Eugenics
{{Databox}
 |
 Ka duba wannan shafin domin sanin yanda zaka gyara wannan mukalar Koyon rubuta mukala  Akwai yuwar admin ya goge wannan shafin matukar ba'a inganta ta ba. |
}
._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg)
Eugenics [lower-alpha 1] wani tsari ne na imani da ayyuka da aka ƙi amincewa da su waɗanda ke da nufin inganta ingancin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam . [2] [3] A tarihi, masu ilimin halittar ɗan adam sun yi ƙoƙarin canza yawan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban na ɗan adam ta hanyar hana haihuwa ga waɗanda ake ɗauka marasa kyau, ko kuma haɓaka na waɗanda ake ɗauka mafi kyau.
Tarihin zamani na eugenics ya fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, lokacin da wata ƙungiyar eugenics ta shahara ta bayyana a Burtaniya, [4] sannan ta bazu zuwa ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya, [5] da yawancin ƙasashen Turai (misali, Sweden da Jamus ).
A tarihi, ana amfani da ra'ayin eugenics don yin jayayya game da ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga kula da mata masu juna biyu da ake ganin suna da sha'awar kwayoyin halitta zuwa tilasta musu haihuwa da kuma kashe waɗanda ake ganin ba su da kyau. Ga masana kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, kalmar ta haɗa da guje wa haihuwa ba tare da canza mitoci na allele ba; misali, masanin kimiyyar Birtaniya-Indiya JBS Haldane ya rubuta a cikin 1940 cewa "bas ɗin motar, ta hanyar raba al'ummomin ƙauyukan da aka haifa, ya kasance wakili mai ƙarfi na eugenic." [6] Muhawara kan abin da ya cancanci eugenics ya ci gaba a yau.
Wani ci gaba na zamantakewa da ke haɓaka ilimin eugenics ya samo asali ne a ƙarni na 19, [1] [2] [3] tare da tallafi daban-daban, amma a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kalmar tana da alaƙa da wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya da tilastawa kama-karya. Tare da ilimin kwayoyin halitta na zamani, gwajin kwayoyin halitta da ba da shawara sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma sabbin ko masu sassaucin ra'ayi na eugenics suna ƙin shirye-shiryen tilastawa don fifita zaɓin iyaye ɗaya.
Bambancin gama gari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shirye-shiryen Eugenic sun haɗa da matakai masu kyau guda biyu, kamar ƙarfafa mutane da ake ganin sun "cancanta" su haihu, da kuma matakai marasa kyau, kamar hana aure da tilasta wa mutanen da ake ganin ba su dace da haihuwa ba. [7]
Tsarin eugenics mai kyau yana da nufin ƙarfafa haihuwa tsakanin waɗanda suka ci gajiyar kwayoyin halitta, misali, masu hankali, masu lafiya, da kuma waɗanda suka yi nasara. Hanyoyin da za a iya bi sun haɗa da abubuwan da ke motsa kuɗi da siyasa, nazarin alƙaluma da aka yi niyya, hadi a cikin vitro, dashen ƙwai, da kuma cloning. [8] Tsarin eugenics mara kyau da aka yi niyya don kawar da, ta hanyar tsarkakewa ko warewa, waɗanda ake ganin ba su da kyau a jiki, a hankali, ko a ɗabi'a. Wannan ya haɗa da zubar da ciki, tsarkakewa, da sauran hanyoyin tsara iyali. [8] Tsarin eugenics mai kyau da mara kyau na iya zama tilas; a Jamus ta Nazi, misali, zubar da ciki haramun ne ga mata waɗanda gwamnati ta ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyau.
Bayanan Kula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Galton, Francis (2002) [1883]. Tredoux, Gavan (ed.). Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (PDF). pp. 17, 30. Retrieved 21 July 2023 – via Online Galton Archives.
what is termed in Greek, eugenes namely, good in stock, hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. This, and the allied words, eugeneia, etc., are equally applicable to men, brutes, and plants. We greatly want a brief word to express the science of improving stock, which is by no means confined to questions of judicious mating, but which, especially in the case of man, takes cognisance of all influences that tend in however remote a degree to give to the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable than they otherwise would have had. The word eugenics would sufficiently express the idea; it is at least a neater word and a more generalized one than viriculture which I once ventured to use.... The investigation of human eugenics – that is, of the conditions under which men of a high type are produced – is at present extremely hampered by the want of full family histories, both medical and general, extending over three or four generations.
- ↑ Black 2003.
- ↑ Galton, Francis (1904). "Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims". The American Journal of Sociology. X (1): 82. Bibcode:1904Natur..70...82.. doi:10.1038/070082a0. ISSN 0028-0836. Archived from the original on 1 March 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ↑ Hansen, Randall; King, Desmond (1 January 2001). "Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests and Policy Variance Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and U.S". World Politics. 53 (2): 237–263. doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0003. JSTOR 25054146. PMID 18193564. S2CID 19634871.
- ↑ McGregor, Russell (2002). "'Breed out the colour' or the importance of being white". Australian Historical Studies. 33 (120): 286–302. doi:10.1080/10314610208596220. S2CID 143863018. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ↑ Hansen, Randall; King, Desmond (1 January 2001). "Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests and Policy Variance Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and U.S". World Politics. 53 (2): 237–263. doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0003. JSTOR 25054146. PMID 18193564. S2CID 19634871.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBuchanan 2000 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Empty citation (help)