Farashin carbon da ke bayyane
 Farashin carbon da ke bayyane |
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Farashin carbon da ke bayyane ya samo asali ne daga matakan da ke tasiri a kan farashin fitar da iskar gas (GHG) ba tare da yin niyya ga fitar da isar GHG ba ko abun cikin carbon na man fetur kai tsaye.[1] Saboda haka, suna ba da gudummawa ga Rage canjin yanayi. Misalan waɗannan kayan aiki sun haɗa da harajin man fetur da aka yi amfani da shi don rage gurɓataccen gida da kuma cire tallafi don amfani da man fetur.[2]
Sabanin Farashin carbon, farashin carbon na bayyane matakan da aka tsara musamman don yin niyya ga hayakin GHG ko abun cikin carbon na man fetur. Matakan kamar harajin carbon ko tsarin cinikin hayaki sun sanya farashi a bayyane akan hayaki na GHG.[1]
Adadin farashin carbon da ba a bayyana ba ana kiranta farashin carbon mai tasiri. [1] [3][4] Yin la'akari da farashin carbon da ke bayyane da bayyane na iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar ci gaban kasar kan magance hayaki. Hakanan yana iya haifar da ingantaccen daidaituwa da manufofi da rage rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin kasafin kuɗi - kamar lokacin da aka haɗa tallafi don amfani da man fetur tare da harajin carbon.[3]
Misalan Siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da kayan aikin, farashin carbon na iya zama mai kyau ko mara kyau.[1] Harajin man fetur, wanda ke kara farashin man fetur na burbushin halittu, ana iya la'akari da su a matsayin matakan farashi na carbon mai kyau yayin da suke sa ya fi tsada don fitar da GHGs. A gefe guda, tallafi don amfani da man fetur yana ƙarfafa amfani da man shafawa ta hanyar rage farashin su, sabili da haka yana haifar da farashin carbon mara kyau.[1] Cire waɗannan tallafin ta hanyar sake fasalin farashi ne mai kyau na carbon.
Ra'ayoyi sun bambanta game da manufofi da za a iya la'akari da farashin carbon. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa harajin makamashi da (cirewar) tallafin man fetur na burbushin halittu ana iya ganin su a matsayin farashi na carbon a bayyane saboda suna canza farashin man fetur.[3][2] Sauran manufofi kuma ana iya ganin su a matsayin farashin carbon, kamar ka'idojin aiki ko harajin tarwatsa zirga-zirga waɗanda ba su dace da motoci masu tsabta ba.[3][2] Ana iya haɗa wasu kayan aiki muddin sun shafi farashin fitar da GHGs. Farashin carbon da ke bayyane ya fi yawa fiye da na bayyane a matakin duniya. Duk da yake kusan dukkanin kasashe za su sami harajin man fetur, kawai 39 ne ke da manufofin farashi na carbon.[5] Akwai dalilai da yawa na farashin carbon da ya fi yaduwa. Manufofin da ke nuna farashin carbon sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da matsaloli a matakin gida (misali, gurɓataccen iska, tarwatsa zirga-zirga, ko buƙatar kudaden shiga). [2] Bugu da kari, sau da yawa ba sa buƙatar ƙwarewar fasaha ko gudanarwa kamar manufofin farashi na carbon, wanda dole ne auna da saka idanu kan matakan fitar da GHG.[2] Farashin carbon na iya fuskantar ƙarancin adawa ta siyasa saboda suna iya zama ƙarancin polarising fiye da matakan da ke nuna yanayin ko carbon a bayyane.[6]
Muhimmancin tsara hanyoyin daidaitawar carbon na iyaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yin la'akari da matakan farashi na carbon da ke bayyane da bayyane na iya haifar da fahimtar daban-daban game da ayyukan ƙasar akan rage fitar da hayaki fiye da idan kawai an bincika farashi na Carbon.[2] Wasu ƙasashe na iya samun harajin carbon ko tsarin cinikayya na izinin hayaki a wurin, yayin da wasu na iya aiwatar da wasu manufofi waɗanda, gabaɗaya, suka sanya farashi mafi girma a kan hayaki na GHG na cikin gida.
Ko a dauki farashi na carbon a bayyane ko tasiri yana da tasirin manufofi don ƙirar hanyoyin daidaitawar carbon (BCA). Hanyoyin BCA suna ƙoƙari su hana ɓarkewar carbon ta hanyar sanya farashi a kan hayakin GHG da aka saka a cikin kayayyaki da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashe waɗanda manufofin GHG ba su da tsananin matakin kamar na ƙasar shigo da su.[2] Shirin Tarayyar Turai don Tsarin Gyara Yankin Carbon ya bayyana 'farashin carbon' a matsayin " haraji ko izinin fitarwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin kasuwancin gas mai guba" don haka yana kallon harajin carbon da aka yi amfani da shi.[7] Sabanin haka, BCA da aka tsara a Amurka ya haɗa da manufofi masu yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da farashi na carbon.[8] An yi jayayya cewa yin amfani da farashi mai inganci na carbon maimakon farashi mai bayyane na carbon don hanyoyin BCA na iya haifar da raguwa mafi girma a cikin hayakin GHG yayin da yake da yiwuwar siyasa kuma ya dace da yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta duniya.[2]
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 Dominioni, Goran (2022). "Pricing carbon effectively: a pathway for higher climate change ambition". Climate Policy. 22 (7): 897–905. doi:10.1080/14693062.2022.2042177.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dominioni, Goran; Esty, Daniel C. (2023). "Designing Effective Border-Carbon Adjustment Mechanisms: Aligning the Global Trade and Climate Change Regimes". Arizona Law Review. 65 (1).
- 1 2 3 4 World Bank Group (2019). "State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019". World Bank.
- ↑ International Monetary Fund (2019). "Fiscal policies for Paris climate strategies—From principle to practice. IMF Policy Paper". IMF.
- ↑ World Bank (2022). "Carbon pricing dashboard". Archived from the original on 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ↑ Dominioni, Goran (2022). "Motivated Reasoning and Implicit Carbon Prices: Overcoming Public Opposition to Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading Schemes". European Journal of Risk Regulation. 13 (1): 158–173. doi:10.1017/err.2020.102. S2CID 228912323.
- ↑ European Commission (2021). "Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism, COM(2021) 564 final".
- ↑ Peters, S.H. (2021). "FAIR Transition and Competition Act, H.R.4534. 117th CONGRESS". Congress.gov.