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Epidemiology of schizophrenia

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Epidemiology of schizophrenia
epidemiology (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Is the study of (en) FassaraHauka

Schizophrenia yana shafar kusan kashi 0.3–0.7% na yawan jama'a a wani lokaci a rayuwa (watau yawan kamuwa da cutar a tsawon rayuwa), [1] ko 21 mutane miliyan a duk duniya kamar na shekarar 2020 (kimanin ɗaya daga cikin kowace 285). [2] Ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi masu inganci wajen gano cutar da kuma yawan jama'a, schizophrenia yana faruwa ne tare da daidaito a tsawon lokaci a cikin rabin ƙarni na ƙarshe. [3]

Duk da cewa ana da'awar cewa cutar schizophrenia tana faruwa a irin wannan yanayi a duk duniya, yawanta da kuma yadda take faruwa sun bambanta a duk duniya, [4] a cikin ƙasashe, [5] da kuma a matakin gida da unguwa. [6] Tana haifar da kusan kashi 1% na shekarun rayuwa da aka daidaita da nakasa a duniya (DALYs). [7] Yawan cutar schizophrenia ya bambanta har sau uku dangane da yadda aka bayyana ta. [1]

Maganin Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia ba wai kawai wata babbar cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da ke damun mutane ba, har ma tana iya haifar da wasu matsalolin lafiya sakamakon haka. Kimanin rabin mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar schizophrenia za a gano su da wata cuta ta hankali/halayya a rayuwarsu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da matsalar tsoro, matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali (PTSD), matsalar damuwa mai tsanani (OCD), matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya, da kuma matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa. [8] Waɗannan abubuwan suna sa rayuwar mutane ta ragu kimanin shekaru 28.5. [9] Wannan kuma ana kiranta da mace-macen da ba su kai lokacin haihuwa ba .

Ta hanyar shekaru da jinsi

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Ana gano cutar Schizophrenia sau 1.4 fiye da maza fiye da mata, kuma yawanci tana bayyana da wuri a cikin maza [7] - mafi girman shekarun da cutar schizophrenia ke farawa shine shekaru 20-28 ga maza da kuma shekaru 26-32 ga mata. [10] Ciwon schizophrenia na farko a lokacin ƙuruciya, kafin shekaru 13 wani lokacin yana iya faruwa. [11] Ciwon schizophrenia na iya faruwa daga baya tsakanin shekaru 40 zuwa 60, wanda aka sani da ciwon cyzophrenia na ƙarshe, da kuma bayan shekaru 60 da aka sani da ciwon cyzophrenia na ƙarshe. [12]

Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin shekarun da ake ɗauka a asibiti don magance cutar schizophrenia yana tsakanin 25 zuwa 35. Bincike ya nuna cewa mutane masu ƙarancin kuɗi galibi ana gano cutarsu daga baya bayan bayyanar alamun, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan matsayi a fannin tattalin arziki. Sakamakon haka, ƙananan azuzuwan zamantakewa sun fi fuskantar rashin lafiya ba tare da an yi musu magani ba. [3]

Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa mata suna kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia tsakanin shekaru 4-10 bayan takwarorinsu maza. [13] Duk da haka, ta amfani da manyan sharuɗɗa don gano cutar schizophrenia ya nuna cewa maza suna da shekaru biyu na fara cutar, tare da mafi girman shekaru 21.4 da shekaru 39.2, yayin da mata ke da shekaru uku na fara cutar tare da mafi girman shekaru 22.4, 36.6, da 61.5. [14]

Wannan ƙarin kololuwar cutar schizophrenia bayan fara haila a cikin mata ya haifar da tambaya game da asalin cutar kuma ya haifar da muhawara game da "ƙananan nau'ikan" schizophrenia, inda maza da mata ke iya kamuwa da nau'ikan daban-daban (duba dalilan schizophrenia ). Wannan ya ƙara tabbatar da bambancin bayyanar cutar tsakanin jinsi. [15]

Wasu ka'idoji da za su iya bayyana wannan bambanci sun haɗa da abubuwan kariya ko abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ga maza ko mata waɗanda za su iya sa su zama masu saurin kamuwa da cutar a wurare daban-daban na rayuwa. Misali, estrogen na iya zama abin kariya ga mata, domin an gano cewa estradiol yana da tasiri wajen magance cutar schizophrenia idan aka ƙara shi a cikin maganin rage radadi. [15]

Ta ƙasa

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A shekara ta 2000, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta gano cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia ya yi kama da na sauran sassan duniya, inda aka tsara yawan kamuwa da cutar a cikin shekaru ga kowane mutum 100,000, daga 343 a Afirka zuwa 544 a Japan da Oceania ga maza, sannan daga 378 a Afirka zuwa 527 a Kudu maso Gabashin Turai ga mata. [16]

