Ella Baker

Ella Baker
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Ella Josephine Baker
Haihuwa	Norfolk (mul) , 13 Disamba 1903
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Ƙabila	Afirkawan Amurka Afirkawan Amurka
Mutuwa	Manhattan (mul) , 13 Disamba 1986
Makwanci	Flushing Cemetery (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	Shaw University (en) Digiri
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	Mai kare hakkin mata, civil rights advocate (en) , public figure (en) da gwagwarmaya
Employers	NAACP (en) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (en)  1960) Works Progress Administration (en) YWCA USA (en)  (1960 -
Kyaututtuka	gani Gidan shahararrun Mata na Kasa  (1994) Candace Award  (1984)
Mamba	Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (en)

Ella Josephine Baker (13 ga Disamba, 1903 - 13 ga Disamba), 'yar Afirka ce ta Afirka da kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai wanda aikinsa ya kai sama da shekaru hamsin. A Birnin New York da Kudu, ta yi aiki tare da wasu sanannun shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama na karni na 20, ciki har da WEB Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, da Martin Luther King Jr. Ta kuma jagoranci masu gwagwarmaya da yawa, kamar Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, da Bob Moses, a matsayin shugabannin Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC). 

Baker ta soki jagorancin ƙwararru, mai ban sha'awa; ta inganta tsarin jama'a, Dimokuradiyya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kuma ikon waɗanda aka zalunta don fahimtar duniyarsu da kuma ba da shawara ga kansu.[1] Ta fahimci wannan hangen nesa sosai a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara da kuma mai dabarun SNCC.[2][3] Mai ba da labari Barbara Ransby ta kira Baker "ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Amurka na ƙarni na ashirin kuma watakila mace mafi tasiri a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama".[3] An san ta da sukar da ta yi game da wariyar launin fata a al'adun Amurka da jima'i a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Ella Josephine Baker a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1903, a Norfolk, Virginia, ga Georgiana (wanda ake kira Anna) da Blake Baker, kuma ta fara girma a can. Ita ce ta biyu cikin yara uku da suka tsira, wanda ɗan'uwanta Blake Curtis da ƙanwarta Maggie suka ɗauke shi. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a kan jirgin ruwa wanda ya tashi daga Norfolk, don haka sau da yawa yana tafiya. Mahaifiyarta ta dauki masu zama don samun karin kuɗi. A cikin 1910, Norfolk ta yi rikici na tseren da fararen fata suka kai hari ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata daga filin jirgin ruwa. Mahaifiyarta ta yanke shawarar dawo da iyalin zuwa Arewacin Carolina yayin da mahaifinsu ya ci gaba da aiki ga kamfanin jirgin ruwa. Ella tana da shekara bakwai lokacin da suka koma garin mahaifiyarta kusa da Littleton, North Carolina .

Yayin da take yarinya, Baker ta girma ba tare da tasiri ba. Kakanta Mitchell ya mutu, kuma iyayen mahaifinta sun zauna kwana daya. Sau da yawa tana sauraron kakarta, Josephine Elizabeth "Bet" Ross, tana ba da labarai game da bautar da barin Kudu don tserewa daga al'ummarta masu zalunci. A ƙuruciya, Baker ta sami rashin adalci na zamantakewa, yayin da take sauraron labaran ban tsoro na kakarta game da rayuwa a matsayin bawa. An yi wa kakarta duka kuma an yi mata bulala saboda kin auren wani bawa da mai shi ya zaɓa, kuma ya gaya wa Ella wasu labarun rayuwa a matsayin mace ta Afirka a wannan lokacin. Ba da mahallin jikarta ga kwarewar Afirka ta Amirka ya taimaka wa Baker ya fahimci rashin adalci da baƙar fata ke fuskanta.

Ella ta halarci Jami'ar Shaw a Raleigh, North Carolina, kuma ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ta koma Shaw don taimakawa wajen gano SNCC.

Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na farko

Kokarin farko (1930-1937)

Baker ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin edita a Negro National News . A cikin 1930, George Schuyler, ɗan jarida baƙar fata kuma mai rikici (kuma daga baya ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya), ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa (YNCL). Ya nemi bunkasa ikon tattalin arzikin baƙar fata ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar hadin gwiwa. Sun gudanar da "taron da horo a cikin shekarun 1930 a cikin yunkurin su na ƙirƙirar ƙaramin tsarin haɗin gwiwar al'ummomin tattalin arziki a duk faɗin Amurka" don ci gaban tattalin arzikin baƙar fata. Bayan ya yi abota da Schuyler, Baker ya shiga ƙungiyarsa a 1931 kuma nan da nan ya zama darektan ƙasa.

Baker ta kuma yi aiki don Shirin Ilimi na Ma'aikata na Gudanar da Ayyuka, wanda aka kafa a karkashin Sabon Yarjejeniya Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt. Baker ya koyar da darussan ilimin mabukaci, tarihin aiki, da tarihin Afirka. Ta nutse cikin al'adu da siyasa na Harlem a cikin shekarun 1930, tana nuna rashin amincewa da mamayar Italiya a Habasha da kuma tallafawa kamfen don 'yantar da Wadanda ake tuhuma a Scottsboro a Alabama. Ta kuma kafa kungiyar Negro History Club a Harlem Library kuma tana halartar laccoci da tarurruka a YWCA a kai a kai.

A wannan lokacin, Baker ta zauna tare kuma ta auri ƙaunatacciyar kwaleji, T. J. (Bob) Roberts . Sun sake aure a shekara ta 1958. Baker ba ta tattauna rayuwarta ta sirri ko matsayin aure ba. A cewar 'yar gwagwarmaya Bernice Johnson Reagon, mata da yawa a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama sun bi misalin Baker, suna karɓar al'ada ta rashin daidaituwa game da rayuwarsu ta sirri wanda ya ba su damar karɓar su a matsayin mutane a cikin motsi.

Baker ta yi abota da John Henrik Clarke, masanin kimiyya da mai fafutuka a nan gaba; Pauli Murray, marubuci na gaba kuma lauyan kare hakkin bil'adama; da sauransu waɗanda suka zama abokai na dindindin. Harlem Renaissance ya rinjayi tunaninta da koyarwarta. Ta ba da shawarar yaduwa, aikin gida a matsayin hanyar canjin zamantakewa. Ta jaddada kan hanyar da ta dace da gwagwarmayar neman daidaito ta rinjayi ci gaba da nasarar yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na tsakiyar karni na 20.

NAACP (1938-1953)

A shekarar 1938 Baker ta fara haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP), wanda ke zaune a Birnin New York. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1940 ta fara aiki a matsayin sakatariya. Ta yi tafiya sosai ga kungiyar, musamman a Kudu, ta dauki mambobi, ta tara kudi, da kuma shirya surori na gida. An nada ta darakta na rassa a 1943, kuma ta zama mace mafi girma a NAACP. Wata mace ce mai faɗakarwa, Baker ta yi imani da manufofin daidaito. Ta tura NAACP don rarraba tsarin jagorancin ta da kuma taimakawa membobinta a cikin ƙarin kamfen na gwagwarmaya a matakin gida.

Baker ta yi imanin cewa ƙarfin ƙungiyar ya girma daga ƙasa zuwa sama, ba daga sama zuwa ƙasa ba. Ta yi imanin cewa aikin rassan shine jinin rayuwar NAACP. Baker ta raina elitism kuma ta sanya amincewarta ga mutane da yawa. Ta yi imanin cewa tushen kowane ƙungiya na canjin zamantakewa ba shine ƙwarewar shugabanninta ko takaddun shaida ba, amma sadaukarwa da aiki tuƙuru na membobin matsayi da fayil da kuma shirye-shiryen su da ikon shiga tattaunawa, muhawara, da yanke shawara. Ta jaddada muhimmancin matasa da mata a cikin kungiyar.

