Ellen Swallow Richards

Ellen Swallow Richards
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Ellen Henrietta Swallow (Nellie)
Haihuwa	Dunstable (en) , 3 Disamba 1842
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mazauni	Jamaica Plain (en) Ellen Swallow Richards House (en)
Harshen uwa	Turanci
Mutuwa	Boston, 30 ga Maris, 1911
Makwanci	Christ Church Cemetery (en)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Robert Hallowell Richards (en)  (4 ga Yuni, 1875 -
Karatu
Makaranta	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (en) Vassar College (mul) Westford Academy (en)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	chemist (en) , university teacher (en) , Mai tattala arziki, ecologist (en) , environmentalist (en) , marubuci da meteorological observer (en)
Employers	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani National Women's Hall of Fame  (1993)
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa	Maria Mitchell asalin

Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards (née Swallow; Disamba 3, 1842 - Maris 30, 1911) ta kasance injiniya ce ta masana'antu da tsaro ta Amurka, likitan muhalli, Ruwa memba na jami'a a Amurka a cikin karni na 19. Ayyukanta na farko a cikin aikin injiniya na tsabta, da bincike na gwaji a kimiyyar cikin gida, sun kafa tushe ga sabon kimiyyar tattalin arzikin gida. Ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar tattalin arzikin gida wacce aka kwatanta da aikace-aikacen kimiyya a gida, kuma ta farko da ta yi amfani da ilmin sunadarai don nazarin abinci mai gina jiki.

Richards graduated from Westford Academy (second oldest secondary ssamu chool in Massachusetts) in 1862. She was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She graduated in 1873 and later became its first female instructor. Richards was the first woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology, and the first American woman to obtain a degree in chemistry, which she earned from Vassar College in 1870.

Richards ta kasance mai fafutukar mata, da kuma mai kafa Ecofeminist, wanda ya yi imanin cewa aikin mata a cikin gida wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arziki. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, ba ta kalubalanci kai tsaye ba addinin da ke da iko na gida wanda ke darajar matsayin mata da aiki a gida.

Tarihin rayuwa

Yarintarta

Miss Ellen Henrietta Swallow, c. 1864

An haifi Richards a Dunstable, Massachusetts . Ita ce kaɗai yar Peter Swallow (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1813, Dunstable; ta mutu a ranar Maris, 1871, Littleton, Massachusetts) da Fanny Gould Taylor (an haifi ta a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1817, New Ipswich, New Hampshire), dukansu biyu sun fito ne daga iyalai masu matsakaici kuma sun kasance masu imani da darajar ilimi.

Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

Swallow ta yi karatu a gida a farkon shekarunta. A shekara ta 1859 iyalin suka koma Westford kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Westford . Nazarin a makarantar ya haɗa da lissafi, abun da ke ciki, da Latin, kamar sauran makarantun New England na lokacin. Kwarewar Swallow ta Latin ta ba ta damar nazarin Faransanci da Jamusanci, yaren da ba a saba gani ba a arewacin New York. Saboda ƙwarewar harshe tana da buƙata sosai a matsayin malami, kuma kuɗin da aka samu daga wannan ya ba Swallow damar ci gaba da karatunta.

Kwalejin Tsohon Westford

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1862, ta bar makarantar. Watanni biyu bayan haka, a watan Mayu, ta kamu da kyanda, wanda ya sa ta koma baya kuma ya katse shirye-shiryenta don fara koyarwa.

Daguerreotype na Ellen Henrietta Swallow, c. 1848

A cikin bazara na 1863, iyalin suka koma Littleton, Massachusetts, inda Mista Swallow ya sayi babban shago kuma ya fadada kasuwancinsa. A watan Yunin 1864, Swallow, yanzu ashirin da daya, ya ɗauki matsayin koyarwa.

Ba ta sake koyarwa a 1865 ba amma ta shafe wannan shekarar tana kula da kantin sayar da iyali da kuma kula da mahaifiyarta mara lafiya. A lokacin hunturu na 1865-66, Swallow ya yi karatu kuma ya halarci laccoci a Worcester .

