Endorphins

Endorphins
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Peptide da opioid (en)
Muhimmin darasi	opioid (en)
Produced by (en)	endorphin secreting cell (en)

Endorphins (wanda aka samu daga morphine na ciki ) peptides ne da ake samarwa a cikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke toshe fahimtar ciwo da kuma ƙara jin daɗin rayuwa. Ana samar da su kuma ana adana su a cikin glandar pituitary ta kwakwalwa. Endorphins magunguna ne masu rage raɗaɗi waɗanda galibi ake samarwa a cikin kwakwalwa da adrenal medulla yayin motsa jiki ko inzali kuma suna hana ciwo da ciwon tsoka da rage damuwa.

Tarihi

Masu bincike a Jami'ar Aberdeen, John Hughes da Hans Kosterlitz ne suka fara gano peptides na Opioid a cikin kwakwalwa a shekarar 1973. Sun gano " enkephalins " (daga Girkanci εγκέφαλος ) ) daga kwakwalwar alade, wanda aka gano a matsayin met-enkephalin da leu-enkephalin . Wannan ya zo ne bayan gano wani mai karɓa wanda aka yi niyya don samar da tasirin rage zafi na morphine da sauran opioids, wanda ya kai Kosterlitz da Hughes ga gano ligands na opioid na ciki . Bincike a wannan lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan neman maganin rage zafi wanda ba shi da halin jaraba ko haɗarin wuce gona da iri na morphine .

Rabi Simantov da Solomon H. Snyder sun ware peptides masu kama da morphine daga kwakwalwar maraƙi . Eric J. Simon, wanda ya gano masu karɓar opioid da kansa, daga baya ya kira waɗannan peptides a matsayin endorphins. An sanya wannan kalma a matsayin ainihin ga duk wani peptide da ke nuna aikin morphine. A cikin 1976, Choh Hao Li da David Chung sun rubuta jerin α-, β-, da γ-endorphin da aka ware daga glandar raƙumi don aikinsu na opioidergic . Li ya gano cewa β-endorphin yana samar da tasirin analgesic mai ƙarfi. Wilhelm Feldberg da Derek George Smyth a cikin 1977 sun tabbatar da wannan, suna gano cewa β-endorphin ya fi ƙarfin morphine. Sun kuma tabbatar da cewa naloxone, wani mai adawa da opioid ya canza tasirinsa.

Daga baya bincike ya bambanta tsakanin enkephalins, endorphins, da kuma morphine na gaske da aka samar ta hanyar halitta, wanda ba peptide ba ne. Ana rarraba peptides na Opioid bisa ga babban propeptide ɗinsu: duk endorphins an haɗa su ne daga proopiomelanocortin (POMC), enkephalins daga proenkephalin, da kuma dynorphins da neoendorphines daga prodynorphin .

Asalin Ma'anar

Kalmar endorphin ta samo asali ne daga ἔνδον / Greek ma'ana "cikin" ( endogenous, ἐνδογενής / Greek , "yana fitowa daga ciki"), da kuma morphine, daga Morpheus ( Ancient Greek ), allahn mafarki a cikin tatsuniyoyin Girkawa. Saboda haka, endorphin ƙanƙantar 'endo(genous) (mo)rphin' ne (morphin shine tsohon rubutun morphine).

Nau'o'i

Ajin endorphins ya ƙunshi peptides guda uku na opioid na ciki : α-Endorphin, β-endorphin, da γ-endorphin . [1] An haɗa endorphins ɗin daga furotin mai tsari, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), kuma duk suna ɗauke da met-enkephalin motif a N-terminus ɗinsu: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met. [2] α-endorphin da γ-endorphin suna faruwa ne sakamakon raba β-endorphin tsakanin ragowar Thr(16)-Leu(17) da Leu(17)-Phe(18) bi da bi. [3] α-endorphin yana da gajeren jerin, kuma β-endorphin yana da mafi tsayi jerin.

Ana samun α-Endorphin da γ-endorphin galibi a cikin pituitary na gaba da na tsakiya. Yayin da ake nazarin β-endorphin saboda ayyukansa na opioid, α-endorphin da γ-endorphin duka ba su da kusanci ga masu karɓar opiate kuma don haka ba sa shafar jiki kamar yadda β-endorphin ke yi. Wasu nazarce-nazarce sun kwatanta aikin α-endorphin kamar yadda yake yi da psychostimulants da aikin γ-endorphin fiye da na neuroleptics daban-daban.