Yayin da take tafiya a ko'ina cikin Kudu a madadin NAACP, Baker ta sadu data ruruwan baƙi, ya kafa dangantaka ta dindindin tare da su. Ta yi barci a gidajensu, ta ci a teburin su, ta yi magana a majami'unsu, kuma ta sami amincewarsu. Ta rubuta bayanan godiya kuma ta nuna godiyarta ga mutanen da ta sadu da su. Wannan tsarin keɓancewa shine wani muhimmin bangare na tasirin Baker wajen daukar karin mambobin NAACP. Ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta mutane a Kudu waɗanda za su kasance da muhimmanci a ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayinda wasu masu shirya arewa suka saba magana da mutanen karkara na kudanci, ikon Baker na bi da kowa da girmamawa ya taimaka mata wajen daukar ma'aikata. Baker ya yi gwagwarmaya don sanya NAACP ta fi dimokuradiyya. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami daidaituwa tsakanin bayyana damuwarta da kiyaye haɗin kai.

Tsakanin 1944 da 1946, Baker ya jagoranci taron jagoranci a manyan birane da yawa, kamar Chicago da Atlanta. Ta sami manyan jami'ai don gabatar da laccoci, bayar da maganganun maraba, da gudanar da bita.

A shekarar1946, Baker ya ɗauki ɗan'uwarta Jackie, wanda mahaifiyarsa ba ta iya kula da ita ba. Saboda sabon nauyinta, Baker ta bar matsayinta na cikakken lokaci tare da NAACP kuma ta fara hidima a matsayin mai ba da agaji. Ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga NAACP reshen New York don yin aiki a kan ɓata makaranta a cikin gida da al'amuran 'yan sanda. Ta zama shugabar ta a shekarar 1952. A cikin wannan aikin, ta kula da sakatarorin filin da kuma daidaita ayyukan ofishin na kasa da kungiyoyin gida. Babban abin da baker ya sa a gaba shi ne a sassauta tsarin gudanar da ayyukan kungiyar tare da baiwa mata karin iko a kungiyar; wannan ya haɗa da rage rawar da Walter Francis White ya taka.

Baker ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a fara amfani da shirin ba ta hanyar White da ofishin kasa ba, amma ta hanyar mutanen da ke cikin filin. Ta yi kira don rage tsananin matsayi, sanya karin iko a hannun masu iyawa na gida, da kuma ba da rassan gida mafi girma da kuma cin gashin kai. A shekara ta 1953 ta yi murabus daga shugabancin don yin takarar Majalisar Birnin New York a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Liberal, amma ba ta yi nasara ba.

Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama

Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin (1957-1960)

A watan Janairun 1957, Baker ya tafi Atlanta don halartar taron da aka yi niyyar bunkasa sabuwar kungiyar yanki don gina kan nasarar kauracewa bas din Montgomery a Alabama. Bayan taron na biyu a watan Fabrairu, an kafa Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC). An shirya wannan a matsayin hadin gwiwar da ba a tsara ba na shugabannin coci waɗanda ke cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a duk faɗin Kudu. Kungiyar ta so ta jaddada yin amfani da ayyukan da ba na tashin hankali ba don kawo ci gaban zamantakewa da adalci na launin fata ga baƙi na kudanci. Sun yi niyyar dogaro da majami'u masu baƙar fata da ke akwai, a tsakiyar al'ummominsu, a matsayin tushen goyon bayanta. Za a gina ƙarfinsa a kan ayyukan siyasa na masu haɗin coci na gida. Shugabannin SCLC sun yi la'akari da kansu a matsayin bangaren siyasa na cocin baƙar fata.