Ilimi na kwaleji

A watan Satumbar 1868, Swallow ya shiga Kwalejin Vassar, an rarraba shi a matsayin dalibi na musamman. Bayan wani shekara guda, an shigar da ita cikin babban aji, ta kammala a 1870 tare da digiri na farko. Daga nan sai ta sami digiri na Master of Art tare da rubutun kan nazarin sunadarai na ƙarfe. Tasirin mutum mafi karfi a lokacin shekarunta na kwaleji sune Maria Mitchell, masanin taurari, da Farfesa Charles S. Farrar (1826-1908 ), wanda ke kan shugaban Sashen Kimiyya da Lissafi.   A shekara ta 1870, ta rubuta wa Merrick da Gray, masana kimiyyar kasuwanci a Boston, suna tambayar idan za su dauke ta a matsayin mai koyo. Sun amsa cewa ba su da damar daukar dalibai kuma cewa mafi kyawun hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce ta yi ƙoƙari ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Boston a matsayin daliba.A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1870, bayan wasu tattaunawa da kuri'a, Ma'aikatar Cibiyar Fasaha ta ba da shawarar ga Kamfanin MIT shigar da Swallow a matsayin dalibi na musamman a ilmin sunadarai. Swallow ta zama mace ta farko da aka shigar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, kodayake kamfanin ya bayyana a fili cewa "shigar da ita ba ta kafa misali ga shigar da mata ba, " bisa ga bayanan taron kamfanin a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1870.A shekara ta 1873, Swallow ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga MIT don rubutun ta, "Notes on Some Sulpharsenites and Sulphantimonites from Colorado". Ta ci gaba da karatunta a MIT kuma za a ba ta digiri na farko, amma MIT ta ki bayar da wannan bambanci ga mace kuma ba ta ba da digiri na farko ba, Master of Science a ilmin sunadarai, har zuwa 1886.

Richards ya yi aiki a cikin kwamitin amintattu na Kwalejin Vassar na shekaru da yawa kuma an ba shi digiri na likita na kimiyya a 1910.

Aure da gida

Robert da Ellen Richards, 1904

A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1875, Swallow ta auri Robert Hallowell Richards (1844-1945), shugaban Sashen Injiniyan Mine a MIT, wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na mineralogy. Sun zauna a Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Tare da goyon bayan mijinta ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da MIT, ta ba da gudummawa ga ayyukanta kuma ta ba da kyautar $ 1,000 a kowace shekara ga "Laboratori na Mata," shirin da ɗalibanta galibi malamai ne a makaranta, waɗanda horarwarsu ba ta da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma waɗanda suke so su yi gwaje-gwagwarmayar sunadarai da koyon ilimin ma'adanai.

Ayyukanta na farko bayan kwaleji ya kasance a matsayin malamin ilmin sunadarai da ba a biya ba a MIT daga 1873 zuwa 1878.

2011 ƙari zuwa Lawrence Experiment StationTashar Gwaje-gwaje ta Lawrence

Daga 1884 har zuwa mutuwarta, Swallow yanzu Richards malami ne a sabon dakin gwaje-gwaje na ilmin sunadarai a Lawrence Experiment Station, na farko a Amurka, karkashin jagorancin tsohon farfesa William R. Nichols.

Misis Richards ta kasance likitan sunadarai ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Massachusetts daga 1872 zuwa 1875, kuma mai nazarin ruwa na Commonwealth daga 1887 har zuwa 1897. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin gwani mai gina jiki ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka.

Gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya

Iska da ingancin ruwa

A cikin shekarun 1880, sha'awarta ta juya zuwa ga batutuwan tsafta, musamman iska da ingancin ruwa. A buƙatar Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Massachusetts ta yi jerin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa a kan samfurori 40,000 na ruwan gida wanda ya zama ruwan sha ga jama'ar su. Wadannan sun haifar da abin da ake kira "Richards' Normal Chlorine Map" wanda ya nuna tsinkaye na gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin jihar Massachusetts. Wannan taswirar ta tsara yawan chloride a cikin ruwan jihar. Ya kwatanta rarrabawar halitta na chlorides daga teku. (Binciken da ta yi ya riga ya wuce aikin de-icing na hanya tare da gishiri mai tsada na chlorine.) Taswirarta ta shirya fiye da kashi 6.5 a kowace miliyan (ppm) na chloride kusa da bakin tekun, tare da maida hankali na Cape Cod da yawa fiye da 10 ppm kuma tare da raguwar raguwa zuwa ƙasa da 1 ppm game da Berkshire Hills a ƙarshen yammacin jihar. Ta haka ne ruwan da ke da tarin chloride wanda ya kauce daga makircin za a iya zargin gurɓataccen mutum. A sakamakon haka, Massachusetts ta kafa ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na farko a Amurka, kuma an kirkiro masana'antar tsabtace ruwa ta zamani ta farko a Lowell, Massachusetts.

