Ellen Marx (mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam)

Ellen Marx (mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Berlin, 24 ga Maris, 1921
ƙasa	Jamus
Mutuwa	Buenos Aires, 11 Satumba 2008
Karatu
Harsuna	Jamusanci Yaren Sifen
Sana'a
Sana'a	Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam

Ellen Marx (an haife ta Ellen Pinkus ; 24 Maris 1921 - 11 Satumba 2008) mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam ce. An haife ta a Jamus kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa Argentina, ta isa a watan Mayu 1939: ba ta sake ganin iyayenta ba. Ƙaramar 'yarta ta ɓace lokacin da take da shekaru 28 a watan Agusta 1976. Bayan haka Ellen Marx ta zama fitacciyar memba a cikin al'ummar Jamusawa da Yahudawa a Buenos Aires kuma shugaba a cikin ƙungiyar da ta samo asali daga Jamusawa a cikin ƙungiyar Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo .

Rayuwa

Asalin da kuma shekarun farko

An haifi Ellen Pinkus a cikin dangin Jamusawa Yahudawa a Berlin. Ita ce kaɗai 'yar iyayenta. Isidor Pinkus, mahaifinta. Dillalin fata ne, kuma mai himma a dimokuradiyya a lokacin da Jamusawa da yawa suka gane sabon tsarin dimokuradiyya a matsayin tilastawa ƙasashen waje sakamakon shan kaye da kuma wulaƙanta ƙasa. Mahaifiyarta, wacce aka haifa Gertrud Hoffnung, 'yar Social Democrat ce kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Jamus . Ellen ta sami ilimin Yahudawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ta halarci babbar makarantar "Prince Bismarck School" (kamar yadda aka san ta a wancan lokacin) . A shekarar 1934 ta shiga ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta Berlin "Zing" wadda tun daga 1933 ta kasance wani ɓangare na "League of German-Jews Youth" ( "Bund deutsch-jüdischer Jugend" ). A al'ada, ƙungiyar ta shirya tarurrukan Asabar inda membobi za su iya koyon harshen Ibrananci da aka farfaɗo da shi da kuma nazarin tarihin Yahudawa. Akwai kuma wasanni da balaguron sansani; amma a lokacin da Ellen ta shiga gasar, fifikon da ta bai wa ƙungiyar ya zama shirya tserewa da kuma bizar ƙasashen waje ga waɗanda, saboda launin fata da kuma (a wannan lokacin) ayyukan siyasa, gwamnati ke kai musu hari saboda zalunci. "Ƙungiyar Matasan Jamusawa-Yahudawa" tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Jama'ar Jamusawa-Yahudawa ( <i id="mwMQ">"Tsakiya Verein"</i> / CV) .

Iyalin sun samo asali ne daga asalin Jamusawa aƙalla ƙarni biyu. An bai wa kakan Ellen izinin zama ɗan ƙasa (a lokacin da Yahudawan Jamus ba su cancanci shiga ta atomatik ba) saboda ya yi gwagwarmaya sosai a cikin sojojin da ke fafatawa da Napoleon a farkon ƙarni na sha tara. Akwai alfahari a cikin al'adun Jamusawa, kuma kafin 1933 babu wani dalili mai yawa da zai sa su ɗauki kansu a matsayin waɗanda aka raba su ta fuskar siyasa ko zamantakewa da sauran Jamusawa. Ko da yake za ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta tana zaune a ƙasar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, idan tana neman maganganun adabi, koyaushe tana juyawa ga Schiller da Goethe . A lokaci guda, mahaifiyarta ta Social Democrat za ta guji ƙabilanci mai ban tsoro wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar siyasa tun 1919.

'Yan Nazi sun karɓi mulki a farkon shekarar 1933 kuma suka mayar da Jamus cikin sauri zuwa mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya . An haɗa ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa cikin manufofin jama'a kuma ya zama mai zalunci a hankali ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Bayan kisan gillar Kristallnacht a watan Nuwamba na 1938 Isidor Pinkus ya rasa abokan cinikinsa. Washegari bayan kisan gillar, an ba ta wasiƙa a makaranta daga magajin garin Berlin, inda aka nemi mahaifin Ellen ya kore ta daga makarantar. Wani malami ya kira ta gefe ya yi mata rada yana yi mata fatan "alheri", yayin da sauran malamai da sauran ɗalibai suka yi watsi da ita. Ga ɗaliban Yahudawa, warewa daga makarantar ya zama na dindindin. Ba ta taɓa samun damar zama don jarrabawar ƙarshe ta makaranta ba ( Abitur ), kuma duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi na kammala karatunta bayan ta bar Jamus, ba za ta taɓa samun nasarar kammala karatunta ba. [1]