SCLC ta fara bayyana a fili a matsayin kungiya a bikin Addu'ar Alkawari don 'Yanci na 1957. Baker na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya wannan babban taron guda uku. Ta nuna ikonta na tsallake layin ƙungiyoyi, ta yi watsi da kuma rage ƙwarewa da yaƙe-yaƙe. Aikin farko na taron shine Crusade for Citizenship na 1958, kamfen ɗin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a don ƙara yawan masu jefa kuriʼa na Afirka don zaɓen 1958 da 1960. An dauki Baker a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta, ma'aikacin farko na SCLC. Reverend John Tilley ya zama Babban Darakta na farko. Baker ta yi aiki tare da masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a kudancin Georgia, Alabama, da Mississippi, kuma ta sami girmamawa ga iyawarta ta shirya. Ta taimaka wajen fara kamfen ɗin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da kuma gano wasu korafe-korafe na gida. Shirye-shiryen su sun haɗa da ilimi, wa'azi a cikin majami'u, da ƙoƙarin kafa cibiyoyin ƙauyuka don jaddada muhimmancin jefa kuri'a. Sun kuma shirya su dogara da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957 don kare masu jefa kuri'a na gida. Duk da yake aikin bai cimma burinsa na yanzu ba, ya kafa tushe don karfafa cibiyoyin masu fafutuka na cikin gida don gina motsi na jama'a don jefa kuri'a a duk faɗin Kudu. Bayan John Tilley ya yi murabus a matsayin darektan SCLC, Baker ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki a Atlanta na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi a matsayin darakta na wucin gadi har sai Reverend Wyatt Tee Walker ya fara aiki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1960.

Ayyukan Baker tare da SCLC sun fi takaici fiye da 'ya'yan itace. Ba ta da kwanciyar hankali a siyasa, a jiki, da kuma motsin rai. Ba ta da wata kyakkyawar aboki a ofishin. Masanin tarihi Thomas F. Jackson ya lura cewa Baker ya soki kungiyar saboda "rashin hankali na shirye-shirye da nisa da Sarki daga mutane. Sarki ya kasance mai magana mafi kyau fiye da mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na dimokuradiyya. "

Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (1960-1966)

A wannan shekarar, 1960, a kan sawun yankunan da daliban kwalejin baƙar fata ke jagoranta, Baker ya shawo kan Kudancin Kudancin Kirista don gayyatar daliban jami'a na kudanci zuwa Kudancin Matasa na Kudancin a Jami'ar Shaw a karshen mako. Wannan taro ne na shugabannin zama don saduwa, tantance gwagwarmayarsu, da bincika yiwuwar ayyukan nan gaba. A wannan taron, an kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC, mai suna "snick").

Baker ya ga yiwuwar irin jagoranci na musamman ta matasa masu zaman kansu, wadanda ba su da mashahuri a cikin motsi. Ta yi imanin cewa za su iya farfado da Black Freedom Movement kuma su dauki shi a sabon hanya. Baker ya so ya kawo mahalarta masu zaman tare a hanyar da za ta ci gaba da bunkasa ayyukansu, ta koya musu ƙwarewar da ake buƙata, ta samar da albarkatun da ake buƙatu, da kuma taimaka musu su haɗu cikin karfi mai fafutuka da dimokuradiyya. Don wannan dalili ta yi aiki don kiyaye ɗalibai masu zaman kansu daga tsofaffi, jagorancin coci. A cikin jawabin da ta yi a Shaw, ta gargadi masu gwagwarmaya da su kasance masu taka tsantsan game da "tsarin jagora". Julian Bond daga baya ya bayyana jawabin a matsayin "mai buɗe ido" kuma mai yiwuwa mafi kyawun taron. "Ba ta ce, 'Kada ku bari Martin Luther King ya gaya maka abin da za ku yi,'" Bond ya tuna, "amma kuna da ainihin jin cewa wannan shine abin da take nufi.

SNCC ta zama ƙungiya mafi ƙwazo a cikin Mississippi Delta da aka zalunta sosai. Ya fi budewa ga mata fiye da sauran fitattun kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, gami da SCLC, inda Baker ya ga manyan koyarwar misogynistic da kuma murkushe mata masu gwagwarmaya. Amma yaduwar jima'i da roƙo ga mafi girman namiji sun mamaye membobinta. Bayan taron a Shaw, Baker ya yi murabus daga SCLC kuma ya fara dangantaka mai tsawo da kusa da SNCC. Tare da Howard Zinn, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara ga SNCC, wanda aka fi sani da "Uwar Allah na SNCC".