Ilimin ma'adinai

Rubutun mashahurin Richards a Vassar shine bincike game da adadin vanadium a cikin ma'adinin ƙarfe. Ta yi gwaje-gwaje da yawa a cikin ilimin ma'adinai, gami da gano wani ragowar ma'adinin samarskite. Daga baya wasu masana kimiyya suka ƙaddara wannan don samar da samarium da gadolinium. A shekara ta 1879 Cibiyar Nazarin Ma'adinai da Injiniyoyin Ma'adanai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a matsayin mace ta farko.

Tsabtace gida

Richards ta yi amfani da ilimin kimiyya a gida. Tun da mata ne ke da alhakin abinci mai gina jiki na gida da na iyali a lokacin, Richards ya ji cewa duk mata ya kamata a sami ilimi a kimiyya. Ta rubuta littattafai game da kimiyya don amfani a gida, kamar The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning, wanda aka buga a 1882. Littafinta Food Materials and Their Adulterations (1885) ya haifar da wucewar Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ta farko a Massachusetts.

Ta yi amfani da gidanta a matsayin wani nau'in dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji don rayuwa mai lafiya ta hanyar kimiyya. Damuwa da ingancin iska a gidanta, ta koma daga dumama kwal da man dafa abinci zuwa gas. Ita da mijinta sun shigar da magoya baya don jawo iska daga gida zuwa waje don ƙirƙirar yanayin iska mai tsabta a cikin gida. Ta kuma tantance ingancin ruwa na rijiyar ta hanyar gwajin sinadarai, da kuma tabbatar da cewa ruwan da ba ya gurɓata ruwan sha.

Euthenics

Richards ya samo kalmar euthenics daga kalmar Helenanci Eutheneo, Εὐθηνέω (eu, da kyau; tushen tithemi, don haifar). Don kasancewa a cikin yanayi mai tasowa, don yalwa, don bunƙasa.- Demosthenes. Don zama mai ƙarfi ko mai ƙarfi.- Herodotus. Don zama mai ƙarfi a jiki.- Aristotle. Kuma daga Girkanci Euthenia, Εὐθηνία. Kyakkyawan yanayin jiki: wadata, wadata mai kyau, wadata. - Herodotus . Sabanin Euthenia shine Penia - Πενία ("rashin lafiya" ko "talauci") mutum ne na talauci da bukata.

A cikin littafinta Euthenics: kimiyyar muhalli mai sarrafawa (1910), ta bayyana kalmar a matsayin inganta yanayin rayuwa, ta hanyar ƙoƙari mai hankali, don manufar tabbatar da ƙwararrun mutane.

Tattaunawar da ta yi game da ainihin ma'anarta, rikice-rikice tare da kalmar eugenics, wanda ya biyo bayan Babban Mawuyacin hali da yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da motsi da ba ya samun kudade da gaske, ko kuma kulawar da ake buƙata don haɗa tsarin karatu na dindindin, mai yawa kamar yadda Richards ya bayyana. Maimakon haka, fannoni daban-daban kamar Nazarin Yara sun zama ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tsarin karatun.

Martin Heggestad na Mann Library ya lura cewa:

Farawa a kusa da 1920, duk da haka, masana tattalin arziki na gida sun saba zuwa wasu fannoni, kamar abinci mai gina jiki da masana'antu, wanda ya ba da ƙarin damar aiki, yayin da aka magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya a cikin kimiyyar wuya da kuma ayyukan jinya da kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Har ila yau, ci gaba a cikin tsabtace jama'a (alal misali, wadatar tsarin datti da na binciken abinci) ya haifar da raguwar cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa kuma ta haka ne raguwar buƙatar matakan da suka fi dacewa da gida waɗanda masana tattalin arziki na gida suka koyar.

Ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje

Bayan kwarewarta ta farko a matsayin mai nazarin ruwa a karkashin Farfesa Nichols, Richards ta fara babban aiki mai zaman kansa a cikin ilmin sunadarai na tsabta, gami da gwajin ruwa, iska da abinci, da gwajin takardun bango da yadudduka don arsenic. A cikin 1878 da 1879 ta bincika adadi mai yawa na kayan masarufi na jihar. An buga sakamakon bincikenta a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na farko na Hukumar Lafiya, Lunacy da Charity, wanda ya gaji Hukumar Lafiya ta baya.

Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kamfanin Inshora na Mutual Fire kuma a cikin 1900 ta rubuta littafin Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint, tare da AG Woodman . Sha'awarta ga muhalli ta kai ta ga gabatar da kalmar muhalli a cikin Turanci a kusa da 1892. Masanin kimiyyar halittu na Jamus Ernst Haeckel ne ya kirkiro kalmar don bayyana "gidan yanayi".

Har ila yau, sha'awar Richards sun haɗa da amfani da ka'idodin kimiyya ga yanayin cikin gida, kamar Abinci mai gina jiki, tufafi, lafiyar jiki, da ingantaccen gudanar da gida, ƙirƙirar filin tattalin arzikin gida. "Wataƙila gaskiyar cewa ni ba mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne kuma ban raina ayyukan mata ba amma ban yi iƙirarin cewa dama ce ta tsaftace kuma ta kula da dakin da kuma sutura abubuwa tana ba ni ƙaunatacce mafi ƙarfi fiye da wani abu, "ta rubuta wa iyayenta. Ta wallafa The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning: A Manual for House-keepers a 1881, ta tsara kuma ta nuna kayan abinci na misali, ta tsara darussan, da kuma shirya tarurruka.

Ilimi na mata

Mataimakin malami na dakin gwaje-gwaje na mata

Misis Richards ta bayyana a gaban Kungiyar Ilimi ta Mata ta Boston a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1875, kuma a cikin wani adireshi, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai, ya gabatar da bukatun mata. Ta bayyana imanin cewa kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Fasaha za ta samar da sarari ga dakin gwaje-gwaje na mace idan kungiyar za ta samar le kudaden da ake bukata don kayan aiki, kayan aiki, da littattafai. Ta ce tallafin karatu zai zama dole.

Kungiyar Ilimi ta Mata ta nada kwamitin don shiga tattaunawa tare da Cibiyar Fasaha, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar Laboratory na Mata na MIT a watan Nuwamba 1876. Cibiyar ta samar da karamin gini, wanda aka tsara don dakin motsa jiki, a matsayin wurin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Misis Richards ta zama mataimakiyar malama da ba a biya ta ba a 1879 a cikin nazarin sunadarai, ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu, ilimin ma'adinai, da ilimin halitta a karkashin Farfesa John M. Ordway . Kungiyar Ilimi ta Mata ta amince da tara kuɗi don sayen kayan aiki don dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Wani sabon gini, wanda cibiyar ta gina a 1883, ya tanadi sarari don amfani da dukkan daliban dakin gwaje-gwaje, mata da maza. An rufe dakin gwaje-gwaje na mata na asali kuma an rushe ginin.

A shekara ta 1884, an nada Mrs. Richards a matsayin Malami a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Cibiyar Fasaha kanta, matsayin da ta cika har zuwa lokacin mutuwarta. Baya ga ayyukanta na baiwa da aikin koyarwa, ita ma 'yar Dean of Women ce ba tare da lakabi ba.

Malamin makarantar sakandare ta Amurka

A watan Janairun 1876, Misis Richards ta fara doguwar dangantaka da makarantar sakandare ta farko ta Amurka, Society to Encourage Studies at Home, a matsayin malami, kuma ta haɓaka sashen kimiyya.

A cikin 1886, wani sabon sashi da Richards ya inganta, Sanitary Science, Society ta kafa shi. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin da kayan gida da ke amfani da ruwa, gas, ko wutar lantarki suka zama ruwan dare, amma masu kula da gida ba su fahimci haɗarin ko matsalolin da ke tattare da amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki ba. Ta ga cewa ana buƙatar umarni kuma Society ta fara samar da bayanai game da yadda za a shirya gida a kan ka'idodin kimiyya na gaske.

Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'ar Amirka

Hedikwatar AAUW a Washington DC

Richards, Emily Fairbanks Talbot, da Marion Talbot (ɗalilin Jami'ar Boston na 1880) sun zama "mahaifiyar kafa" abin da zai zama Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'ar Amirka (AAUW) lokacin da suka gayyaci wasu mata goma sha biyar da suka kammala karatun koleji zuwa taro a gidan Marion Talbot a Boston, a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1881. Kungiyar ta yi la'akari da wata kungiya inda mata masu karatun koleji za su haɗu don buɗe ƙofofin ilimi mafi girma ga wasu mata da kuma samun damar da za su iya horar da su. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae (ACA), kungiyar da ta riga ta AAUW, an kafa ta ne a hukumance a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1882.

Makarantar Kimiyya ta Malamai

Lucretia Crocker, tare da kungiyoyin mata da sauran taimako a yankin Boston, sun kirkiro "Makarantar Kimiyya ta Malamai" a Back Bay a Sabon Gidan Tarihi na Boston. Tare da Mrs. Richards, Crocker ya kirkiro darasi na ilimin ma'adinai ga malamai. Masana kimiyya a yankin Boston sun ba da sabis na koyarwarsu ga makarantar, suna bawa malamai damar ɗaukar irin waɗannan darussan cikin sauƙi.

New England Kitchen na Boston

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1890, Richards ya haɗu da Mary Hinman Abel (1850-1938) don kafa New England Kitchen na Boston, a 142 Pleasant Street. Yin amfani da masu sa kai na yanayi mai sauƙi, sun yi gwaji da hanyoyin shirya abinci mafi arha, mai ɗanɗano da mai gina jiki.

Shekaru bayan haka, Misis Richards, kanta, ta rubuta a cikin gabatarwarta ga wani ɓangare na littafin Rumford kitchen: No. 17, The Story of the New England Kitchen; Sashe na II; Nazarin tattalin arzikin zamantakewa, na Mary Abel:

Labarin New England Kitchen ... yana da ban mamaki ga abubuwa biyu: sabon bayani mai mahimmanci wanda aka samu, sakamakon aikin yau da kullun na Kitchen, da kuma gajeren lokacin da ya isa ya sanya kamfanin a kan tushen kasuwanci.

Yana da kyau a jaddada abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan nasarar, cewa darussan a kimiyyar zamantakewa da taimakon jama'a ba za a rasa su ba. Babban bangare na bashi ya kamata ... ga aikin Mrs. Abel mai wahala [.] [S]tarting the New England Kitchen ... ya kasance ... gwaji don tantance yanayin da ya ci nasara na shirya, ta hanyar kimiyya, daga kayan abinci masu rahusa, abinci mai gina jiki da mai ɗanɗano, wanda ya kamata ya sami buƙata a biyan farashi.

Misis Abel ba tare da wata shakka ba za ta ba da babban asirin nasarar ta, cewa tana da duk abin da ya dace don gwaje-gwajen, ba tare da yin tunani game da farashin ba. ... A cikin New England Kitchen, zaɓin kayan aiki da kayan aiki da aikin ma'aikata sun kasance ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. Ba tare da wannan 'yancin ci gaba da gwaje-gwaje ba kamar yadda ya zama mai hikima da hankali, ba za a iya samun sakamakon da aka tsara a cikin rahoton da ke biyowa ba.

Ayyukan agaji na shirin sun kasance a matakin gwaji na ci gaban New England Kitchen. Ko kasuwancin zai iya kula da kansa a nan gaba don amfanin waɗanda ke gudanar da shi har yanzu ba za a iya gani ba; amma, a kowane hali, irin wannan abinci na iya zama mai fa'ida ga taron jama'a a cikin yanayi mai matsakaici, waɗanda har yanzu ba su iya siyan abinci mai kyau, mai gina jiki, da mai ɗanɗano ba.

Rumford Kitchen

Count Rumford frontispiece na Rumford Kitchen takardun

A shekara ta 1893, lokacin da Richards ke kula da Rumford Kitchen a baje kolin duniya a Birnin Chicago, ta yarda da ƙarin aiki da alhakin shirya nune-nunen aikin Nazarin Gida.

