙirarin cewa Orthogenesis ya haifar da yanayin juyin halitta zuwa ga tururuwa wanda ya zama girma da girma, daga ƙarshe ya haifar da bacewar nau'in saboda tururuwa ya girma wanda ya hana dabi'ar ciyarwa da kyau kuma ya sa dabbar ta zama tarko a cikin rassan bishiyoyi. [5] A cikin 1930s, Darwiniyawan da Julian Huxley ya jagoranta sun yi jayayya da orthogenesis, wanda ya lura cewa girman antler bai cika girma ba, kuma ya yi daidai da girman jiki. Ra'ayin da aka fi so a halin yanzu shine zaɓin jima'i shine ƙarfin motsa jiki a bayan manyan antlers maimakon orthogenesis ko zaɓin yanayi. [16]

Juyin Halitta

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Kwanyar M.g. antecedens

M. giganteus na cikin jinsin Megaloceros . An sanya Megaloceros sau da yawa a cikin kabilar Megacerini, tare da sauran nau'o'in jinsin da ake kira "barewa mai girma", kamar Sinomegaceros da Praemegaceros . [17] Taxonomy na giant deer ba shi da yarjejeniya, tare da sunayen jinsin da aka yi amfani da su don nau'in nau'i daban-daban tsakanin marubuta. [18] Rikodi na farko na jinsin shi ne wani yanki na antler daga Early Pleistocene MN 17 (2.5-1.8 Ma) na Stavropol Krai a Arewacin Caucasus na Rasha, wanda aka ba da sunan M. stavropolensis a cikin 2016, [19] duk da haka an ba da shawarar wannan nau'in. [18] [20] ko Sinomegaceros . [10] Mafi tsofaffin rubuce-rubucen da aka yarda da su na jinsin sun fito ne daga farkon Pleistocene marigayi. [21] Sauran nau'o'in da ake la'akari da su na Megaloceros sun hada da reindeer sized M. savini, wanda aka sani daga farkon Pleistocene na tsakiya (~ 700,000-450,000 da suka wuce) yankuna a Ingila, Faransa, Spain da Jamus, da kuma kwanan nan da aka kwatanta nau'in M. novocarthaginiensis, wanda aka sani daga farkon gida (P.leistocene) a Spain (P.leistocene). ƙananan M. matritensis endemic zuwa ga tsibirin Iberian a lokacin marigayi Middle Pleistocene (~ 400,000 zuwa 250,000 shekaru da suka wuce), wanda ya mamaye lokaci-lokaci tare da tarihin M. giganteus na farko. Jan van der Made ya ba da shawarar M. novocarthaginiensis, M. savini da M. matritensis don zama nau'i-nau'i na nau'i-nau'i, saboda halayen halayen halayen halayen da ba a samo su ba a cikin M. giganteus da kuma sannu-sannu a hankali canza yanayin halayen halayen ta hanyar lokaci. [18] M. savini da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i na Praedama . [20] Yayin da ake ba da shawarar zuriyar M. savini/Praedama don su kasance da alaƙa da M. giganteus, yawancin marubuta sun yarda cewa wannan rukunin na barewa ba zai yiwu ya zama kakannin kakanni na M. giganteus ba. [10]

Bayani

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Maidowa rayuwa
An nuna kwarangwal na elk na Irish a cikin Kelvingrove Art Gallery da Museum a Glasgow

The Irish elk ya tsaya kusan 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tsayi a kafadu, [4] kuma yana da manyan dabino (lebur da faffadan) tururuwa, mafi girma a cikin kowane sanannen barewa, tare da mafi girman samfurori sun kai 3.5 m (11.5 ft) daga tip zuwa tip [4] (ko da yake yana da wuya ga samfurori su wuce 3 metres (9.8 ft) a fadin [10] ) da 40 kg (88 lb) a cikin nauyi. [22] antlers sun fi girma fiye da na moose masu rai, kasancewa a matsakaita fiye da sau biyu na ƙarar tururuwa. [23] Don girman jiki, a kusan 450–600 kg (990–1,320 lb) kuma har zuwa 700 kg (1,540 lb) ko fiye, [24] [22] dan Irish elk shi ne mafi nauyin da aka sani ("Barewa na Tsohon Duniya"); [4] kuma an ɗaure tare da tsohuwar Alaska moose ( Alces alces gigas ) a matsayin na uku mafi girma da aka sani, bayan Cervalces latifrons da Cervalces scotti . [22] Siffa da tazara na tururuwa sun bambanta sosai a tsawon lokaci da sararin samaniya, mai yiwuwa yana nuna yadda wasu al'ummomi suka daidaita zuwa wuraren dazuzzuka. [10] Idan aka kwatanta da Alces, ɗan Irish elk yana da alama yana da kwarangwal mai ƙarfi, tare da kwarangwal na Alces da suka girma da girma waɗanda ke da kamanni da na firayim ɗin Irish elk, da ƙaramin ɗan Irish elk mai kama da Firayim Alces . Wataƙila saboda tsarin zamantakewa daban-daban, ɗan Irish ya nuna alamun dimorphism fiye da Alces, tare da kuɗaɗen ɗan Irish suna da girma fiye da yadda yake yi. [25] Gabaɗaya, tsabar kuɗin Irish na iya kasancewa daga 450–700 kg (990–1,540 lb), tare da matsakaicin 575 kg (1,268 lb), kuma yana iya kasancewa yana da girma, kusan 80% na girman buck, ko 460 kg (1,010 lb) a matsakaici. [26] Haruffa masu bambanta na M. giganteus sun haɗa da gabaɗaya gabaɗaya, madaidaiciyar doguwar kwakwalwa, daidaitaccen sashin gaba na gaba na kwanyar (yankin orbitofrontal), tare da rashin manyan canines da molarisation na ƙananan premolar na huɗu (P 4 ). Kwankwan kai da mandila na alƙawarin Irish suna nuna kauri mai girma ( pachyostosis ), tare da farkon kuma cikakke shafewar sutures na cranial .

