Environmentalist

Muhalli wata faffadan falsafa ce, akida, da kuma motsi na zamantakewa game da tallafawa rayuwa, muhalli, da muhalli. Duk da cewa muhalli ya mayar da hankali kan fannonin da suka shafi muhalli da yanayi na akidar kore da siyasa, muhalli ya haɗa akidar muhalli ta zamantakewa da muhalli. Ilimin muhalli kalma ce da aka fi amfani da ita a harsunan nahiyar Turai, yayin da ilimin muhalli ya fi yawa a Turanci, amma kalmomin suna da ɗan ma'anoni daban-daban.Muhalli yana goyon bayan kiyayewa, maidowa da inganta muhallin halitta da muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin duniya kamar yanayi, kuma ana iya kiransa da motsi don sarrafa gurɓatawa ko kare bambancin tsirrai da dabbobi. [1] Saboda wannan dalili, ra'ayoyi kamar ɗabi'ar ƙasa, ɗabi'ar muhalli, bambancin halittu, muhalli, da kuma hasashen biophilia galibi suna cikin jerin. Ƙungiyar masu kare muhalli ta ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban na magance matsalolin muhalli, ciki har da kare muhalli a kasuwa, kare muhalli a cikin bishara, da kuma ƙungiyar kare muhalli .A maƙasudinsa, kare muhalli wani yunƙuri ne na daidaita dangantaka tsakanin mutane da tsarin halitta daban-daban da suka dogara da su ta yadda dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinsa za a ba su ingantaccen matakin dorewa . [1] Ma'auni da sakamakon wannan daidaito suna da ce-ce-ku-ce kuma akwai hanyoyi daban-daban da za a iya bayyana damuwar muhalli a aikace. Sau da yawa launin kore ne ke wakiltar matsalolin muhalli da muhalli, [2] amma masana'antun tallatawa sun ware wannan haɗin gwiwa don dabarar da aka sani da korewashing . [3]Ana adawa da batun muhalli ta hanyar kyamar muhalli, wanda ke cewa Duniya ba ta da rauni kamar yadda wasu masu rajin kare muhalli ke fada, kuma yana nuna cewa kare muhalli a matsayin wanda ke mayar da martani fiye da kima ga gudummawar da dan adam ya bayar ga sauyin yanayi ko kuma wanda ke adawa da ci gaban dan adam. [1]Masanin muhalli mutum ne wanda zai iya yin magana game da muhallinmu na halitta da kuma kula da albarkatunsa mai ɗorewa ta hanyar sauye-sauye a manufofin jama'a ko halayen mutum ɗaya. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tallafawa ayyuka kamar amfani da bayanai, shirye-shiryen kiyayewa, saka hannun jari a albarkatun da ake sabuntawa, ingantattun hanyoyin inganta tattalin arziki, sauyawa zuwa sabbin dabarun lissafin kuɗi kamar tattalin arzikin muhalli, sabuntawa da farfaɗo da alaƙarmu da rayuwar da ba ta ɗan adam ba ko ma zaɓar rage yawan yara don rage amfani da su da matsin lamba kan albarkatu.Ta hanyoyi daban-daban (misali, fafutukar kare muhalli da zanga-zangar jama'a), masu rajin kare muhalli da kungiyoyin kare muhalli suna neman baiwa duniyar halitta karfi a harkokin bil'adama. [1]A takaice dai, masu rajin kare muhalli suna fafutukar tabbatar da dorewar tsarin kula da albarkatu, da kuma kare (da kuma maido da muhalli, idan ya zama dole) ta hanyar sauye-sauye a manufofin gwamnati da halayen mutum. A matsayinta na mai da hankali kan bil'adama a matsayin mai shiga cikin yanayin halittu, wannan motsi ya mayar da hankali ne kan muhalli, lafiya, da kuma 'yancin ɗan adam .Yunkurin muhalli (kalmar da wani lokacin ta haɗa da kiyayewa da ƙungiyoyin kore ) ƙungiya ce ta kimiyya, zamantakewa, da siyasa daban-daban. Duk da cewa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ne ke wakiltar wannan motsi, saboda haɗa shi da tsarin muhalli a cikin manhajar aji, [1] [2] ƙungiyar muhalli tana da ƙaramin alƙaluma fiye da yadda aka saba gani a sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa (duba tsofaffi masu launin kore ).