Bayanin buɗewa na Jagora ga Rumford Kitchen: Nunin da Jihar Massachusetts ta yi dangane da Ofishin Tsabtace da Tsaftar Tsafta ( Baje kolin Columbian na Duniya, Chicago, 1893) na Janar Francis A. Walker ya bayyana:

Nunin da aka sani da Rumford Kitchen shine fitowar aikin, a cikin aikace-aikacen ka'idodin ilmin sunadarai ga kimiyyar dafa abinci, wanda Mrs. Robert H. Richards da Mrs. Dr. John J. Abel suka ci gaba da shekaru uku a matsayin hukumar ilimi, tare da taimakon kuɗi daga wasu 'yan ƙasa masu ruhun jama'a na Boston.

Kwamitin Massachusetts na Manajojin Gidauniyar Duniya, ... gaskata cewa irin wannan nuni na amfani da kimiyyar cikin gida ba zai iya kasa zama da fa'ida ga yawancin baƙi zuwa baje kolin Columbian ba, sun gayyaci matan da aka ambata don buɗe Rumford Kitchen a matsayin wani ɓangare na nune-nunen Massachusetts dangane da Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiyar.

Don rage, a wani mataki, kudaden wannan nune-nunen, za a sayar da abincin da aka dafa a Rumford Kitchen a ƙarƙashin izini daga gudanarwar nune-nunnun; amma ya kamata a fahimci cewa wannan ba nune-nsaye ba ne; cewa babu wani abu da aka dafa don a sayar da shi; kuma cewa za a dauki kamfanin a matsayin cikakkiyar kimiyya da ilimi.

Dalilin nune-nunen a cikin Rumford Kitchen yana da sau biyu: Na farko, don tunawa da ayyukan da aka yi wa kimiyyar cikin gida wanda Count Rumford ya yi shekaru ɗari da suka gabata ... na biyu, don zama abin motsawa don ci gaba da aiki a cikin wannan hanya, kamar yadda ya bayyana, "don tayar da mutane don bincike, "don haifar da shakku, wannan mataki na farko zuwa ilimi".

Gidan abinci na farko na "na zamani" ya fara bayyana game da 1800, sun kasance kirkirar wani Ba'amurke mai suna Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count von Rumford.

Na farko, an fara babban shirin a wasu makarantun sakandare na Boston a cikin 1894 don samar da abinci mai gina jiki a farashi mai rahusa ga yara waɗanda ba za su iya samun su ba. Saboda babban bangare ga Ellen Richards da Edward Atkinson, New England Kitchen ta gudanar da shirin a matsayin 'kamfani mai zaman kansa' wanda ya biya kansa sau da yawa. Abincin rana bai taɓa zama kayan aiki masu tasiri don koyar da Sabon Abinci da masu kafa suka yi la'akari da shi ba. Amma, saboda shirin ya samar da abinci mai gina jiki yara ba za su samu ba, ya zama babban hujja ga irin wannan shirye-shiryen abincin rana a wasu birane."

In 1946, President Harry S. Truman signed into law the National School Lunch Program to provide low-cost or free school lunch meals to qualified students through subsidies to schools. The program was established as a way to prop up food prices by absorbing farm surpluses, while at the same time providing food to school age children. It was named after Richard Russell, Jr.

Taron Lake Placid

A farkon watan Satumbar 1899, masu kula da Lake Placid Club (a cikin Adirondacks) sun yi tunanin lokaci ne da ya dace don tattara wadanda suka fi sha'awar kimiyyar gida, ko tattalin arzikin gida kuma sun aika da gayyata da yawa don taron Lake Placid da aka shirya don faruwa a Satumba 19-25, 1899. Melvil Dewey, daya daga cikin masu kula da kulob din, da kansa ya gayyaci Richards don halarta. Ta ba da lacca game da yanayin rayuwa kuma an zabe ta shugaban taron.

Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka

A cikin 1908, an zabi Richards a matsayin shugaban farko na sabuwar kungiyar tattalin arzikin gida ta Amurka, wanda aka sake masa suna American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences a cikin 1994. Ta kuma kafa kuma ta ba da kuɗin jaridar kungiyar, Journal of Home Economics, wanda ya fara bugawa a cikin 1909. An sake masa suna Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences a 1994 lokacin da kungiyar ta canza sunanta.