A cikin 1961 Baker ya shawo kan SNCC don samar da fuka-fuki biyu: reshe ɗaya don aiki kai tsaye da reshe na biyu don rajistar masu jefa kuri'a. Tare da taimakon Baker SNCC, tare da Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), sun daidaita yankin Freedom Rides na 1961. Sun kuma fadada motsi na asali tsakanin baƙar fata, manoma masu haya, da sauransu a duk faɗin Kudu. Ella Baker ta nace cewa "mutane masu ƙarfi ba sa buƙatar shugabanni masu ƙarfi", kuma ta soki ra'ayin jagora ɗaya mai ƙwarewa na ƙungiyoyi don canjin zamantakewa. A ci gaba da ra'ayin "dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani", Baker yana son kowane mutum ya shiga. Ta kuma jaddada cewa "mutane a ƙarƙashin diddige", waɗanda aka fi zaluntawa a kowane al'umma, "ya kamata su zama waɗanda za su yanke shawarar abin da za su ɗauka don samun (fita) daga ƙarƙashin zaluntarsu".

Ta kasance malama ce kuma mai ba da shawara ga matasa na SNCC, tana rinjayar manyan shugabannin nan gaba kamar Julian Bond, Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Curtis Muhammad, Bob Moses, da Bernice Johnson Reagon . Ta hanyar SNCC, ra'ayoyin Baker na jagorancin rukuni da kuma buƙatar canjin zamantakewar dimokuradiyya ya bazu a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na shekarun 1960. Misali, Dalibai don Jam'iyyar Democrat, babbar ƙungiyar adawa da yaki ta yau, ta inganta dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun kuma rinjayi kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu ci gaba waɗanda za su kafa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970.

A shekara ta 1964 Baker ya taimaka wajen shirya Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mississippi Freedom (MFDP) a matsayin madadin jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta Mississippi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da ofishin Washington na MFDP kuma ta bi tawagar MFDP zuwa taron Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa na 1964 a Atlantic City, New Jersey . Kungiyar ta so ta kalubalanci jam'iyyar kasa don tabbatar da haƙƙin 'yan Afirka na Afirka don shiga cikin zaɓen jam'iyya a Kudu, inda har yanzu ba su da dama. Lokacin da wakilan MFDP suka kalubalanci masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata, wakilan fararen fata, babban rikici ya biyo baya. Wakilan MFDP ba su zauna ba, amma tasirin su a Jam'iyyar Democrat daga baya ya taimaka wajen zabar shugabannin baƙar fata da yawa a Mississippi. Sun tilasta canjin mulki don ba da damar mata da 'yan tsiraru su zauna a matsayin wakilai a Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat.

Rashin jituwa na 1964 tare da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta kasa ya jagoranci SNCC zuwa matsayin "ƙarfi". Baker ba ta da hannu sosai tare da SNCC a wannan lokacin, amma janyewarta ya kasance saboda rashin lafiyarta fiye da bambancin akida. A cewar mai ba da labarinta Barbara Ransby, Baker ta yi imanin cewa ikon baƙar fata ya kasance sauƙaƙe daga "tsofaffi da buƙatu da harshe na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na al'ada a lokacin. " Ta kuma yarda da juyawa zuwa kare kai da SNCC ta yi a yayin ci gabanta. Abokinta kuma mai ba da labari Joanne Grant ya rubuta cewa "Baker, wanda koyaushe ya ce ba za ta iya juyar da ɗayan ƙafarta ba, ta juya ido ga yaduwar makamai. Duk da yake ita kanta za ta dogara da hannunta ... ba ta da damuwa game da aikin da aka yi niyya. "

Shekaru na baya

Asusun Ilimi na Kudancin (1962-1967)

Daga 1962 zuwa 1967, Baker ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan Asusun Ilimi na Kudancin (SCEF). Manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wa baƙar fata da fararen fata suyi aiki tare don adalci na zamantakewa; ƙungiyar rarrabe launin fata da haƙƙin ɗan adam ta kasance a Kudu. SCEF ta tara kudade ga masu gwagwarmayar baƙar fata, ta yi kira ga aiwatar da shawarwarin kare hakkin bil'adama na Shugaba John F. Kennedy, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta ilimantar da fararen fata game da mugunta na wariyar launin fata. Majalisa ta zartar da dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Tarayya kuma Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya hannu a 1964 da 1965, amma aiwatarwa ta dauki shekaru.