Tarihi

Damuwa game da kare muhalli ta sake faruwa a fannoni daban-daban, a sassa daban-daban na duniya, a tsawon tarihi. Ana iya samun ra'ayoyin farko na kare muhalli a cikin Jainism, addinin da ya samo asali daga tsohuwar Indiya wanda Mahavira ya sake farfaɗowa a ƙarni na 6 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Jainism yana ba da ra'ayi wanda ya dace da manyan dabi'u da ke da alaƙa da fafutukar kare muhalli, kamar kare rayuwa ta hanyar rashin tashin hankali, wanda zai iya samar da ƙa'idar muhalli mai ƙarfi don kare muhalli a duniya. Koyarwar Mahavira game da haɗin gwiwar dukkan halittu masu rai—da kuma abubuwa biyar na duniya, ruwa, iska, wuta, da sararin samaniya—su ne ginshiƙin tunanin muhalli a yau. [1] [2]A Yammacin Asiya, Khalifa Abubakar a cikin shekarun 630 AD ya umurci rundunarsa da su "Kada ku cutar da bishiyoyi, kada ku ƙone su da wuta," kuma "Kada ku kashe garken maƙiyi, sai dai don abincinku." [1] Rubuce-rubuce daban-daban na likitanci na Musulunci a ƙarni na 9 zuwa 13 sun shafi muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, ciki har da batun gurɓataccen yanayi. Marubutan irin wadannan littafai sun hada da Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Al-Razi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay, Isaac Israel ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, Ibn al-Quff, da Ibn al-Nafis . Ayyukansu sun shafi fannoni da dama da suka shafi gurɓatawa, kamar gurɓatar iska, gurɓatar ruwa, gurɓatar ƙasa, da kuma rashin kula da sharar gida ta birni ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Sun kuma haɗa da kimantawa kan tasirin wasu yankuna ga muhalli. [2]A cikin al'adar addinin cocin Katolika, firist Francis na Assisi ya nuna girmamawa mai zurfi ga muhallin halitta tun daga shekarar 1224. A cikin waƙarsa mai suna Canticle of the Sun, Francis ya bayar da yanayi na ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya don aiwatar da muhalli. [1] [2] Ya ɗaukaka ɗan adam don tabbatar da kasancewar allahntaka a cikin duniyar halitta yayin da yake yin tambaya game da ikon ɗan adam na muhalli, yana nuna kasancewar Allah a cikin halittarsa kuma yana roƙon ɗan adam da ya yi godiya ga wannan kasancewar ta hanyar miƙa yabo ta hanyar "... 'Yar'uwa Uwar Duniya, wadda ke kula da mu kuma take mulkinmu kuma wadda ke samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa iri-iri tare da furanni masu launi da ganye.. Yabo ya tabbata gare ka, Ubangijina, ta hanyar Iskar Ɗan'uwa, da kuma ta cikin iska, mai gajimare da natsuwa, da kuma kowace irin yanayi da kake ciyar da halittunka." [3] [4] [5]A Turai, Sarki Edward na ɗaya na Ingila ya haramta ƙonawa da sayar da " kwalwar ruwa " a shekara ta 1272 ta hanyar shela a Landan, bayan hayakinsa ya zama abin damuwa a ko'ina cikin birnin. [1] [2] Wannan man fetur, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a Landan saboda ƙarancin itace a yankin, an ba shi wannan sunan ne da farko saboda ana iya samunsa a wasu gaɓar teku, inda aka yi amfani da keken guragu. [3] Sarki Philip na biyu na Spain ya shahara da ƙaunarsa ga yanayi, wanda a cewar masanin tarihi Henry Kamen, ya mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin masana muhalli na farko a tarihin Turai. Ya bayar da umarni don kiyaye dazuzzukan Spain, inda ya lura a shekara ta 1582 cewa za su yi wa tsararraki masu zuwa ɓarna. [4]

Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu

Asalin motsin muhalli ya dogara ne akan martanin da aka samu game da karuwar gurɓatar hayaki a cikin yanayi a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu . Fitowar manyan masana'antu da kuma karuwar yawan amfani da kwal a lokaci guda ya haifar da gurɓataccen iska a cibiyoyin masana'antu; bayan shekara ta 1900, yawan fitar da sinadarai masu guba daga masana'antu ya ƙara yawan sharar ɗan adam da ba a yi wa magani ba. [1] Manyan dokokin muhalli na zamani na farko sun zo ne ta hanyar Dokar Alkali ta Burtaniya, wacce aka zartar a shekarar 1863, don daidaita gurɓatar iska mai illa ( gas hydrochloric acid ) da tsarin Leblanc ya samar, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da tokar soda . [2]A biranen masana'antu, ƙwararru da masu gyara na gida, musamman bayan 1890, sun jagoranci gano lalacewar muhalli da gurɓata muhalli, da kuma fara ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga tushe don buƙata da cimma gyare-gyare. [1] Yawanci mafi girman fifiko shine gurɓatar ruwa da iska.A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an fara aiwatar da dokokin kiyaye namun daji na farko. Masanin kimiyyar dabbobi Alfred Newton ya buga jerin bincike kan Bukatar kafa 'Lokaci Mai Kusa' don kiyaye dabbobin 'yan asalin ƙasar tsakanin 1872 da 1903. Yaƙin neman kafa dokoki don kare dabbobi daga farauta a lokacin haɗuwa ya haifar da kafa ƙungiyar Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye kuma ya rinjayi amincewa da Dokar Kare Tsuntsayen Teku a 1869 a matsayin dokar kare yanayi ta farko a duniya. [1] [2]Yunkurin a Amurka ya fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, saboda damuwar kare albarkatun ƙasa na Yamma, inda mutane kamar John Muir da Henry David Thoreau suka ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ta falsafa. Thoreau yana da sha'awar dangantakar mutane da yanayi kuma ya yi nazarin wannan ta hanyar rayuwa kusa da yanayi a cikin rayuwa mai sauƙi. Ya buga abubuwan da ya fuskanta a cikin littafin Walden, wanda ke jayayya cewa ya kamata mutane su kusanci yanayi sosai. Muir ya yi imani da haƙƙin halitta, musamman bayan ya shafe lokaci yana yawo a Yosemite Valley da kuma nazarin ilimin halittu da kuma ilimin ƙasa. Ya yi nasarar yin amfani da damarsa wajen kafa Yosemite National Park, sannan ya kafa Sierra Club a shekarar 1892. Ka'idojin masu kiyaye muhalli da kuma imani da haƙƙin yanayi na asali za su zama ginshiƙin muhalli na zamani.Imani da ya mamaye game da asalin farkon yanayin muhalli ya nuna cewa ya fito a matsayin martani na gida ga mummunan tasirin masana'antu a cikin ƙasashen Yamma da al'ummominsu. Dangane da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa, akwai ra'ayi da yawa cewa ƙungiyar kiyayewa ta fara ne a matsayin abin da ya fi jan hankali a Arewacin Amurka, tana mai da hankali kan kiyaye wuraren yanayi na gida. Duk da haka, wani ra'ayi da ba shi da yawa, ya danganta tushen farko na kare muhalli ga karuwar damuwar jama'a game da tasirin karfin tattalin arzikin kasashen Yamma, musamman dangane da mulkin mallaka, kan muhallin wurare masu zafi. [1] Richard Grove, a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a shekarar 1990, ya nuna cewa ba a ba da kulawa sosai ga mahimmancin gogewar mulkin mallaka ba, musamman ƙwarewar mulkin mallaka ta Turai, wajen tsara yanayin muhalli na Turai na farko. [1]A shekarar 1916, Shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson ne ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa . [1] Magabatan wannan motsi sun yi kira da a ƙara inganta kula da albarkatun ƙasa da ƙwarewa. Sun yi fafutukar kawo sauyi domin sun yi imanin cewa lalata dazuzzuka, ƙasa mai albarka, ma'adanai, namun daji, da albarkatun ruwa zai haifar da durƙushewar al'umma. [2]A shekarun 1950, 1960, da 1970, abubuwa da dama sun nuna girman lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke yi. A shekarar 1954, gwajin bam na hydrogen a Bikini Atoll ya fallasa ma'aikatan jirgin kamun kifi na Japan mai mutane 23 mai suna Lucky Dragon 5 ga mummunan hatsarin rediyo. An san wannan lamari da Castle Bravo, babbar na'urar nukiliya mafi girma da Amurka ta taɓa fashewa kuma ta farko a cikin jerin gwaje-gwajen ƙirar makaman nukiliya masu yawan amfani. [1] A shekarar 1967, jirgin ruwan mai Torrey Canyon ya yi karo da gabar tekun Cornwall, kuma a shekarar 1969, man ya zube daga wata rijiya a gabar tekun California a Santa Barbara Channel . A shekarar 1971, kammala wani shari'a a Japan ya jawo hankalin duniya game da tasirin gubar mercury na tsawon shekaru da dama ga mutanen Minamata . [2]A lokaci guda kuma, binciken kimiyya da ke tasowa ya jawo hankali ga barazanar da ake da ita da kuma ta hasashe ga muhalli da bil'adama. Daga cikinsu akwai Paul R. Ehrlich, wanda littafinsa The Population Bomb (1968) ya sake farfaɗo da damuwar Malthusian game da tasirin ƙaruwar yawan jama'a. Masanin ilmin halittu Barry Commoner ya haifar da muhawara game da ci gaba, wadata da "fasahar da ba ta da inganci." Bugu da ƙari, wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyya da shugabannin siyasa da aka sani da Club of Rome ta buga rahotonta mai suna The Limits to Growth a shekarar 1972, kuma ta jawo hankali ga ƙaruwar matsin lamba kan albarkatun ƙasa daga ayyukan ɗan adam.Wani babban ƙarfin adabi wajen haɓaka motsi na muhalli shine littafin Rachel Carson na 1962 mai suna Silent Spring game da raguwar yawan tsuntsaye sakamakon DDT, maganin kwari, gurɓataccen iska, da kuma ƙoƙarin ɗan adam na sarrafa yanayi ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan roba. Babban saƙonta ga masu karatunta shine gano yanayin halittu masu rikitarwa da kuma rauni da kuma barazanar da al'umma ke fuskanta. [1] Littafinta ya sayar da sama da kwafi miliyan biyu. [2]Littafin ya yi lissafin tasirin da fesawar DDT ba tare da la'akari da muhalli ke yi a Amurka, sannan ya yi tambaya game da dalilin sakin adadi mai yawa na sinadarai a cikin muhalli ba tare