Duk da haka, tasirin schizophrenia ya fi yawa a Oceania, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Gabashin Asiya, yayin da ƙasashen Ostiraliya, Japan, Amurka, da mafi yawan Turai galibi ba su da ƙarancin tasiri. Duk da kusancin yanki, ƙimar DALY ta schizophrenia a Indonesia kusan ninki biyu ne na Ostiraliya (ƙasashen da ke da mafi girma da mafi ƙanƙanta ƙimar DALY). Bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙimar DALY da yawan jama'a na iya tasowa daga bambance-bambancen da ke akwai a cikin samun maganin likita: shekarun da suka rayu tare da cututtukan kwakwalwa suna ɗauke da ƙimar DALY mafi girma idan ba a ba su magani ba fiye da lokacin da aka ba su magani. [16]

Amurka

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Schizophrenia cuta ce da ba kasafai ake samunta ba da ke shafar kusan Amurkawa miliyan 3.2 a Amurka. Haka kuma, a cikin matsakaicin shekara, kimanin mutane 100,000 za a gano suna da cutar schizophrenia. [17] A shekarar 2010, an kwantar da kimanin mutane 397,200 a asibiti saboda cutar schizophrenia a Amurka. An sake kwantar da kimanin mutane 88,600 (22.3%) cikin kwanaki 30.

Ta hanyar launin fata

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A Yammacin Turai an rubuta cewa ƙungiyoyin baƙi sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia. Ƙungiyoyin baƙi da suka fi yawa a cikin ƙaruwar ganewar cutar schizophrenia asalinsu baƙar fata ne. [18] Mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia sun fito ne daga ƙabilar Afro-Caribbean da waɗanda ke da asalin Afirka baƙar fata. [18] A Amurka, an gano cewa 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia sau uku, kuma idan aka yi la'akari da matsayin tattalin arziki, sun fi yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia sau biyu fiye da takwarorinsu fararen fata. [18] Duk da haka, an gano cewa waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar schizophrenia a ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da kyakkyawan tsari da sakamako fiye da takwarorinsu a ƙasashe masu masana'antu. [19] Waɗannan ingantattun sakamakon na iya zama saboda waɗannan ƙasashen suna mai da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane. [19]

Kula da haihuwa kafin haihuwa

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A cikin gwaje-gwaje guda biyu na halitta da aka gudanar kan al'ummomin da suka fuskanci yunwa, an lura da yawan kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia. A lokacin Yunwa ta ƙasar Sin (1950s) da kuma Yaƙin Yunwa na Holland (1944-1945), ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyar da aka fallasa sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia fiye da ƙungiyoyin da ba a fallasa su ba. [20] Yana yiwuwa ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin haihuwa yana taka rawa wajen ci gaban cutar schizophrenia, musamman rashin ƙananan sinadarai masu gina jiki. Ƙasashen da ke da ƙarancin kulawar haihuwa, ƙarancin wadataccen abinci, ko ƙasashe masu tasowa na iya samun ƙaruwar kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia, amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da wannan hasashe. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Lokacin Haihuwa

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An gano cewa wannan cutar tana da alaƙa da lokacin haihuwa. An san cewa mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar sun fi kamuwa da cutar a lokacin hunturu. Duk da cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da ita ƙarami ne, mutanen da aka haifa a lokacin hunturu sun fi kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia da kashi 10% fiye da waɗanda aka haifa a lokacin bazara. [1] An gano cewa abubuwan da suka haɗa da yanayi a waɗannan watanni sun shafi yawan wannan cutar. [2]

Amfani da Wiwi

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Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun danganta schizophrenia da amfani da wiwi. Bincike ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin yanayin kwayoyin halitta na rashin lafiyar amfani da wiwi da schizophrenia, kodayake shaidu sun kasance iri ɗaya game da yadda suke faruwa akai-akai tare. [21]

Cututtuka da Cututtukan da ke Haifa Uwa

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Baya ga lokacin haihuwar yaro da aka gano yana da cutar Schizophrenia, jerin nazarin muhalli sun gano cewa lokacin da iyaye mata ke cikin watanni uku na ciki lokacin da annobar mura ta taso, akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia a tsakanin yaran. Wannan yana haifar da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar uwa da kuma ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka a cikin 'ya'yan. Haka kuma, abubuwan da ke haifar da uwa da jariri na iya haifar da wannan ƙaruwar haɗarin. Abubuwa da yawa da suka haɗa da rashin bitamin D na uwa yayin da take da juna biyu da haihuwa a lokacin hunturu da kuma ƙarancin zafin jiki na tayin da ke akwai a lokacin watanni masu sanyi suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin hasashe na rashin aiki na uwa da tayin. [22] Sauran cututtuka da cututtuka a cikin uwaye masu juna biyu an danganta su da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, uwaye waɗanda ke da ƙwayar cutar herpes simplex, meningitis, har ma da cutar celiac. A cikin wani bincike na Denmark, yaran da uwayensu ke da cutar celiac sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia a rayuwa daga baya. [22]

