Erwin Rommel
Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel (mai suna [ˈɛɐviːn ˈʁɔməl] i; 15 ga Nuwamba 1891 - 14 ga Oktoba 1944), wanda aka fi sani da The Desert Fox (Jamusanci: , mai suna [ˈvyːstn̩ˌfʊks] i), ya kasance Janarfeldmarschall na Jamus (marshal) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II . Ya yi aiki a cikin Wehrmacht na Nazi Jamus, da kuma a cikin Reichswehr na Jamhuriyar Weimar, da Sojojin Imperial na Daular Jamus na Daular Jamusanci.dededeGerman_IPA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> de
Rommel ya kasance jami'in da aka yi wa ado sosai a yakin duniya na farko kuma an ba shi kyautar Pour le Mérite saboda ayyukansa a kan Italiyanci. A shekara ta 1937, ya wallafa littafinsa na gargajiya game da dabarun soja, Infantry Attacks, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ya samu a wannan yakin. A yakin duniya na biyu, ya umurci rundunar Panzer ta 7 a lokacin mamayewar Faransa ta 1940. Jagorantarsa na sojojin Jamus da Italiya a Yakin Arewacin Afirka ya kafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin kwamandojin tanki mafi ƙwarewa na yaƙin, kuma ya ba shi laƙabi der Wüstenfuchs, "The Desert Fox". Daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa na Burtaniya yana da suna don jaruntaka, kuma an yi amfani da kalmarsa "yaƙi ba tare da ƙiyayya ba" don bayyana yakin Arewacin Afirka. Sauran masana tarihi sun ki amincewa da wannan magana a matsayin tatsuniya, suna ambaton laifuka a kan al'ummar Yahudawa na Arewacin Afirka. Wasu sun lura cewa babu wata hujja da ta dace da Rommel ya shiga ko kuma ya san waɗannan laifuka.[1] Daga baya ya umarci sojojin Jamus da ke adawa da mamayewar Allied na Normandy a watan Yunin 1944.
After the Nazis gained power, Rommel pledged allegiance to the new regime. However, historians have given different accounts of the specific period and his motivations.[2] At least until near the war's end, he was a loyal supporter of Adolf Hitler, but not to the Nazi party and SS.[3] In 1944, Rommel was implicated in the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler. Subsequently, Rommel was given a choice between suicide or facing a trial that would result in his disgrace and execution. He ultimately chose the former and took a cyanide pill. Rommel was given a state funeral, and it was announced he had succumbed to injuries from the strafing of his car in Normandy. He is considered the most well-known general on any side of World War II, with his actions in the war still attracting major attention until this day.
Rommel ya zama mutum mafi girma fiye da rayuwa a cikin farfagandar Allied da Nazi, da kuma al'adun gargajiya na bayan yakin. Marubutan da yawa sun nuna shi a matsayin mai ba da izini ga siyasa, kwamandan basira kuma wanda aka azabtar da Nazi Jamus, kodayake wasu sun kalubalanci wannan kimantawa kuma sun kira shi "labari na Rommel". An yi amfani da sunan Rommel na gudanar da yaki mai tsabta don amfanin sake makamai na Jamus ta Yamma da sulhu tsakanin tsoffin abokan gaba - Burtaniya da Amurka a gefe ɗaya da sabuwar Tarayyar Jamus a ɗayan. Da yawa daga cikin tsoffin ma'aikatan Rommel, musamman shugaban ma'aikatansa Hans Speidel, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a sake makamai da haɗin kai a cikin NATO a zamanin bayan yakin. Babban sansanin soja na Sojojin Jamus, Field Marshal Rommel Barracks, Augustdorf, da jirgin ruwa na uku na mai rushewar Lütjens na Sojojan Ruwa na Jamus dukansu suna da suna don girmama shi. Ɗansa Manfred Rommel ya kasance magajin gari na Stuttgart, Jamus kuma mai suna Filin jirgin saman Stuttgart.
Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Rommel a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1891 a Heidenheim, kilomita 45 (28 daga Ulm, a cikin Masarautar Württemberg, sannan wani ɓangare na Daular Jamus. Shi ne na uku cikin 'ya'ya biyar ga Erwin Rommel Senior (1860-1913) da matarsa Helene von Luz . Mahaifinta, Karl von Luz, ya jagoranci majalisar karamar hukuma. Yayinda yake saurayi, mahaifin Rommel ya kasance mataimakin bindigogi. Rommel yana da wata 'yar'uwa mai girma wacce ta kasance malamin fasaha kuma 'yar'uwarsa da ya fi so, wani ɗan'uwa mai suna Manfred wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri, da kuma' yan uwansa maza biyu, wanda ɗayan ya zama likitan hakora mai cin nasara ɗayan kuma mawaƙin opera.[4]
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Rommel ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Württemberg No. 124 a Weingarten a matsayin Fähnrich (Alamar), a cikin 1910, yana karatu a Makarantar Jami'in Cadet a Danzig . [5] Ya kammala karatu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1911 kuma an ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin a watan Janairun shekara ta 1912 kuma an sanya shi a cikin rundunar sojan ƙasa ta 124 a Weingarten.[6] An tura shi zuwa Ulm a watan Maris na shekara ta 1914 zuwa 49th Field Artillery Regiment, XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps, a matsayin kwamandan batir. Ya koma 124th lokacin da aka ayyana yakin.[6] Yayinda yake a Makarantar Cadet, Rommel ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, Lucia (Lucie) Maria Mollin (1894-1971), mai shekaru 17 na asalin Italiyanci da Poland.[6]
Yaƙin Duniya na I
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, Rommel ya yi yaƙi a Faransa da kuma yakin Romania, musamman a Yaƙin Na Biyu na Kwarin Jiu, da kuma yakin Italiya. Ya yi nasarar amfani da dabarun shiga cikin layin abokan gaba tare da wuta mai nauyi tare da ci gaba mai sauri, da kuma ci gaba da sauri zuwa matsayi na gefe don isa bayan matsayi na abokan gaba, don cimma burin mamaki.[7] Kwarewarsa ta farko ta yaƙi ta kasance a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1914 a matsayin kwamandan rukuni a kusa da Verdun, lokacin da - kama dakarun Faransa ba tare da shiri ba - Rommel da mutane uku sun bude musu wuta ba tare da umarnin sauran rukuni ba.[4] Sojojin sun ci gaba da fada a cikin rikice-rikice a cikin watan Satumba, yayin da yakin basasa na yau da kullun na yakin ya kasance a nan gaba.[4] Don ayyukansa a watan Satumbar 1914 da Janairu 1915, an ba Rommel lambar yabo ta Iron Cross, Class na biyu.[4] An ci gaba da Rommel zuwa Oberleutnant (na farko) kuma an sauya shi zuwa sabuwar Royal Wurttemberg Mountain Battalion na Alpenkorps a watan Satumbar 1915, a matsayin kwamandan kamfanin.[4] A watan Nuwamba 1916 a Danzig, Rommel da Lucia sun yi aure.[4]
A watan Agustan 1917, ƙungiyarsa ta shiga cikin yakin Coșna Hill, wani manufa mai ƙarfi a kan iyakar tsakanin Hungary da Romania, wanda suka ɗauka bayan makonni na gwagwarmaya mai wuya.[4] An sanya Battalion na Dutsen a gaba zuwa Isonzo, a wani yanki mai tsaunuka a Italiya. Harin, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Caporetto, ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1917.[6] Rukunin Rommel, wanda ya kunshi kamfanonin bindiga guda uku da ƙungiyar bindiga, ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙari na ɗaukar matsayi na abokan gaba a kan duwatsu uku: Kolovrat, Matajur, da Stol.[5] Daga 25 zuwa 27 ga Oktoba, Rommel da mutanensa 150 sun kama bindigogi 81 da mutane 9,000, a asarar mutane shida da suka mutu da 30 da suka ji rauni.[5] Rommel ya cimma wannan ta hanyar amfani da filin don ya kori sojojin Italiya, ya kai hari daga hanyoyin da ba a tsammani ba ko a bayan layin abokan gaba, kuma ya fara kai farmaki lokacin da yake da umarni akasin haka. A wani misali, sojojin Italiya, da aka kama da mamaki kuma suna gaskata cewa layin su sun rushe, sun mika wuya bayan ɗan gajeren wuta.[6] A cikin wannan yaƙin, Rommel ya taimaka wajen gabatar da dabarun shiga, sabon nau'in yaƙi da sojojin Jamus suka karɓa, kuma daga baya sojojin kasashen waje, kuma daga bisani wasu suka bayyana shi a matsayin Blitzkrieg ba tare da tankuna ba.[8][9] Koyaya, bai taka rawar gani ba a farkon karɓar Blitzkrieg a Yaƙin Duniya na II.[10]
Da yake aiki a matsayin mai tsaron gaba a kama Longarone a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1917, Rommel ya sake yanke shawarar kai hari tare da ƙaramin karfi. Da yake sun gamsu cewa duk ƙungiyar Jamus ce ta kewaye su, ƙungiyar sojan Italiya ta 1 - maza 10,000 - sun mika wuya ga Rommel. Don wannan da ayyukansa a Matajur, ya sami umarnin Pour le Mérite.[8]
A watan Janairun 1918, an kara wa Rommel girma zuwa Hauptmann (kyaftin) kuma an sanya shi a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin rundunar soji ta 64, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa karshen yakin.[11] A cikin littafinsa Infanterie greift an, Rommel ya rubuta dalla-dalla game da ayyukansa a lokacin yakin duniya na .