A cikin SCEF, Baker ta yi aiki tare da abokiyarta Anne Braden, farar fata mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata. An zargi Braden a cikin shekarun 1950 na kasancewa kwaminisanci ta Kwamitin Ayyuka na Majalisar (HUAC). Baker ya yi imanin cewa kwaminisanci, matakin ɗan lokaci zuwa ga kwaminisancin, wani zaɓi ne na ɗan adam ga jari-hujja. Ta zama mai kare Braden da mijinta Carl; ta karfafa SNCC da ta ƙi ja-baiting a matsayin mai rarrabuwa da rashin adalci. A cikin shekarun 1960, Baker ta shiga cikin yawon shakatawa na magana kuma ta shirya tarurruka da yawa game da muhimmancin haɗa haƙƙin jama'a da 'yanci na jama'a.

In 1967 Baker returned to New York City, where she continued her activism. She later collaborated with Arthur Kinoy and others to form the Mass Party Organizing Committee, a socialist organization. In 1972 she traveled the country in support of the "Free Angela" campaign, demanding the release of activist and writer Angela Davis, who had been imprisoned on charges of kidnapping and murder in the Marin County Civic Center attacks. Davis was eventually acquitted.

Baker ya kuma goyi bayan yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na Puerto Rican kuma ya yi magana game da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta haɗa kai da kungiyoyin mata da yawa, gami da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya ta Uku da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci . Ta kasance mai fafutuka har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1986, ranar haihuwarta ta 83.

Tunanin

A cikin shekarun 1960, ra'ayin "Dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani" ya zama sananne a tsakanin masu gwagwarmayar siyasa, gami da wadanda ke cikin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama. Ya ɗauki roƙon gargajiya na dimokuradiyya kuma ya kara da sa hannun ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye.

Sabuwar motsi tana da mahimman bayanai guda uku:

• Roƙo ga shigar da mutane a duk faɗin al'umma, yayin da suke yanke shawara
• Ragewa da Matsayi na (bureaucratic) da kuma mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a matsayin tushen jagoranci
• Kira don aiki kai tsaye a matsayin amsar tsoro, warewa, da rarraba hankali

Ba ku gan ni a talabijin ba, ba ku ga labaran labarai game da ni ba. Irin rawar da na yi ƙoƙarin takawa ita ce karɓar ɓangarori ko haɗa ɓangarori daga abin da nake fatan ƙungiyar za ta zo. Ka'idata ita ce, mutane masu ƙarfi ba sa buƙatar shuwagabannin da suka fi karfi.

A cewar Mumia Abu-Jamal, Baker ya ba da shawarar tsarin jagoranci na hadin kai a kan "yadda aka fi sani da salon Almasihu na lokacin". Ta yi jayayya da tsarin yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama ta hanyar tsarin tsarin cocin baƙar fata. Ikilisiyar baƙar fata tana da yawancin membobin mata da shugabancin maza. Baker ya yi tambaya ba kawai game da matsayi na jinsi na ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ba har ma da na cocin Black.

Baker, King, da sauran mambobin SCLC an ruwaito suna da bambance-bambance a cikin ra'ayi da falsafar a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ta fi yawancin matasan ministocin da ta yi aiki tare da ita, wanda ya kara da tashin hankali. Ta taba cewa "motsi ya sanya Martin, ba Martin ba motsi ba". Lokacin da ta ba da jawabi tana roƙon masu fafutuka da su mallaki motsi da kansu, maimakon dogaro da shugaba mai "ƙafafu masu nauyi na yumɓu", an fassara shi a ko'ina a matsayin zargi na Sarki.

Falsafar Baker ita ce "ikon ga mutane". Idan membobin sun yi aiki tare, ta yi imanin cewa ƙarfin rukuni na iya yin canje-canje masu mahimmanci.

