Ernst Mach
Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (18 Fabrairu 1838 – 19 Fabrairu 1916) ɗan ilimin lissafi, ƙwararren masanin falsafa da malamci ne daga ƙasar Austria. Ya sanar da kansa ta hanyar manyan gudummuwa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da falsafa, musamman wajen fahimtar yadda ƙwayoyin iska ke motsi da girman saurin amo (shock waves).
Rayuwa da Ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haife shi a Brno, Moravia, wanda a lokacin yake ƙarƙashin Daular Austriya.
Ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Vienna, inda ya samu digiri na Ph.D. a 1860, sannan digiri na “habilitation” na Dr. phil. hab. a 1861.
Ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da dama—misali University of Graz, Charles-Ferdinand University (Prague), da University of Vienna.
Ayyuka a Fannin Kimiyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mach ya yi bincike a fannonin haske da sauti (optics da acoustics), musamman yadda haske ke yaduwa, rarrabuwa (diffraction), yanzuwar sauti da dai sauransu.
Wata mahimmiyar gudummawarsa ita ce gano “shock waves” da kuma yadda ake samar da su idan abu ya yi tafiya cikin iska ko wani ruwa da sauri fiye da saurin sauti.
Hakanan, an san shi saboda Mach number, wanda shi ne ƙididdigar da ke nuna yadda saurin wani abu yake idan aka kwatanta shi da saurin sauti.
Falsafa da Ra’ayoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mach ya yi tasiri sosai ga falsafar kimiyya. Ya ba da gudummawa wajen gina gudummawar logical positivism da kuma tunanin falsafa da yawa gara da falsafar pragmatism.
Ya yi sukar wasu daga cikin ƙa’idodin Isaac Newton musamman game da “Newton’s bucket argument” wadda ta shafi yadda ake ɗaukar sarari (space) da lokaci (time) a matsayin abubuwa masu zaman kansu.
Daga cikin mahimman ra’ayoyinsa akwai empirio-criticism, wato ra’ayin cewa abinda mutum zai iya sani daidai shi ne abubuwan da aka ji kai tsaye ko aka gani (sensations), kuma ilimin kimiyya ya kamata ya dogara da wannan.
Gudummawa a Fannin Fisiology da Fahimtar Sani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya yi nazari akan yadda hankalin mutum (perception) yake, misali yadda gano bambanci tsakanin haske a gefuna (edges) yake, wanda ya haifar da abin da ake kira “Mach bands” a Turanci.
A fannin jin motsi da daidaita ƙasa da jiki (balance), Mach ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da suka nuna yadda cikin kunne (inner ear) da kwakwalwa ke aiki wajen gane lokaci da kuzari idan mutum ya motsa.
Sauran Bayanai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mach ya yi tasiri sosai ga Albert Einstein, musamman ma ta wajen tunaninsa game da sarari da lokaci da kuma ka’idojin da suka gabata na Newton.
An san cewa Mach ya yi ritaya daga aiki saboda wasu matsalolin lafiya, ciki har da bugun zuciya (stroke) da ya haifar da nakasa wani bangare na jikinsa.
Ya mutu ne a ranar 19 Fabrairu 1916 a Vaterstetten, Bavaria, a lokacin da ya kasance a Jamhuriyar Jamus.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]"Mach". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
"Ernst Mach". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Blackmore 1972.
Sonnert 2005, p. 221.
Cohen & Seeger 1975, p. 158: And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist.
Blackmore 1972, p. 293, Chapter 18 – Mach and Buddhism: Mach was logically a Buddhist and illogically a believer in science.