Lokacin tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rommel ya kasance tare da 124th Regiment har zuwa Oktoba 1920.[1] Rundunar ta shiga cikin murkushe rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen farar hula da ke faruwa a duk faɗin Jamus.[1] Duk inda ya yiwu, Rommel ya guji yin amfani da karfi.[1] A cikin 1919, an tura shi zuwa Friedrichshafen a kan Tafkin Constance, inda ya dawo da tsari ta hanyar "cikakken karfi na mutum" a cikin Kamfanin Tsaro na Cikin Gida na 32, wanda ya kunshi 'yan tawaye da masu goyon bayan kwaminisanci.[1] Ya yanke shawarar adawa da mamayewa kusa da Lindau, wanda 'yan kwaminisanci masu juyin juya hali suka karbe.[1] Maimakon haka, Rommel ya tattauna da majalisar birni kuma ya mayar da shi ga gwamnati ta hanyar diflomasiyya.[1][1] Wannan ya biyo bayan kare Schwäbisch Gmünd, kuma ba tare da jini ba.[1] Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Ruhr, inda Sojojin Red Army ke da alhakin tayar da tashin hankali. Masanin tarihi Raffael Scheck [de] [de] ya yaba wa Rommel a matsayin mai hankali da matsakaici, na musamman a cikin yawancin mamaye biranen juyin juya hali ta hanyar raka'a na yau da kullun da ba daidai ba da kuma tashin hankali da ke tattare da shi.[1]
A cewar Reuth, wannan lokacin ya ba Rommel ra'ayi marar ganuwa cewa "Kowane mutum a cikin wannan Jamhuriyar yana fada da juna", tare da kwarewar kai tsaye na mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari su canza Jamus zuwa jamhuriyar gurguzu a kan layin Soviet. Kamar Rommel, Hitler ya san hadin kan yaƙi kuma ya shiga cikin murkushewar Reichswehr na Jamhuriyar Soviet ta farko da ta biyu. Bukatar hadin kan kasa ta haka ne ya zama gado na yakin duniya na farko.[12] Brighton ya lura cewa yayin da dukansu biyu suka yi imani da tatsuniyar Stab-in-the-back, Rommel ya sami nasarar amfani da hanyoyin zaman lafiya saboda ya ga matsalar tana da alaƙa da tattalin arziki, maimakon Judeo-Bolshevism - wanda sojoji na dama kamar Hitler suka zargi rikici.[13]
A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1920, an nada Rommel a matsayin kwamandan kamfani tare da 13th Infantry Regiment a Stuttgart, mukamin da ya rike na shekaru tara masu zuwa.[6] Daga nan aka sanya shi a matsayin koyarwa a Makarantar Sojojin Dresden daga 1929 zuwa 1933. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1932, an kara shi zuwa babban jami'i.[5] Yayinda yake a Dresden, ya rubuta wani jagora game da horar da sojoji, wanda aka buga a 1934. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1933, an kara shi zuwa Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) kuma an ba shi umurninsa na gaba, 3rd Jäger Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, wanda aka ajiye a Goslar.[4] A can ne ya fara saduwa da Adolf Hitler, wanda ya bincika dakarunsa a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1934.[7]
A watan Satumbar 1935, an tura Rommel zuwa Potsdam)" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kriegsschule (Potsdam)">daga]-linkid="427" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Kriegsschule (Potsdam)"},"lt":{"wt":"Kriegsschule"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Kriegsschule (Potsdam)"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Kriegsschule_(Potsdam)?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwAVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kriegsschule (Potsdam)" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Kriegsschule [de] (War Academy) a Potsdam a matsayin malami, yana aiki na shekaru uku masu zuwa.[4] Littafinsa Infanterie greift an (Infantry Attacks), bayanin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yaƙi tare da bincikensa, an buga shi a 1937. Ya zama mafi kyawun sayarwa, wanda, a cewar Scheck, daga baya "ya yi tasiri sosai" ga sojoji da yawa.[14] Hitler ya mallaki kwafin.[6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Gabel 2014.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "FrankAllg112012". - ↑ Searle 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fraser 1993.
- 1 2 3 4 Hoffman 2004.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Butler 2015.
- 1 2 Lewin 1998.
- 1 2 Remy 2002.
- ↑ House 1985.
- ↑ Carver 2005.
- ↑ Young 1950.
- ↑ Reuth 2005.
- ↑ Brighton 2008.
- ↑ Scheck 2010.