Duba kuma

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  • Yaɗuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa
  • Bambancin jinsi a cikin schizophrenia

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 van Os J, Kapur S (August 2009). "Schizophrenia". Lancet. 374 (9690): 635–645. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8. PMID 19700006. S2CID 208792724. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lancet09" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ "Schizophrenia". World Health Organization. 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  3. 1 2 Häfner H, an der Heiden W (March 1997). "Epidemiology of schizophrenia". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 182 (2): 139–151. doi:10.1177/070674379704200204. PMID 9067063. S2CID 24401109. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CJP97" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, et al. (1992). "Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study". Psychological Medicine. Monograph Supplement. 20: 1–97. doi:10.1017/S0264180100000904. PMID 1565705. S2CID 44841074.
  5. ↑ Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Tarrant J, et al. (March 2006). "Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: findings from the 3-center AeSOP study". Archives of General Psychiatry. 63 (3): 250–258. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.250. PMID 16520429. S2CID 11825440.
  6. ↑ Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Murray RM, Jones PB (June 2007). "Neighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 42 (6): 4998–445. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0193-0. PMID 17473901. S2CID 19655724.
  7. 1 2 Picchioni MM, Murray RM (July 2007). "Schizophrenia". BMJ. 335 (7610): 91–95. doi:10.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE. PMC 1914490. PMID 17626963. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BMJ07" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. ↑ Buckley, Peter; Miller, Brian; Lehrer, Douglas; Castle, David (November 14, 2008). "Psychiatric Comorbidities and Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 35 (2): 383–402. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn135. PMC 2659306. PMID 19011234.
  9. ↑ "NIMH » Schizophrenia". www.nimh.nih.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  10. ↑ Castle D, Wessely S, Der G, Murray RM (December 1991). "The incidence of operationally defined schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965-84". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (6): 790–794. doi:10.1192/bjp.159.6.790. PMID 1790446. S2CID 41661565.
  11. ↑ Da Fonseca D, Fourneret P (December 2018). "[Very early onset schizophrenia]". L'Encéphale. 44 (6S): S8–S11. doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(19)30071-5. PMID 30935493. S2CID 150798223.
  12. ↑ Murante T, Cohen CI (January 2017). "Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults With Schizophrenia". Focus. 15 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20160032. PMC 6519630. PMID 31975837.
  13. ↑ Häfner H, Maurer K, Löffler W, Fätkenheuer B, an der Heiden W, Riecher-Rössler A, et al. (April 1994). "The epidemiology of early schizophrenia. Influence of age and gender on onset and early course". The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 164 (23): 29–38. doi:10.1192/S0007125000292714. PMID 8037899. S2CID 39681522.
  14. ↑ Castle D, Sham P, Murray R (October 1998). "Differences in distribution of ages of onset in males and females with schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 33 (3): 179–183. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00070-x. PMID 9789910. S2CID 22355423.
  15. 1 2 Kulkarni J, Riedel A, de Castella AR, Fitzgerald PB, Rolfe TJ, Taffe J, Burger H (March 2001). "Estrogen - a potential treatment for schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 48 (1): 137–144. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00088-8. PMID 11278160. S2CID 42146691. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kulkarni2001" defined multiple times with different content.
  16. 1 2 "Global burden of schizophrenia in the year 2000" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved February 27, 2013. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "who" defined multiple times with different content.
  17. ↑ "Schizophrenia Symptoms, Patterns And Statistics And Patterns". MentalHelp.net. 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  18. 1 2 3 Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Brown A, Schaefer C, Sohler N, Insel B, et al. (August 2007). "Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: another example of health disparity?". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (4): 751–758. doi:10.1093/ije/dym041. PMID 17440031.
  19. 1 2 Bae SW, Brekke JS (2002-01-01). "Characteristics of Korean-Americans with schizophrenia: a cross-ethnic comparison with African-Americans, Latinos, and Euro-Americans". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 28 (4): 703–717. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.583.5715. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006974. PMID 12795500.
  20. ↑ Brown AS, Susser ES (November 2008). "Prenatal nutritional deficiency and risk of adult schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (6): 1054–1063. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn096. PMC 2632499. PMID 18682377.
  21. ↑ Johnson EC, Hatoum AS, Deak JD, Polimanti R, Murray RM, Edenberg HJ, et al. (November 2021). "The relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia: a genetically informed perspective". Addiction. 116 (11): 3227–3234. doi:10.1111/add.15534. PMC 8492483 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33950550 Check |pmid= value (help).
  22. 1 2 Messias, Erick; Chen, Chuan-Yu; Eaton, William W. (September 2007). "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 323–338. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2007.04.007. ISSN 0193-953X. PMC 2727721. PMID 17720026.
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