da fahimtar tasirinsu ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli ba. Littafin ya nuna cewa DDT da sauran magungunan kashe kwari na iya haifar da cutar kansa kuma amfani da su a noma barazana ce ga namun daji, musamman tsuntsaye. [1]Damuwar da jama'a suka nuna ta haifar da kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka a shekarar 1970 wadda daga baya ta haramta amfani da DDT a fannin noma a Amurka a shekarar 1972. [1] Amfani da DDT mai iyaka a fannin rage yaduwar cututtuka ya ci gaba har zuwa yau a wasu sassan duniya kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da cece-kuce. Gadon littafin shine samar da ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli da kuma sha'awar yadda mutane ke shafar muhalli. Da wannan sabon sha'awar muhalli ta zo ga sha'awar matsaloli kamar gurɓatar iska da malalar mai, kuma sha'awar muhalli ta ƙaru. Sabbin ƙungiyoyin matsin lamba sun kafa, musamman Greenpeace da Friends of the Earth (US), da kuma manyan ƙungiyoyi na gida kamar Wyoming Outdoor Council, wanda aka kafa a 1967. An kafa Greenpeace a shekarar 1971 a matsayin ƙungiya da ta yi imanin cewa fafutukar siyasa da dokoki ba su da tasiri ko kuma ba su da tasiri kuma suna goyon bayan ayyukan da ba su da tashin hankali. Daga shekarar 1962 zuwa 1998, ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta kafa ƙungiyoyi 772 na ƙasa a Amurka. [2]A shekarun 1970, ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta sami saurin gudu a duk faɗin duniya a matsayin wani ci gaba mai amfani daga ƙungiyar kare al'adu . [1]Jam'iyyun siyasa na farko a duniya da suka yi yakin neman zabe a kan dandamalin muhalli sune United Tasmania Group of Tasmania, Australia, da kuma Values Party of New Zealand. [1] [2] Jam'iyyar kore ta farko a Turai ita ce Popular Movement for the Environment, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1972 a yankin Neuchâtel na Switzerland. Jam'iyyar farko ta kore ta ƙasa a Turai ita ce PEOPLE, wacce aka kafa a Birtaniya a watan Fabrairun 1973, wadda daga ƙarshe ta rikide zuwa Jam'iyyar Ecology, sannan kuma Jam'iyyar Green .Kare muhalli ya kuma zama muhimmi a ƙasashe masu tasowa ; an kafa ƙungiyar Chipko a Indiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mahatma Gandhi kuma Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sunderlal Bahuguna da wasu shugabannin yankin ne suka jagoranta. Sun kafa juriyar lumana ga sare dazuzzuka ta hanyar rungumar bishiyoyi (wanda ya kai ga kalmar "masu rungumar bishiyoyi"). Chipko a zahiri yana fassara a matsayin kiran runguma a fili, kuma ya zama abin da aka san shi sosai kuma ana maimaita shi akai-akai a zanga-zangar jama'a don ceton bishiyoyi. Hanyoyin zanga-zangar lumana da taken "ilimin muhalli tattalin arziki ne na dindindin" sun yi tasiri sosai.Wani muhimmin ci gaba a cikin wannan motsi shine ƙirƙirar Ranar Duniya . An yi bikin Ranar Duniya ta farko a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1970. [1] An ƙirƙiri shi ne don wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin muhalli. A ranar 21 ga Maris 1971, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya U Thant ya yi magana game da wani jirgin sama mai sararin samaniya a Duniya a Ranar Duniya, inda ya yi magana game da ayyukan muhalli da duniya ke bayarwa a gare mu, don haka wajibinmu ne mu kare ta (da kuma da ita, da kanmu). Yanzu haka dai Cibiyar Rana ta Duniya ce ke tsara Ranar Duniya a duk duniya, [2] kuma ana bikinta a ƙasashe sama da 192 kowace shekara. [3] Wanda ya kafa ta, tsohon Sanata Gaylord Nelson na Wisconsin, ya sami kwarin gwiwa wajen ƙirƙirar wannan rana ta ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli bayan ganin malalar mai a bakin tekun Santa Barbara a shekarar 1969 .A shekarar 1972, an gudanar da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na Bil Adama a Stockholm, kuma a karon farko an haɗa wakilan gwamnatoci da dama a tattaunawa kan yanayin muhallin duniya. Ya nuna wani muhimmin ci gaba a fannin ci gaban siyasar muhalli ta duniya. [1] Wannan taron ya kai ga kafa hukumomin gwamnati na muhalli da kuma Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .Tsarin muhalli yana ci gaba da bunƙasa don fuskantar sabbin matsaloli kamar ɗumamar yanayi, yawan jama'a, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, da gurɓatar filastik . Duk da haka, bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 ya nuna raguwar sha'awar jama'ar Amurka a fannoni 19 daban-daban na kula da muhalli. [1]Tun daga shekarun 2000, ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta ƙara mai da hankali kan sauyin yanayi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali. Yayin da damuwar sauyin yanayi ta ƙara shiga cikin harkokin yau da kullun, tun daga alaƙar da ke tsakanin ɗumamar yanayi da guguwar Katrina zuwa fim ɗin Al Gore na 2006 mai suna An Inconvenient Truth, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli da yawa sun sake mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsu. A Amurka, a shekarar 2007, an gudanar da zanga-zangar muhalli mafi girma a cikin shekaru, wato Step It Up 2007, tare da yin gangami a cikin al'ummomi sama da 1,400 da dukkan jihohi 50 don neman mafita ta gaske game da dumamar yanayi. [1]Yaɗa da kuma shirya yajin aikin makarantu don magance yanayi ya fara ne bayan da wata daliba 'yar ƙasar Sweden Greta Thunberg ta gudanar da zanga-zanga a watan Agusta na 2018 a wajen majalisar dokoki ta Sweden. Yajin aikin sauyin yanayi na Satumbar 2019 wataƙila su ne manyan yajin aikin sauyin yanayi a tarihin duniya. [1] A shekarar 2019, wani bincike ya gano cewa ana kallon matsalar sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar matsala da duniya ke fuskanta a cikin kasashe bakwai daga cikin takwas da aka yi bincike a kansu. [2]Kungiyoyin addini da coci-coci daban-daban yanzu suna da shirye-shirye da ayyukan da aka keɓe don batutuwan muhalli. [1] Sau da yawa ana samun goyon bayan wannan motsi na addini ta hanyar fassarar nassosi. [2]