Tserewa zuwa Argentina

A cikin 'yan shekarun farko na mulkin Nazi, kamawa da tsare Yahudawa an takaita su ga waɗanda suka yi siyasa a fili, amma a lokacin hunturu (wanda ba a saba gani ba) na 1938/39, an kama adadi mai yawa na mazan Yahudawa masu shekaru aiki a Berlin kuma an sanya su a sansanonin aiki. Waɗanda suka shawo kan hukumomi cewa suna da niyyar barin Jamus za a sake su bayan makonni shida: wasu kuma an yi amfani da su don tilasta musu yin aiki. ' Yan sanda sun zo neman mahaifin Ellen a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1938 amma ya fita: yayin da suke tafiya, jami'an da suka kama sun wuce Isidor Pinkus yayin da yake dawowa gida, amma ba su gane shi ba kuma ya yi watsi da su. Mahaifiyar Ellen ta ga haɗuwar daga tagar gidansu, kuma ta yi shiri don ɓoye mijinta tare da mahaifinta mai shekaru 85, a lokaci guda ta fara shirin ƙaura da 'yarta mai shekaru 18. Ita da kanta ba ta son yin ƙaura saboda da ya zama dole ta bar mahaifinta a baya. Dokoki sun nuna cewa za a tilasta musu barin kuɗinsu da sauran kayan duniya (ban da maki goma) a Jamus. Isidor Pinkus, a takaice dai, "ya ji tsufa sosai don ya sake fara daga farko a wani wuri".

Shigewar Ellen wani ɓangare ne na wani babban shirin ƙaura na yara wanda CV ta shirya. An haramta ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa kuma tarurrukan sama da biyu ko uku za su jawo zargi daga hukumomi, amma idan mutane suka kula su ziyarci juna a lokaci ɗaya da biyu kawai, kuma ba su yi daidai da sauran baƙi ba, isassun sadarwa don shirya tserewar ya zama mai yiwuwa, ba tare da jawo hankalin Gestapo ba. An tattara yara uku tare don a kai su ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa yankin kan iyaka na Aachen (kuma daga can zuwa Paris ). An ba wa rukunin farko izinin shiga ta Brazil, amma lokacin da ya zo rukuni na biyu an cika ƙa'idar Brazil. Duk da haka, an sami tabbacin cewa a madadin biyan kuɗi, gwamnatin Argentina za ta samar da takardar izinin shiga ga rukuni na biyu da na uku - kimanin yara da matasa 60. An hana Yahudawa ɗaukar kuɗi mai yawa daga Jamus, amma Isidor Pinkus ya sami damar aiwatar da kuɗin shiga na Argentina a madadin Ellen ta hanyar tuntuɓar wani dangi a Falasɗinu wanda ke da banki kuma ya biya kuɗin. Kashi na uku na yaran 'yan gudun hijira, waɗanda suka haɗa da Ellen, sun bar Berlin a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1939. Mahaifiyarta da kakanta sun yi bankwana a kan dandamalin tashar. Mahaifinta bai iya jure zuwa tashar ba kuma ya zauna a gida. Tafiya ta Paris da Le Havre a cikin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya yaran sun isa Buenos Aires a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1939, ranar Hutun Juyin Juya Halin Argentina na Mayu . A lokacin da ake tsallakawa teku, wani mataki ya faru, inda ta kamu da cutar shan inna, wata cuta da ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Turai, wadda ta fara kusan ƙasan dala ta zamantakewa: ba a yi maganin cutar ba, kuma duk da cewa ta warke za ta tsaya cak a wurin har abada. Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallakar Yahudawa (HICEM) da ke Paris ta yi nasarar shirya takardar izinin fita daga Faransa, amma ta sami damar samar wa yaran takardar izinin shiga kawai ga Bolivia, don haka 'yan gudun hijirar sun zauna a cikin jirgin na tsawon kwanaki da yawa, suna tsoron a mayar da su Turai, har sai da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta Yahudawa ta sami nasarar samun takardar izinin shiga Argentina kuma Ellen Pinkus ta sami damar fara sabuwar rayuwarta. Ƙaramar jakar da mahaifiyarta ta shirya mata da tufafi da magunguna na yau da kullun ta ɓace a darenta na farko a bakin teku.

A Buenos Aires, Ellen Pinkus ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jarirai a rukunin Recoleta . Hakkokin sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin koyar da jaririyar mai shekara biyu mai aikinta harshen Turanci. Bayan watanni biyar, ma'aikatanta (Katolika) sun ziyarci wani dangi wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa a fannin addinin Kirista, kuma ya nuna cewa sabuwar mai kula da jarirai Bayahudiya ce, don haka aka kore ta. Sai aka sake yin wani aiki tare da wata iyali 'yar Faransa wacce ayyukanta suka haɗa da kula da yara biyar, tsaftace gida, da shirya abinci da ya dace da "kyawawan kayan Faransa na ma'aikatanta". Daga nan sai aka yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a wani gidan kula da jarirai wanda likita Bayahudiya ya kafa. Lokacin ya yi gajere, amma har yanzu tana da shekara 18 kacal kuma akwai wasu ƙalubale da ba a zata ba, ciki har da koyar da karatu ga wanda ke da Down syndrome da kuma kula da tsohuwa mai fama da ciwon daji.