Kyauta

Wakilin a cikin kafofin watsa labarai

• Audra McDonald ce ta nuna shi a fim din Rustin na 2023.
• Shirin fim na 1981 Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker, wanda Joanne Grant ta jagoranta, ya binciki muhimmiyar rawar da Baker ta taka a cikin yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama.
• Bernice Johnson Reagon ya rubuta "Ella's Song", don girmama Baker, don Fundi.
• An rubuta tarihin rayuwa da yawa game da Baker, ciki har da Barbara Ransby's Ella Baker da Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (2003), wanda Jami'ar North Carolina Press ta buga. Ransby masanin tarihi ne kuma mai fafutuka na dogon lokaci.

Daraja

Makarantar Baker Montessori

• A shekara ta 1984, Baker ta sami lambar yabo ta Candace daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Black Women 100.
• Takardunta suna hannun New York Public Library.
• A shekara ta 1994, an shigar da Baker cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Kasa.
• A shekara ta 1996, an kafa Cibiyar Ella Baker don 'Yancin Dan Adam, wata dabarun da ba ta riba ba da kuma cibiyar aiki da ke Oakland, California, kuma an sanya mata suna.
• An kafa Makarantar Ella Baker a cikin Cibiyar Ilimi ta Julia Richman a Birnin New York a cikin 1996.
• A shekara ta 2003, The Ella Jo Baker Intentional Community Cooperative, wata al'umma mai zaman kanta 15, ta fara zama tare a cikin gidan da aka gyara a Washington, DC.
• Ella J. Baker House, Cibiyar al'umma wacce ke tallafawa Matasa masu haɗari a Dorchester, Boston, an kirkireshi ne a wani lokaci kafin shekara ta 2005.
• A shekara ta 2009, an girmama Baker a kan hatimi na Amurka.
• A cikin 2014, Jami'ar California a Santa Barbara ta kafa farfesa mai ziyara don girmama Baker.
• A cikin 2021 tsohuwar Makarantar Woodrow Wilson Montessori a Houston an sake masa suna Makarantar Baker Montessori
• A cikin 2022, Makarantun Jama'a na Minneapolis sun canza sunan PreK-8 Jefferson Community School zuwa Ella Baker Global Studies and Humanities Magnet School.

Dubi kuma

• Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Ella Baker
• Jerin shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama
• Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

Bayanan da aka ambata

• S. G. O'Malley, "Baker, Ella Josephine", American National Biography Online (2000).
• G. J. Barker Benfield da Catherine Clinton, eds. , Hotunan Mata na Amurka (1991).
• Ellen Cantarow da Susan O'Malley, Motsa Dutsen: Mata da ke aiki don Canjin Jama'a (1980).
• Joanne Grant, Ella Baker: Freedom Bound (John Wiley & Sons, 1998).
• Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker da Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: Jami'ar North Carolina Press, 2003), ISBN 0-8078-2778-9
• Henry Louis Gates da Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, African American Lives (2004), ISBN 0-19-516024-X

Ƙarin karantawa

• [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2021]. "Tun da Mutanen da suke: Ka'idar Ella Baker ta Shirye-shiryen Siyasa". Binciken Kimiyya na Siyasa na Amurka
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Haɗin waje

• SNCC Digital Gateway: Ella Baker, gidan yanar gizon da SNCC Legacy Project da Jami'ar Duke suka kirkira, suna ba da labarin Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai da ba su da ƙarfi da ke shirya daga ciki-fita
• Tarihi: Ella Baker, SNCC-Mutane, iBiblio
• Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Ella Baker
• Ella J. Baker Biography, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Jami'ar Jihar NC
• Tattaunawar Tarihi tare da Ella Baker [1], [2] a Tarihin Tarihi na Kudancin Amurka, Bayani da Kudancin AmirkaBayyanawa game da Kudancin Amurka
• "Ella Baker - Freedom Bound" na Joanne Grant
• Fundi: Labarin Ella Baker, fim din Joanne Grant
• Hoton bidiyo na Fundi: Labarin Ella Baker, Danna! Juyin Juya Halin Mata na Ci gaba
• "Ella Baker," Mutum daya, Vote daya Archived 2016-07-16 at the Wayback Machine An adana shi , SNCC