Erwin Planck
Erwin Planck (12 Maris 1893 - 23 Janairu 1945) ɗan siyasa Jamus ne, kuma mai gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin Nazi .
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haife shi a Charlottenburg (a yau wani ɓangare na Berlin), Erwin Planck shi ne ɗan na huɗu na masanin kimiyyar Nobel Max Planck (1858-1947) da matarsa ta farko Marie, née Merck (1861-1909). Mahaifinsa ya rike farfesa a Jami'ar Berlin Frederick William tun 1889 kuma ya zama sanannen memba na Jamusanci Physical Society (DPG); 'ya'yansa sun girma a cikin yanayi mai arziki na mulkin mallaka na Grunewald.
Bayan ya sami digiri na Abitur a 1911, Erwin Planck ya bi aiki a matsayin jami'in Sojojin Jamus. A yakin duniya na, nan da nan ya sami kansa a matsayin fursuna na sojojin Faransa a shekara ta 1914. Planck ya koma Jamus a 1917 kuma yana aiki a kan Janar Staff. A can, ya sadu da Manjo Kurt von Schleicher, farkon abota ta dindindin.
Bayan yakin, Manjo Schleicher ya zama shugaban sashen siyasa a sabuwar Reichswehr" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Ma'aikatar Reichswehr kuma, a cikin 1920, ya nada Planck mataimakinsa. A watan Janairun 1924, Schleicher ya tura shi a matsayin jami'in hulɗa zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Reich, inda Planck ya zama jami'in gwamnati bayan ya bar sojojin Reichswehr a 1926. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Brüning a 1932, ya zama mataimakin minista a karkashin Chancellor Franz von Papen, kuma ya riƙe wannan mukamin lokacin da aka nada Schleicher da kansa a matsayin Chancellor na Reich a watan Disamba. Planck ya ba da gudummawa ga Schleicher's Querfront don samun goyon bayan Nazi ga gwamnatinsa, kodayake ba shi da amfani.
Bayan da Schleicher ya yi murabus kuma aka nada Adolf Hitler a matsayin Shugaba a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 1933, Planck ya yi ritaya na wucin gadi kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje zuwa Gabashin Asiya na shekara guda. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya dawo Jamus, mambobin Sicherheitsdienst (SD) sun harbe Kurt von Schleicher da matarsa a gidansu na Babelsberg a cikin Night of the Long Knives a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1934. Planck ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami bayani game da kisan abokinsa. Ya kuma gudanar da tattaunawa da yawa tare da Janar Werner von Fritsch wanda, duk da haka, bai kai ga wani ƙarshe ba.
A cikin 1936, Planck ya canza hanyoyin aiki kuma ya shiga kasuwanci, ya zama babban ma'aikaci a ƙungiyar kamfanonin Otto Wolff, babban kamfani a Cologne. A shekara ta 1939, ya ɗauki shugabancin ofishin reshen Berlin.
A watan Agustan 1939, a gaban yakin duniya na biyu, wata kungiya da ta hada da Ministan kudi na Prussian Johannes Popitz, Planck, da shugaban Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht sun kusanci Janar Georg Thomas, shugaban Ofishin Tattalin Arziki da Makamai, suna rokonsa ya hana barkewar mamayewar Poland mai zuwa. Thomas ya amince ya rubuta wata yarjejeniya ga shugabansu, OKW Cif Wilhelm Keitel, inda ya bayyana cewa yaƙi da Poland zai haifar da yakin duniya wanda Jamus ba za ta iya cin nasara ba saboda matsalolin samarwa. Koyaya, Keitel ya yi ƙoƙari ya rage tsoron Thomas ta hanyar gaya masa cewa Hitler ba ya shirin irin wannan yaƙi.
A cikin 1940, Planck, Popitz, Ulrich von Hassell da Janar Ludwig Beck sun tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi", a kan zaton cewa harin da ke zuwa kan Yammacin Gabas zai haifar da juyin mulkin Hitler. Ko da bayan haka, Planck ya kasance a cikin masu tsayayya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a kusa da Carl Friedrich Goerdeler kuma ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen makircin 20 ga Yuli. Wannan ya haifar da kama shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1944, bayan haka aka kai shi hedkwatar Gestapo a Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA).
An yanke wa Erwin Planck hukuncin kisa a cikin shari'ar nunawa a "Court of People" (Volksgerichtshof) a ranar 23 ga Oktoba. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Max Planck da kansa ya rubuta wasika ga Adolf Hitler yana rokon rayuwar Erwin, roƙon da aka yi watsi da shi.[1] An kashe Planck ta hanyar ratayewa a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1945 a gidan yarin Plötzensee a Berlin.
Alamar Tunawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]_Königliches_Joachimsthalsches_Gymnasium.JPG)
Ana iya samun takardar tunawa da Erwin Planck da 'yan uwansa Paul von Hase da Ernst von Harnack a tsohuwar makarantarsa, Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium a cikin garin Berlin na Wilmersdorf.