Daga baya a shekarar 1940 ta karɓi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar makarantar yara a gidan yara da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar "Associación Filantropia Israelita" (AFI), wanda wata iyali 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa da suka daɗe suna zaune a Buenos Aires suka kafa a cikin tsammanin kwararar 'yan gudun hijira Yahudawa daga Turai.

Ci gaban iyali da shigar al'umma

A wani taron kiɗa da "Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Yahudawa" ta gudanar a gundumar Buenos Aires ta Belgrano, ta haɗu da wani mai buga piano mai suna Erich Marx, ɗan gudun hijira daga Jamus-Yahudawa kamar ta. Ya yi karatun piano da murya a Mainz kuma a shekarar 1935 ya bi ɗan'uwansa zuwa Argentina. An kashe iyayensa a Theresienstadt . A ranar 11 ga Maris 1942, an yi aure da Erich Marx da Ellen Pinkus. A shekarar 1964, auren ya haifar da 'ya'ya huɗu. Tun kafin wannan sabon abu ya fara bayyana game da dangin da suka zauna a Jamus. A lokacin 1942/43, wani saƙo a gefen ɗaya daga cikin katunan gaisuwa na anodyne wanda mahaifiyarta ta iya aikawa ya ce "Frau Pinkus ist jetzt ganz alleine" ( "Mrs. Pincus yanzu ita kaɗai ce" ). Katunan gaisuwa na mahaifiyarta sun tsaya bayan an kama Gertrud aka kai shi Auschwitz, ana amfani da shi don tilasta masa yin aiki, sannan, shekara ɗaya ko makamancin haka, an kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da iskar gas. Duk da cewa an samu labarai marasa daɗi a lokacin yaƙin, shekaru da yawa bayan haka ne Ellen Marx ta sami ƙarin bayani game da mutuwar mahaifinta a Berlin a watan Yulin 1942, shekarun ƙarshe na mahaifiyarta, da kuma makomar wasu dangi tara waɗanda hukumomi a Jamus suka "yi wa fashi".

An haifi uku daga cikin 'ya'yan ma'auratan guda huɗu a shekarar 1943, 1947 da 1948. Tsakanin haihuwar, Ellen Marx ta koyar da Jamusanci a Makarantar Pestalozzi wadda Ernesto Alemann ya kafa a arewacin birnin a shekarar 1934. Yawancin ɗaliban sun fito ne daga iyalan Yahudawa waɗanda suka tsere daga Jamus da Austria . Yayin da 'ya'yanta suka zama marasa cikakken lokaci, tsawon kimanin shekaru ashirin ta sami gamsuwa mai yawa daga taimakawa wajen kula da yara tare da Al'ummar Lamroth Hakol ( a takaice: "Duk da komai al'umma" ), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1944 ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijirar Jamus-Yahudawa. Babban abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne koyar da yaran Sifaniyanci . A farkon shekarun 1950 ta haɗu da yara da yawa da suka ji rauni waɗanda iyayensu suka tsira daga Shoa . Yawancinsu sun isa ta wani babban sansanin 'yan gudun hijira kusa da Ulm inda aka tattara waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi 7,000.

A shekarun 1960, Ellen Marx ta dawo da ƙasarta ta Jamus, amma ba ta dawo ba. Kuma ba ta yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila ba, duk da cewa da yawa sun yi, ciki har da Miriam da Daniel, manyan 'ya'yanta biyu. A shekarun 1950 da 1960, akwai ɗimbin ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa da za a yi fama da su a titunan ƙasar Argentina ta Peronist, kodayake babu wata shakka game da wannan samun tallafin gwamnati. Shigowar Miriam ce ta sa Ellen ta ziyarci ofishin jakadancin Jamus ta Yamma ta nemi fasfo. Amma, kamar yadda ya faru da mahaifinta a shekarar 1938, yanzu Erich Marx ne ya bayyana kansa ba zai iya komawa sifili ya sake farawa ba. Duk da cewa ta zauna a Argentina har tsawon rayuwarta, Ellen Marx ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin al'adun Jamus, kuma a cewar lauyan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya Tonja Salomon, koyaushe tana magana da Jamusanci "mai ban mamaki". Shi ya sa abokai 'yan Argentina, waɗanda ba su da fassarar da za a iya fassara su, suka fara gane ta a matsayin "die Hiesigen" ( "yarinyar gida" ).