Dangane da zane-zanen kogo na Upper Palaeolithic, ɗan Irish elk yana da alama yana da launin haske gaba ɗaya, tare da ɗigon duhu yana gudana tare da baya, ƙwanƙwasa a kowane gefe daga kafada zuwa haunch, wani abin wuya mai duhu a makogwaro da chinstrap, da duhu mai duhu a kan bushes (tsakanin kafada ). A cikin 1989, masanin burbushin halittu Ba'amurke Dale Guthrie ya ba da shawarar cewa, kamar bison, hump ɗin ya ba da damar yin aiki mafi girma na kafafun gaba don ƙara tsayin tafiya yayin gudu. Valerius Geist ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya amfani da hump ɗin don adana kitse. Rarraba kitse maimakon rarrabawa daidai gwargwado na iya hana zafi fiye da kima yayin da ake gudu ko cikin rugujewa a lokacin bazara. [26]

Wurin zama

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Ƙwararren ɗan Irish yana da nisa mai nisa, wanda ya tashi daga Tekun Atlantika a Yamma zuwa tafkin Baikal a Gabas. Irish elk ba su bayyana sun mika zuwa arewa uwa da bude mammoth steppe a Siberiya, maimakon kiyaye ga boreal steppe- woodland muhallin, wanda kunshi warwatse spruce da Pine, kazalika da low-kwance ganye da shrubs ciki har da ciyawa, sedges, Ephedra, Artemisia da Chenopodiaceae . [3] Dabbobin sun bayyana suna da digiri na filastik na muhalli, kamar yadda a lokacin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin lokaci kafin Holocene, nau'in ya kasance a cikin yanayin gandun daji na Turai. [10] [27] A cikin waɗannan lokutan, nau'in galibi suna da ƙarancin tururuwa fiye da lokacin lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, mai yiwuwa a matsayin daidaitawa don motsawa ta cikin wuraren dazuzzuka. [10]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Lister, A.M. (1987). "Megaceros or Megaloceros? The nomenclature of the giant deer". Quaternary Newsletter. 52: 14–16.
  2. ↑ Stuart, A.J.; Kosintsev, P.A.; Higham, T.F.G.; Lister, A.M. (2004). "Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth" (PDF). Nature. 431 (7009): 684–689. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..684S. doi:10.1038/nature02890. PMID 15470427. S2CID 4415073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-14. Supplementary information. Erratum in Stuart, A. J. (2005). "Erratum: Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth". Nature. 434 (7031): 413. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..413S. doi:10.1038/nature03413.
  3. 1 2 Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (January 2019). "The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence". Quaternary International. 500: 185–203. Bibcode:2019QuInt.500..185L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Lister, Adrian M.; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Nock, D. A. W.; Bunce, Michael; van Pijlen, Iris A.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Thomas, Mark G.; Barnes, Ian (2005). "The phylogenetic position of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus". Nature. 438 (7069): 850–853. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..850L. doi:10.1038/nature04134. PMID 16148942. S2CID 4396326.
  5. 1 2 Hughes, Sandrine; Hayden, Thomas J.; Douady, Christophe J.; Tougard, Christelle; Germonpré, Mietje; Stuart, Anthony; Lbova, Lyudmila; Carden, Ruth F.; Hänni, Catherine; Say, Ludovic (2006). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 285–291. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..285H. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.004. PMID 16556506.
  6. ↑ Immel, Alexander; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Bonazzi, Marion; Jahnke, Tina K.; Münzel, Susanne C.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Herbig, Alexander; Kind, Claus-Joachim; Krause, Johannes (2015). "Mitochondrial Genomes of Giant Deers Suggest their Late Survival in Central Europe". Scientific Reports. 5: 10853. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510853I. doi:10.1038/srep10853. PMC 4459102. PMID 26052672.
  7. ↑ Mennecart, Bastien; DeMiguel, Daniel; Bibi, Faysal; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Métais, Grégoire; Neenan, James M.; Wang, Shiqi; Schulz, Georg; Müller, Bert; Costeur, Loïc (13 October 2017). "Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 13176. Bibcode:2017NatSR...713176M. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5640792. PMID 29030580.
  8. ↑ Molyneux, T. (1695). "A Discourse Concerning the Large Horns Frequently Found under Ground in Ireland, Concluding from Them That the Great American Deer, Call'd a Moose, Was Formerly Common in That Island: With Remarks on Some Other Things Natural to That Country". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 19 (227): 489–512. Bibcode:1695RSPT...19..489M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1695.0083. S2CID 186207711.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Croitor, Roman (December 2021). "Taxonomy, Systematics and Evolution of Giant Deer Megaloceros Giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799) (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Eurasia". Quaternary. 4 (4): 36. doi:10.3390/quat4040036. ISSN 2571-550X.
  11. ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1974). "The Origin and Function of 'Bizarre' Structures: Antler Size and Skull Size in the 'Irish Elk,' Megaloceros giganteus". Evolution. 28 (2): 191–220. doi:10.2307/2407322. JSTOR 2407322. PMID 28563271.
  12. ↑ "Megaloceros". Oxford Dictionary. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-12 – via Lexico.
  13. ↑ Lister, A.M. (1987). "Megaceros or Megaloceros? The nomenclature of the giant deer". Quaternary Newsletter. 52: 14–16.
  14. ↑ Lister, A M, 1987 Megaloceros Brookes 1828 Mammalia Artiodactyla Proposed Emendation Of The Original Spelling The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature. 44 255–256
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Zimmer
  17. ↑ Vislobokova, I. A. (December 2013). "Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of megacerines (Megacerini, Cervidae, Artiodactyla)". Paleontological Journal. 47 (8): 833–950. Bibcode:2013PalJ...47..833V. doi:10.1134/S0031030113080017. ISSN 0031-0301. S2CID 86697746.
  18. 1 2 3 Van der Made, Jan (2019). "The dwarfed 'giant deer' Megaloceros matritensis n.sp. from the Middle Pleistocene of Madrid - A descendant of M. savini and contemporary to M. giganteus". Quaternary International. 520: 110–139. Bibcode:2019QuInt.520..110V. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.006. S2CID 133792579.
  19. ↑ Titov, V. V.; Shvyreva, A. K. (January 2016). "Deer of the genus Megaloceros (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Ciscaucasia". Paleontological Journal. 50 (1): 87–95. Bibcode:2016PalJ...50...87T. doi:10.1134/S0031030116010111. ISSN 0031-0301. S2CID 131336166.
  20. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Croitor 2018
  21. ↑ van der Made, J.; Tong, H.W. (March 2008). "Phylogeny of the giant deer with palmate brow tines Megaloceros from west and Sinomegaceros from east Eurasia" (PDF). Quaternary International. 179 (1): 135–162. Bibcode:2008QuInt.179..135V. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.017.
  22. 1 2 3 Moen, Ron A.; Pastor, John; Cohen, Yosef (1999). "Antler growth and extinction of Irish elk" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research: 235–249. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2025.
  23. ↑ Tsuboi, Masahito; Kopperud, Bjørn Tore; Matschiner, Michael; Grabowski, Mark; Syrowatka, Christine; Pélabon, Christophe; Hansen, Thomas F. (2024-01-29). "Antler Allometry, the Irish Elk and Gould Revisited". Evolutionary Biology. 51 (1): 149–165. Bibcode:2024EvBio..51..149T. doi:10.1007/s11692-023-09624-1. ISSN 0071-3260. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Phee
  25. ↑ Breda, M. (2005). "The morphological distinction between the postcranial skeleton of Cervalces/Alces and Megaloceros giganteus and comparison between the two Alceini genera from the Upper Pliocene–Holocene of Western Europe". Geobios. 38 (2): 151–170. Bibcode:2005Geobi..38..151B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.09.008.
  26. 1 2 Empty citation (help)
  27. ↑ Rey-Iglesia, Alba; Lister, Adrian M.; Campos, Paula F.; Brace, Selina; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Daly, Kevin G.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Barnes, Ian; Hansen, Anders J. (2021-05-12). "Exploring the phylogeography and population dynamics of the giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus) using Late Quaternary mitogenomes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1950): rspb.2020.1864, 20201864. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1864. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 8114472 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33977786 Check |pmid= value (help).
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