Jigogi

Wani sanannen nau'in kare muhalli ya fito ne daga falsafar ƙungiyar kiyaye muhalli . Masu kare muhalli suna damuwa da barin muhallin cikin yanayi mafi kyau fiye da yadda suka same shi daban da hulɗar ɗan adam. [1] [2] Yunkurin kiyayewa yana da alaƙa da farkon motsin muhalli na ƙarni na 19 da 20. [3]Karɓar tsarin muhalli zuwa wata akidar siyasa ta musamman ya haifar da ci gaban jam'iyyun siyasa da ake kira "jam'iyyun kore", galibi suna da tsarin siyasa na hagu don magance matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa masu rikitarwa ( siyasar kore ).

Muhalli na Bishara

Muhalli na Evangelical wani motsi ne na muhalli a Amurka inda wasu masu wa'azin Evangelical suka jaddada umarnin Littafi Mai Tsarki game da rawar da ɗan adam ke takawa a matsayin mai kula da halittu da kuma alhakin kula da halittu daga baya. Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli daban-daban, an fi saninta da mayar da hankali kan magance matsalolin yanayi daga mahangar tauhidi da aka gina bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki. Wannan motsi yana da cece-kuce a tsakanin wasu masu rajin kare muhalli waɗanda ba Kiristoci ba saboda tushensa daga wani addini na musamman.