Littattafanta da rubuce-rubucenta a kan wannan batu sun haɗa da Kayan Abinci da Zubarinsu (1886); Tsaro ta Sanitation; The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning; The Cost of Living (1899); Air, Water, and Food (1900); The Cost of Food; The Cost for Shelter; The Art of Right Living; The Cost and Cleanness; Sanitation in Daily Life (1907); da Euthenics, the Science of Controllable Environment (1910). Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun wuce ta hanyar bugu da yawa.

Richards ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1911, a gidanta a Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, bayan ta sha wahala daga angina. An binne ta a makabartar iyali a Gardiner, Maine .

Kyauta

• Gidan Ellen Swallow Richards an sanya shi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a shekarar 1992.
• A cikin 1925, Kwalejin Vassar, wanda ke da tushe a kan ra'ayoyin tsohuwar Richards, ya fara tsarin karatun euthenics da ke cikin Minnie Cumnock Blodgett Hall of Euthenics da aka gina kwanan nan, wanda aka keɓe shi a hukumance a cikin 1929.
• A cikin girmamawarta, MIT ta sanya ɗaki a cikin babban ginin don amfani da ɗaliban mata kuma, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru ɗari na kammala karatun Richard a 1973, ta kafa farfesa Ellen Swallow Richards ga ƙwararrun mata.
• A shekara ta 1993, an shigar da Richards cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Kasa.
• A shekara ta 2011, an lissafa ta a matsayin lamba takwas a cikin jerin MIT" id="mwAhw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="MIT150">MIT150 na manyan masu kirkiro 150 da ra'ayoyi daga MIT tare da layin tag, "Drink up", dangane da aikinta na tabbatar da amincin samar da ruwa na gida.
• Ana tunawa da ita a kan Hanyar Tarihin Mata ta Boston .
• Makarantar Firamare ta Swallow Union a garinsu na Dunstable, Massachusetts an sanya mata suna ne don girmama ta.

Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

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• Chapman, Sasha (30 March 2017). "The Woman Who Gave Us the Science of Normal Life". Nautil.us. Nautilus. Retrieved 24 March 2018.

Tarin rubuce-rubuce

Rubutun Richards suna ƙunshe a cikin tarin daban-daban a duk faɗin Amurka da kuma bayan haka. Baya ga waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa, ana iya samun rubuce-rubuce a cikin tarin da ke da alaƙa da kungiyoyin da Richards ke da alaka da su, kamar Ƙungiyar Amirka ta Kimiyya ta Iyali da Abokin Ciniki, waɗanda aka ajiye rubuce-rukuninsu a cikin tarin yawa a Jami'ar Cornell, Jami'ar Jihar Iowa, da sauransu.Samfuri:EuthenicsSamfuri:Public health

Ƙarin karantawa

• Richards, Ellen (1906?). Meat and drink. Boston: Health-Education League.
• Richards, Ellen (c.1908). The Efficient worker. Boston: Health-Education League.
• Richards, Ellen (c.1908). Health in labor camps. Boston: Health-Education League.
• Richards, Ellen (1908 or 1909). Tonics and stimulants. Boston: Health-Education League.
• with Alpheus G. Woodman.
• Sumida, Kazuko, ed. (2007) Collected Works of Ellen H. Swallow Richards. (5 vols.) Tokyo: Edition Synapse. ISBN 978-4-86166-048-1ISBN 978-4-86166-048-1

Haɗin waje

 

• Ellen Richards takardu daga Vassar An adana su 2013-10-16 a
• Ellen Swallow Richards da Cibiyar Juyin Juya Halin Mata
• Ellen Swallow Richards da ƙungiyar sake fasalin mata masu ci gaba
• Tarihin rayuwar Ellen Richards na Hall of Fame na Mata na Kasa
• Ramuwar gayya ta Ellen Swallow
• Archived/exhibits/esr/esr-tributes.html" id="mwBNg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kyauta ga Ellen Swallow Richards An adana shi 2018-10-05 a
• Works by Ellen Swallow RichardsaShirin Gutenberg
• Works by or about Ellen Swallow Richardsa cikinTarihin Intanet
• Works by Ellen Swallow RichardsaBude Laburaren
• Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards takardu a Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections